Deck 13: Stem Cells and Cell Differentiation Grow Your Own

Question 1

Somatic stem cells are found in

A)adult tissues.
B)embryonic tissues.
C)umbilical-cord blood.
D)germ tissue.
E)All of the above.

Answer 1

adult tissues.

Question 2

The formation of an organ through the use of stem cells differentiated into multiple cell types.However,which of the following presents a hurdle to regenerating a new organ to replace a defective one?

A) Many organs contain multiple specialized cell types in an intricate design.
B) Nerve innervation is necessary for the proper function of some organs.
C) Proper blood supply to all the regenerated cells is necessary for the survival of organs.
D) A and C
E) All of the above.

Answer 2

All of the above.

Question 3

Put these terms in order from least complex to most complex: organ system,tissue,cell,organ.

Answer 3

cell,tissue,organ,organ system

Question 4

An organ is composed of

A) three cell types.
B) at least two specialized tissues.
C) at least 10 specialized cell types.
D) one or more tissue types.
E) groups of cells randomly arranged around a scaffold.

Question 5

Although organ transplants are an available treatment option,which of the following describes potential risks of this approach?

A) The demand for organs such as hearts, livers, and kidneys is greater than the supply.
B) Rejection of the transplanted organ can result in a loss of organ function or potential harm to the patient.
C) Transplantation surgeries do not always produce successful functional organs in the transplanted patient.
D) B and C
E) All of the above.

Question 6

Salamanders have often been looked at as a source of inspiration for tissue regeneration.However,there is a fundamental difference in how tissue in a salamander and tissue in a human heals after being wounded.For both humans and salamanders,describe the result of the healing process and include the primary function of each.

Question 7

A group of tissues working together perform the complex functions of

A)a tissue.
B)an organ.
C)an organ system.
D)an organism.
E)a bladder.

Question 8

A tissue is composed of

A) cells.
B) organs.
C) organ systems.
D) cells and organs.
E) cells and organ systems.

Question 9

What is the primary hurdle in the healing process of humans that must be bypassed when compared with the tissue regeneration of a salamander?

A) organ rejection
B) tissue development
C) development of scar tissue
D) regeneration of a new tissue
E) differential regeneration

Question 10

Define the term tissue.

Question 11

What is/are the challenges facing organ regeneration using stem cells?

A) Organs are highly complex, some containing many types of tissues, all of which would need to be assembled via regenerated tissues (stem cells).
B) Organs are innervated; these connections are difficult to reassemble in regenerated organs.
C) It is difficult to get an engineered organ to function normally when transplanted.
D) We do not know all of the genes involved in regulating a cell, particularly stem cells.
E) All of the above.

Question 12

Explain why growing your own organs is biologically better than implanting an organ from a donor.

Question 13

Which of the following is placed in the correct order of increasing complexity?

A) circulatory system→cardiac muscle→heart→cardiac cell
B) circulatory system→heart→cardiac muscle→cardiac cell
C) cardiac cell→heart→cardiac muscle→circulatory system
D) cardiac cell→cardiac muscle→heart→circulatory system
E) Cardiac cell→heart→cardiac muscle→circulatory system

Question 14

Stem-cell therapy

A)is not current practice.
B)has been used successfully for years.
C)is still undergoing clinical trials.
D)will be successful in the future.
E)is on its way out.

Question 15

It would be beneficial to generate an organ out of one's own stem cells because

A) the chances of rejection are decreased because the cells are from the patient's own body.
B) the chance of rejection is higher because the patient's immune system would identify the cells as foreign .
C) it is easier to harvest stem cells from the patient rather than a donor.
D) organs grown from stem cells are more efficient.
E) All of the above.

Question 16

The bladder is composed of multiple tissues.This organization is beneficial because

A) each specialized cell type provides function to the organ.
B) one tissue type would not be functional.
C) having more then one tissue present makes stem-cell harvesting easier.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 17

The organization of cells from least to most complex is

A)organ system, organ, tissue, cell.
B)cell, organ, tissue, organ system
C)organs, organ system, tissue, cell.
D)cell, tissue, organ, organ system.
E)cell, tissue, organ system organ.

