Deck 11: Single-Gene Inheritance and Meiosis Rock for a Cause

Question 1

Explain the terms dominant and recessive.Use the concepts of phenotype and genotype in your explanation.

Answer 1

A dominant gene is expressed whether a person's DNA,their genotype,has one copy or two copies of the gene.The expression of the characteristic is known as the phenotype.A recessive characteristic is only expressed in the phenotype of someone who has two copies of the recessive gene.

Question 2

An organism's _________ determines its __________.

A) phenotype; holotype
B) genotype; holotype
C) karyotype; genotype
D) genotype; phenotype
E) genotype; karyotype

Answer 2

genotype; phenotype

Question 3

People with the same cystic fibrosis alleles at the CFTR site do not always exhibit the same symptoms-some are sicker than others.Which of the following best explains this?

A) the influence of modifier genes
B) the influence of deletion genes
C) the presence of other genes that code for normal CFTR protein
D) the presence of another gene that fixes the deformed protein
E) worse symptoms in men than in women

Answer 3

the influence of modifier genes

Question 4

If a trait is not displayed in the phenotype,it is called

A) recessive.
B) aa.
C) Aa.
D) dominant.
E) homozygous.

Question 5

What is the significance of gene mutations in terms of protein function and clinical outcome?

A)Changes in gene sequence can alter the shape or function of a protein.
B)Analyzing specific mutations allows researchers to study overall gene function.
C)Gene mutations allow researchers to identify deficient proteins and aid in therapeutic intervention,such as in cystic fibrosis.
D)A and B.
E)All of the above

Question 6

The most common CF allele on chromosome 7 is

A) a three-base-pair deletion.
B) a three-codon deletion.
C) a three-amino-acid deletion.
D) a single base pair deletion.
E) a frameshift mutation.

Question 7

Explain the relationship between genotype and phenotype.

Question 8

The deletion of a codon in the gene for CF causes the CFTR protein to

A) stop being made.
B) become nonfunctional.
C) become more active.
D) become overexpressed.
E) become underexpressed.

Question 9

If two individuals were heterozygous for freckles,which is a dominant trait,what percentage of their progeny would have freckles?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%
E) 0%

Question 10

Define the term phenotype.

Question 11

Which parent contributes the chromosome that determines the gender of a child?

A) Fathers determine the gender of sons, and mothers determine the gender of daughters.
B) Fathers determine the gender of daughters, and mothers determine the gender of sons.
C) Both parents play an equal role in determining gender.
D) A mother's chromosomes determine the gender of sons and daughters.
E) A father's chromosomes determine the gender of sons and daughters.

Question 12

What is a genotype?

A)the genetic makeup of an individual
B)defined by one's phenotype
C)the same as the phenotype
D)the measureable or visual traits of an individual
E)A and B.

Question 13

A phenotype is

A) an inherited disorder.
B) a physical trait.
C) a genetic trait.
D) an allele descriptor.
E) a karyotype.

Question 14

A mutation in a DNA coding region of a protein can cause

A) a change in primary structure of the protein.
B) a change in secondary structure of the protein.
C) a change in tertiary structure of the protein.
D) a change in quaternary structure of the protein.
E) All of the above.

Question 15

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Question 16

What is a phenotype?

A) the genetic makeup of an individual
B) a person's measurable, or observable, traits
C) the type of alleles present in an individual
D) an individual's physical appearance
E) B and D

Question 17

The appearance of an organism is known as its

A) karyotype.
B) genotype.
C) phenotype.
D) holotype.
E) physiotype.

Question 18

In the case of the Schallers,why doesn't their genotype correlate with their phenotype?

A)Although each carries a copy of a mutated CF gene,they also express a normal copy of the CF gene that renders them phenotypically normal.
B)The Schallers have only normal,nonmutated copies of the CF gene.
C)The Schallers inherited one mutated and one normal CF gene.
D)None of the above.
E)A and C

Question 19

What is the most common mutation found in cystic fibrosis?

A) Three nucleotides in the CFTR gene are deleted on chromosome 3.
B) Two nucleotides are deleted in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7.
C) Three nucleotides are deleted in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7.
D) The entire gene is deleted.
E) None of the above.

Question 20

Define the term genotype.