Question 18

A group of cells performing a similar function is described as

A)multicellular.
B)an organism.
C)an organ system.
D)an organ.
E)tissue.

Question 19

You have just received a large cut from a kitchen knife.Over the following week,you observe this cut healing and note that the cut appears to heal from the edges toward the middle.Why do you think this is? Why doesn't the cut heal from the middle toward the edge or from both directions at once?

Question 20

Organs are composed of

A) one type of cell.
B) one type of tissue.
C) at least two tissues.
D) more than three cell types.
E) None of the above.

Question 21

____ is a decades old example of successful stem cell therapy.

A) Kidney transplants
B) Liver transplants
C) Bone-marrow transplants
D) Heart transplants
E) None of the above.

Question 22

When a stem cell divides,the result is

A)two red blood cells.
B)two of any type of specialized cell.
C)a stem cell and a cell that can become specialized.
D)two cells, each of which can become specialized.
E)two neural, cardiac, or blood cells.

Question 23

Compare a multipotent stem cell with a pluripotent stem cell,using at least one example for each.

Question 24

In regenerative therapies,drugs are used to stimulate stem cells to create replacement cells.Compare the timing of drug applications in the two major methods of regenerative therapy (therapeutic drugs and cell therapy).

Question 25

Describe the process of building a replacement organ from stem cells.

Question 26

Put the following types of stem cells in order from LEAST useful in regenerative medicine to MOST useful.

A) pluripotent→multipotent→totipotent→adult
B) totipotent→pluripotent→multipotent→adult
C) adult→totipotent→multipotent→pluripotent
D) adult→pluripotent→multipotent→totipotent
E) adult→multipotent→pluripotent→totipotent

Question 27

If cardiac tissue is injured,for example in the case of a heart attack,which cells could be used to heal the injury?

A) heart stem cells
B) differentiated cardiac cells
C) embryonic stem cells
D) All of the above.
E) A and C

Question 28

What is one major benefit of using drugs for regenerative therapy versus stem-cell therapy?

A) Drug therapy is less invasive because it does not require surgery or injections.
B) Drugs can specifically target one cell, whereas stem-cell therapy is not specific.
C) Drug therapy uses cells from the patient, so side effects are unlikely.
D) Drug therapy has fewer side effects than stem-cell therapy.
E) All of the above.

Question 29

Stem cells are found in

A)bone marrow.
B)umbilical-cord blood.
C)brain tissue.
D)skin.
E)All of the above.

Question 30

Which of the following describes a process in development by which complex tissues and organs can be created outside the body from differentiated stem cells using a modified 3D printer?

A) biospraying
B) stem-printing
C) print transplantation
D) bioprinting
E) regenerative printing

Question 31

Which of the following cell types can become the greatest number of other cell types?

A) a cell from a blastocyst
B) a bone-marrow cell
C) a skin stem cell
D) a skin cell
E) a neural stem cell

Question 32

Explain the difference between multipotent,pluripotent,and totipotent stem cells.Which one(s)is/are likely to be adult stem cells,and which one(s)is/are likely to be embryonic stem cells?

Question 33

Adult somatic stem cells usually give rise to

A)multipotent cells.
B)pluripotent cells.
C)multipotent and pluripotent cells.
D)totipotent cells.
E)totipotent and pluripotent cells.

Question 34

Why is growing a bladder more difficult than growing skin?

A) The bladder has more than one cell type.
B) The bladder has a more complicated architecture.
C) Growing a bladder requires stem-cell isolation from several bladder tissue types.
D) Skin cells are easier to grow since they grow in a sheet.
E) All of the above.

Question 35

Which organ has been successfully reconstructed using tissue engineering?

A)kidney
B)liver
C)heart
D)bladder
E)All of the above.