Question 21

A mutation in a DNA coding region of a protein can cause

A) a different amino acid at that position.
B) altered bonding between amino acids in the protein.
C) a change in the 3D shape of the protein.
D) no change in protein functionality.
E) All of the above.

Question 22

If a mutation in DNA caused a 400-amino-acid-long enzyme to only be 200 amino acids long,would this affect the function of the enzyme?

Question 23

Explain how someone's parents are healthy despite carrying a copy of a defective CF-associated gene?

Question 24

In a diploid organism

A) there are two copies of every gene, both inherited from the mother.
B) there are two copies of every gene, both inherited from the father.
C) there are two copies of every gene, one inherited from the mother and the other from the father.
D) there is one copy of every gene, randomly inherited from either mother or father.
E) there are only two alleles present in the entire population.

Question 25

Would a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA change the structure of a protein?

A) One base equals one amino acid, so if there is a change in a base, it changes the amino acid, too.
B) A change in the DNA could lead to a change in the protein's amino acid sequence. This could lead to improper folding of the protein.
C) It wouldn't affect the protein; a change in the DNA sequence doesn't change the protein sequence.
D) A change in the DNA would only be caused by a change in the protein first.
E) None of the above.

Question 26

You have cystic fibrosis (CF)if you have inherited

A) two normal CF alleles.
B) two normal and two defective CF alleles.
C) two normal and one defective CF alleles.
D) one normal and one defective CF allele.
E) two defective CF alleles.

Question 27

One of the mutations of the CFTR gene is the result of the deletion of three consecutive nucleotides.This leads to all of the following,EXCEPT

A) one missing amino acid.
B) incorrect base pairing.
C) one missing codon.
D) a deformed protein.
E) incorrect mRNA.

Question 28

How is the sequence of amino acids in a protein determined?

A) The sequence of amino acids is determined by each individual base in DNA that codes for an amino acid.
B) The sequence of amino acids is not dependent on the order of bases in the DNA.
C) The amino acids are determined by codons in the DNA, which are read in 3-base increments.
D) The sequence of amino acids depends on the protein's function.
E) The sequence of amino acids is determined by the properties of each amino acid.

Question 29

What is the possible outcome of a mutation in terms of protein function?

A) It's beneficial.
B) It's detrimental.
C) It has no effect.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 30

Is a change in nucleotide sequence always detrimental?

A) Yes, it always leads to a loss of protein function.
B) It can also be beneficial.
C) It can also have no effect at all.
D) Both B and C

Question 31

In humans,a homologous chromosome pair consists of

A) one chromosome from mom and one from dad.
B) two chromosomes from mom and two from dad.
C) one chromosome from mom and two from dad.
D) 22 chromosomes from mom and 22 from dad.
E) 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 from dad.

Question 32

Why is having two copies of every gene an advantage to only having one copy of a gene?

Question 33

A human female has how many pairs of homologous chromosomes?

A) 46
B) 44
C) 22
D) 23
E) 48

Question 34

What are homologous chromosomes?

A) paired chromosomes that are inherited from either mother or father
B) two copies of each chromosome within a cell that are inherited from both mother and father
C) two chromosomes located within a haploid cell
D) two copies of identical chromosomes within a diploid cell
E) None of the above.

Question 35

All of the following are true of mutations,EXCEPT

A) they lead to new alleles.
B) they are a source of genetic variation.
C) they are sometimes harmful.
D) they are sometimes helpful.
E) mutations always lead to the organism's death.

Question 36

A mutation in DNA can

A) lead to a change in protein shape.
B) lead to a change in protein function.
C) lead to a shorter protein.
D) lead to a protein that is missing critical amino acids.
E) All of the above.

Question 37

A human male has how many pairs of homologous chromosomes?

A) 46
B) 23
C) 22
D) 44
E) 48

Question 38

How are the X and Y chromosomes in males different from other diploid cells?

A)Genes on the X and Y chromosome do not have a second copy.
B)Genes on the X and Y chromosome express an extra copy of each gene.
C)The X and Y chromosome in males preferentially express specific genes while silencing others.
D)A and C.
E)None of the above.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Homologous chromosomes have the same types of genes as each other.
B) Homologous chromosomes might have the exact same alleles as each other.
C) Homologous chromosomes are assigned the same chromosome number.
D) The sizes of homologous chromosomes are very similar or identical.
E) Homologous chromosomes must have the exact same alleles as each other.

Question 40

How can someone get two different alleles of the same gene?

A) A mutation can cause a second form of a gene to be created.
B) One allele can be inherited from mom and a different allele inherited from dad.
C) They can inherit two different alleles from mom.
D) They can inherit two different alleles from dad.
E) A and B

Question 41

What are gametes?

A) in humans, the egg and sperm
B) reproductive cells that carry only one copy of each chromosome
C) haploid cells
D) gametes are diploid cells with chromosomes from the mother and father
E) A, B, and C

Question 42

Write 1 for meiosis and 2 for mitosis.
A. 46→23 __
B. 46→46 __
C. 2n→n __
D. n→n __
E. germ cell→gamete __

Question 43

How are gametes different from the rest of the body's cells?

A) Gametes are diploid, whereas other cells are haploid.
B) Gametes are sex cells.
C) Gametes are haploid, containing only one copy of each chromosome.
D) Gametes are generated from a specialized form of cell division called meiosis.
E) B, C, and D

Question 44

Explain why sperm and egg must be haploid and not diploid.

Question 45

During meiosis,

A) cells do not divide.
B) cells divide once.
C) cells divide twice.
D) cells double in size but do not divide.
E) cells do not divide but lose half their chromosomes.

Question 46

How many chromosomes do human sperm and egg cells have?

A) 22
B) 23
C) 46
D) 48
E) 24

Question 47

All of the following are true of alleles,EXCEPT

A) they vary in nucleotide sequence.
B) when alleles of a gene differ, the organism is said to be homozygous.
C) for some diseases, if a person has only one disease allele, they may be healthy.
D) there may be many different alleles in the population.
E) pairs of alleles reside on homologous chromosomes.

Question 48

A woman has a child with cystic fibrosis,but she is unsure who the father is.One possible father has cystic fibrosis and the other does not.Is paternity certain? Why or why not?

Question 49

Gametes differ from other cells in the body because gametes

A) are only inherited from the mother.
B) do not carry a gene to determine gender.
C) have three copies of every gene.
D) live forever.
E) are haploid.

Question 50

Explain how males inherit more DNA from their mothers than from their fathers.

Question 51

When a woman becomes pregnant for the first time,obstetricians sometimes run a blood test to see if the mother carries an allele for cystic fibrosis (CF).If the mother does not carry an allele,the doctor does not bother to test the father,nor does he worry about the baby.Explain the reasoning behind such an approach.

Question 52

Write 1 for haploid and 2 for diploid.
A. zygote __
B. sperm __
C. egg __
D. baby __
E. gamete __
F. human __
G. 2n __
H. n __

Question 53

Fill in the blank with mitosis or meiosis.
A. Humans produce gametes by the process of ________.
B. A zygote becomes a fetus by the process of_________.
C. A baby develops into an adult by the process of __________.
D. A cut in your skin is repaired by the process of _________.
E. Sperm and egg cell are produced by the process of _______.
F. Repair of our cells is accomplished by the process of _________.

Question 54

Humans have

A) 23 pairs of chromosomes, which include the sex chromosomes.
B) 46 pairs of chromosomes, which include the sex chromosomes.
C) 23 pairs of chromosomes, plus the sex chromosomes.
D) 46 pairs of chromosomes, plus the sex chromosomes.
E) 23 chromosomes.

Question 55

Explain how a child inherits exactly half of his or her chromosomes from each parent.

Question 56

How many chromosomes are in a gamete?

A) 46
B) 23
C) 12
D) 1
E) 92

Question 57

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Males get all of their chromosomes from their fathers.
B) Females get all of their chromosomes from their mothers.
C) Females get half of their chromosomes from each parent.
D) Females get 75% of their chromosomes from their mothers.
E) Males get 75% of their chromosomes from their fathers.

Question 58

A duplicated homologous chromosome pair contains how many possible alleles?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) 32

Question 59

Sister chromatids are held together at the

A) kinetochore.
B) centrioles.
C) chromosome.
D) centromere.
E) centrosome.

Question 60

In humans,after meiosis,one diploid cell produces

A) two identical diploid daughter cells.
B) two unique haploid daughter cells.
C) four unique haploid daughter cells.
D) four identical diploid daughter cells.
E) four unique diploid daughter cell.