Question 36

List the following in order from LEAST to MOST specialized cells.
A) inner cell mass from blastocyst
A) liver cells
A) preblastocyst cells

A) somatic stem cells

Question 37

To engineer a human bladder requires

A)a bladder biopsy, tissue growth on a scaffold, and transplant surgery.
B)stem cell isolation from a bladder biopsy and transplant surgery.
C)a bladder biopsy, stem cell isolation and growth on a scaffold, and transplant surgery.
D)a donor bladder, growth on a scaffold, and replacement surgery.
E)surgery for removal of the bladder and replacement with a donor bladder.

Question 38

A cell is specialized when it

A)undergoes cell division.
B)is undifferentiated.
C)performs a specific function.
D)undergoes apoptosis.
E)is a stem cell.

Question 39

The difficulties involved in growing a replacement organ include all of the following,EXCEPT

A) scientists have not yet figured out how to make biodegradable scaffolds on which to grow the tissues.
B) organs are made from many different types of stem cells.
C) the larger the organ, the more complex it is.
D) most organs require other associated tissues, such as specialized nerves and muscles.
E) usually a biopsy is required to obtain the stem cells, thus resulting in multiple surgeries.

Question 40

Cells from an early embryo (preblastocyst)are

A) omnipotent.
B) multipotent.
C) pluripotent.
D) totipotent.
E) quasipotent.

Question 41

Why are some cells in your body younger than others? What determines how often a particular cell type needs to be replaced? Name one cell type that is regenerated frequently and one cell type that is rarely replaced.

Question 42

A cell that has matured into a specialized cell with a specific function is referred to as

A) a stem cell.
B) an egg.
C) a somatic stem cell.
D) a differentiated cell.
E) All of the above.

Question 43

Stem cells

A) can only come from a fertilized egg.
B) are predesignated to become a particular type of cell.
C) cannot be collected because they are too difficult to isolate.
D) can become any type of cell given the proper signal.
E) can only come from one source.

Question 44

How can a blastocyst,which is basically a mass of cells,develop into different tissues,organs,systems,and ultimately a fetus?

A) Chemicals enter the cells, causing them to become different tissues.
B) Chemical signals cause the production of genes.
C) Chemical signals cause the regulation of genes and production of particular proteins.
D) Chemical signals cause the regulation of proteins that will produce the appropriate genes.
E) Chemical signals cause all cells to develop into one type of organ that splits off into all the organs of the body.

Question 45

Specialized cells called _______ are found in most tissues.These cells divide to give rise to more cells of that tissue.

A) mother cells
B) stem cells
C) regenerative cells
D) core cells
E) embryonic cells

Question 46

Adult somatic stem cells can become pluripotent by

A) inserting specific genes into the cells.
B) switching certain genes on.
C) adding certain chemicals to the growth media.
D) reprogramming the cells.
E) All of the above.

Question 47

You carry out somatic-cell nuclear transfer,using an egg and a skin cell.In this scenario,the offspring produced will be

A) genetically identical to the surrogate mother.
B) genetically identical to the mother of the egg donor.
C) genetically identical to the mother of the skin cell donor.
D) genetically identical to the mother of the surrogate mother.
E) genetically identical to the skin cell donor.

Question 48

A heart cell is considered to be a specialized cell because

A) it only expresses heart genes.
B) it only makes proteins specific to the heart.
C) it occurs only in the heart and nowhere else.
D) without manipulation in a laboratory, it has lost the ability to differentiate into other, nonheart cells.
E) All of the above.

Question 49

Dedifferentiation is the process of

A) an adult cell becoming multipotent.
B) an adult somatic cell becoming pluripotent.
C) an adult somatic cell becoming totipotent.
D) reprogramming the cells to divide.
E) All of the above.

Question 50

Explain how differential gene expression can cause different cells to have different shapes and functions.

Question 51

When an egg is fertilized by a sperm,all of the following result,EXCEPT

A) a cell that will continue to divide, giving rise to all the cells of the body.
B) a mass of cells that will include stem cells.
C) a cell that will divide and give rise to cells with different DNA.
D) a cell that will divide and give rise to cells with the exact same DNA.
E) All of the above occur.

Question 52

Explain how cells with the same DNA can make different proteins.

Question 53

As every cell in our body has the same genome,what is the basic difference between cells with unique functions?

A)stem cells
B)the cell’s genome
C)mitosis
D)cell differentiation
E)gene expression

Question 54

Differential gene expression refers to

A) the process by which a cell can make multiple different proteins from a single gene.
B) the process by which a particular cell alters the protein made by a gene.
C) the process by which different cell types use different groups of genes to make protein.
D) the process by which different cell types use the same gene to make different proteins.
E) the process by which different cell types use different genes to make the same protein.

Question 55

All of the following are true of adult stem cells,EXCEPT

A) they are also called somatic stem cells.
B) they have the ability to differentiate into every kind of cell in the human body.
C) they are found in many different tissue types.
D) scientists are unsure where they reside in most tissues.
E) they are triggered to divide by disease or injury.

Question 56

Differential gene expression is

A)use of a unique set of genes in each cell type.
B)the pathway to a cells specialization.
C)required for different cell types.
D)required for a cell’s function and physical shape.
E)All of the above.

Question 57

Which of the following cell types is MOST differentiated?

A) zygote cell
B) bone-marrow cell
C) neuron from the cerebral cortex
D) neural stem cell
E) mesenchymal stem cell

Question 58

What is/are the main difference(s)between induced and embryonic stem cells?

A) Induced stem cells have genes added to them.
B) Embryonic stem cells come from embryos.
C) Induced stem cells come from differentiated cells.
D) Induced stem cells are genetically engineered.
E) All of the above.

Question 59

The term "differential gene expression" refers to

A) specialized cells transcribing all genes but only translating a few genes.
B) specialized cells translating all genes but only transcribing a few genes.
C) specialized cells transcribing and translating only a few genes.
D) specialized cells neither transcribing nor translating any genes in the genome.
E) specialized cells transcribing and translating every gene but then quickly destroying the proteins the cell does not need.

Question 60

Why does a hepatocyte (liver cell)look and function differently from a neuron (brain cell)?

A) Different genes are turned on and off in each cell.
B) They originate from different cells.
C) They have different genes in them.
D) They have the same genes, but there are mutations in one cell's DNA that make it different.
E) All of the above.

Question 61

All of the following are true of stem cells,EXCEPT

A) they can be induced to grow in the lab.
B) they show great potential for tissue and organ transplants.
C) they can differentiate into many types of tissues.
D) they are undifferentiated.
E) they are only found in embryos.

Question 62

Although there have been many successes in stem cell research,scientists still face all of the following challenges,EXCEPT

A) how to take a biopsy.
B) how to grow large organs.
C) how to grow complex organs.
D) how to find stem cells in certain types of organs.

Question 63

Where do adult stem cells come from?

A) differentiated adult cells
B) the patients themselves
C) undifferentiated tissue specific cells
D) B and C
E) All of the above.

Question 64

Why would you need to isolate more than one type of stem cell when growing a replacement organ?

A) More than one type of stem cell is grown in case one type does not survive.
B) Growing replacement organs requires at least three types of stem cells.
C) Different tissues have different stem cells.
D) Organs are composed of more than one type of tissue.
E) C and D

Question 65

List at least four difficulties associated with developing a replacement organ that scientists have had to overcome,and still have yet to overcome.

Question 66

Each of the following describe the 4 main approaches to regenerative medicine using stem cells,EXCEPT

A) biodegradable scaffolds are used to regenerate new tissues and organs outside the body and then are surgically inserted into the body.
B) drugs artificially stimulate stem cells within the body to regenerate tissues.
C) stem cells are stimulated outside the body and then injected back in to regenerate tissue.
D) stem cells from one individual are used to regenerate new tissues by surgically injecting them into a different individual.
E) biodegradable materials are implanted in the body to serve as a stem cell scaffold for tissue regeneration.