Question 61

What is meant by the terms diploid and haploid? Give an example of a diploid human cell and a haploid human cell.

Question 62

All of the following are TRUE of meiosis,EXCEPT

A) recombination occurs during meiosis II.
B) the resulting cells contain 23 chromosomes.
C) there are two cell divisions.
D) one cell produces four cells.
E) homologous pairs separate during meiosis I.

Question 63

What is the difference between meiosis I and II?

A) During meiosis I, sister chromatids separate.
B) Meiosis II produces haploid daughter cells.
C) Meiosis I begins with a haploid cell containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.
D) Meiosis II produces daughter cells that will each develop into egg or sperm.
E) B and D

Question 64

Crossing over occurs between

A) maternal chromosomes.
B) sister chromatids.
C) nonsister chromatids.
D) paternal chromosomes.
E) homologous chromosomes.

Question 65

Name at least three ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis.

Question 66

Meiosis differs from mitosis in all of the following ways,EXCEPT

A) in meiosis there are two cell divisions, in mitosis there is only one.
B) meiosis only occurs in ovaries and testes.
C) meiosis results in haploid cells while mitosis results in diploid cells.
D) mitosis results in four cells while meiosis results in two.
E) meiosis results in genetically unique daughter cells while mitosis results in genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 67

What is the principle of independent assortment?

A) the principle that alleles of different genes are distributed together, as a package
B) the principle wherein alleles of maternal and paternal genes are aligned in the cell during meiosis and separated independently of one another
C) the principle that occurs only during meiosis II
D) a process that only occurs if chromosome pairs are aligned in the center of the cell
E) None of the above.

Question 68

In humans,which process increases genetic diversity the most?

A) mutations
B) linkage
C) recombination
D) independent assortment
E) gamete fusion

Question 69

What is the process where maternal and paternal chromosomes exchange genetic material?

A) gamete fusion
B) recombination
C) independent assortment
D) meiosis
E) mitosis

Question 70

What percentage of man's chromosomes are found in a single sperm cell?

A) 25%
B) 75%
C) 100%
D) 33.3%
E) 50%

Question 71

Briefly list the steps involved in both meiosis I and II.

Question 72

In human gametes,how many possible allele combinations exist?

A) 23²³
B) 46²
C) 23²
D) 46²³
E) 2²³

Question 73

Sister chromatids are separated during

A) meiosis II.
B) meiosis I.
C) mitosis I.
D) mitosis II.
E) meiosis I and II.

Question 74

Which of the following puts the events of meiosis in the correct order?

A) chromosomes duplicate, crossing over, homologous chromosomes separate, sister chromatids separate
B) chromosomes duplicate, crossing over, sister chromatids separate, homologous chromosomes separate
C) homologous chromosomes separate, chromosomes duplicate, crossing over, sister chromatids separate
D) crossing over, chromosomes duplicate, homologous chromosomes separate, sister chromatids separate
E) crossing over, chromosomes duplicate, sister chromatids separate, homologous chromosomes separate

Question 75

Sexual reproductive cells are called

A) sporozoites.
B) lymphocytes.
C) zygotes.
D) gametes.
E) conidia.

Question 76

What is meiosis?

A) the specialized type of cellular division that generates haploid gametes
B) a type of cellular division that contains two separate divisions, ultimately leading to the separation of sister chromatids
C) a type of cellular division that aides in genetic diversity by containing both recombination and independent assortment
D) A and B
E) A and C

Question 77

During the process of genetic recombination,

A) maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments.
B) crossing over occurs between two nonsister chromatids.
C) DNA segments are exchanged between two nonsister chromatids during meiosis I.
D) None of the above.
E) All of the above.

Question 78

Many genetic disorders are the result of having either more than two or less than two chromosomes.Down syndrome,for example,results when a child has three copies of chromosome 23.How do you think such a situation could occur?

Question 79

What two processes occur during meiosis to aide in genetic diversity?

A) recombination and dependent assortment
B) independent assortment and recombination
C) meiosis I and II
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 80

How is genetic diversity created in meiosis I?

A) The sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell.
B) Meiosis I results in a mixture of 46 chromosomes that are different from one another.
C) Recombination of sister chromatids occurs in meiosis I.
D) Each cell gets only one copy of each chromosome at the end of meiosis I.
E) None of the above.