Question 67

Why are scientists so optimistic about using stem cells in regenerative medicine?

A) If we can use adult stem cells and reprogram them for therapeutic use, we would have an unlimited supply of cells to use.
B) Reprogramming adult cells means we can use patients' cells and circumvent many of the rejection problems that arise in transplantation.
C) Use of adult stem cells makes research and development much easier and less controversial.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 68

What is the difference between a stem-cell transplant and regenerative stem-cell therapy?

Question 69

The difference between stem-cell transplants and regenerative stem-cell therapy is that

A) stem-cell transplants involve stem cells differentiating into the type of cell they came from, while regenerative stem-cell therapy seeks to induce stem cells to become any type of cell.
B) regenerative stem-cell therapy involves stem cells differentiating into the type of cell they came from, while stem-cell transplants seek to induce stem cells to become any type of cell.
C) stem-cell transplants have already been successful, while there has not yet been a successful instance of regenerative stem-cell therapy.
D) regenerative stem-cell therapy has already been successful, while there has not yet been a successful instance of a stem-cell transplant.
E) stem cells used for transplants come from embryonic cells, while stem cells used for regenerative therapy come from adult cells.

Question 70

A biopsy of a human bladder would contain which types of stem cells?

A)urothelial, connective, and muscle
B)urothelial and connective
C)urothelial and muscle
D)connective and muscle
E)connective and urothelial

Question 71

Why do researchers think embryonic stem cells offer more hope than adult stem cells?

Question 72

How can embryonic stem cells be created in a lab?

A) The nucleus of an egg is transplanted into a sperm, which artificially fertilizes a new egg.
B) The nucleus of an egg is removed, and a new nucleus from an adult donor cell is transplanted into the egg.
C) The nucleus of a sperm is transplanted into an egg.
D) The nucleus of an egg is removed, and a new nucleus from a sperm is transplanted into the egg.
E) The nucleus of an egg is transplanted into an adult donor cell.

Question 73

When growing a replacement organ,what is the next step in the process after the doctor takes a biopsy of a patient's organ?

A) give the patient antirejection drugs
B) replace the diseased tissue with the new cells
C) grow the isolated cells on a scaffold
D) isolate and grow the stem cells from the organ
E) None of the above.

Question 74

In somatic-cell nuclear transfer,

A)a diploid nucleus is inserted into an egg cell.
B)a haploid nucleus is inserted into an egg cell.
C)a diploid nucleus is inserted into an enucleated egg cell.
D)a diploid nucleus in inserted into a surrogate female.
E)a haploid nucleus is inserted into an enucleated egg cell.

Question 75

Dolly was cloned using

A)in vitro fertilization.
B)somatic cell nuclear transfer.
C)regenerative therapy.
D)stem-cell therapy.
E)therapeutic cloning.

Question 76

What is one major benefit of using stem-cell therapies for regenerative therapy versus drugs?

A) Stem-cell therapy is less invasive because it does not require surgery or injections.
B) Stem-cell therapy can specifically target one cell type, whereas drug therapy is less specific.
C) Stem-cell therapy allows the patient to recover more quickly.
D) Stem-cell therapy is generally easier and less expensive than drug therapy.
E) All of the above.

Question 77

In stem cell therapy,________ is/are treated with drugs to cause stem cells to divide and differentiate.

A) cells removed from a related donor
B) the patient
C) a cell donor
D) embryonic stem cells
E) cells removed from the patient

Question 78

What was the major discovery in tissue engineering that advanced the field to where it is today?

A) the use of scaffolds to grow organs
B) tissue antirejection techniques
C) stem-cell isolation from adult tissues
D) A and C
E) All of the above.

Question 79

Describe the three methods of creating embryonic stem cells.Which one(s)is/are likely to be the most controversial and why?

Question 80

Explain the difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.