Deck 15: A: Nonadaptive Evolution and Speciation Urban Evolution

Question 1

A group of Trichechus manatus migrated from the Caribbean to Florida around 15,000 years ago,and is now genetically distinct from the Trichechus manatus still found in the Caribbean.This is an example of

A) the founder effect.
B) artificial selection.
C) natural selection.
D) macroevolution.
E) the bottleneck effect.

Answer 1

the founder effect.

Question 2

A series of strong storms opened a stream channel between two lakes.The western lake contains a large,diverse population of a species of minnow.The eastern lake has never been populated by fish.When the channel opened,a small group of fish migrated to the eastern lake.Soon after,the stream channel dried up and was never opened again.The fish in the eastern lake thrived and continued to reproduce,building a large population over time.Compared with the fish in the western lake,what characteristics would you expect the population in the eastern lake to exhibit?

A) reduced genetic diversity but no change in allele frequency
B) reduced genetic diversity and a change in allele frequency
C) no change in genetic diversity but a change in allele frequency
D) no change in either genetic diversity or allele frequency
E) The information provided is insufficient to answer the question.

Answer 2

reduced genetic diversity and a change in allele frequency

Question 3

Allele frequencies of a population can change by

A) natural selection.
B) genetic drift.
C) mutations in the gene pool.
D) founder effect.
E) All of the above.

Answer 3

All of the above.

Question 4

Which of the following is a human-caused environmental change that animals face?

A) climate change
B) urbanization
C) urban dwelling
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 5

This mechanism is NOT responsible for random changes in allele frequency in the gene pool of a population.

A) natural selection
B) genetic drift
C) mutations in the gene pool
D) founder effect
E) bottlenecks

Question 6

Which of the following are types of nonadaptive evolution?

A) natural selection
B) bottleneck effect
C) founder effect
D) Both B and C
E) A, B, and C

Question 7

Founder effect describes a

A) new population arising from a migration of a population.
B) new population arising from a few individuals.
C) population that has undergone mutation.
D) population that is largely interbreeding.
E) population that results from one species crossing with another.

Question 8

Human populations are known to isolate themselves from other groups based on cultural identity,language religion,etc.Some of these communities in North America include the Ashkenazi (descendants of European Jewish communities,Yiddish speakers),the Cajun population of Louisiana,the Arcadian population of Canada,and the Old Order Amish community of Pennsylvania.One in every 27 members of the Ashkenazi community,the Cajun population of Louisiana,the Arcadian population of Canada,and the Old Order Amish community of Pennsylvania carry the recessive Tay Sachs gene (Tay Sachs disease is caused by a recessive mutation on chromosome 15,and children with Tay Sachs rarely live beyond age 5),but this recessive gene is only found in 1 of every 250 people in the general North American population.Explain the high incidence of Tay Sachs among the Ashkenazi,Cajun,Arcadian,and Old Order Amish populations.

Question 9

Evolution may best be explained as a

A) change in the frequency of proteins in a population over time.
B) change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time.
C) change in the number of individuals in a population over time.
D) change in the proportion of males to females in a population over time.
E) change in the birth rate in a population over time.

Question 10

Why are there no monotremes (egg-laying mammals)in the Americas?

Question 11

The total collection of alleles in a population is the

A) allele frequency.
B) genetic drift.
C) gene pool.
D) evolutionary frequency.
E) bottleneck effect.

Question 12

With respect to country mice and city mice,

A) city mice have more allele diversity than country mice.
B) country mice have more alleles for stress compared to city mice.
C) both have similar allele diversity for most genes.
D) city mice share allele diversity with country mice with respect to diversity.
E) city mice are stressed less compared to country mice.

Question 13

In an isolated breeding population,____ the non-isolated population of the species.

A) recessive genes will be more common than in
B) recessive alleles will be more common than in
C) allele ratios may be different from allele ratios of
D) allele ratios will be exactly the same as the allele ratios of
E) dominant alleles will be more common than in

Question 14

Tay Sachs disease is caused by a recessive mutation on chromosome 15,and 1 of every 27 members of the Old Order Amish community of Pennsylvania carry a recessive allele.What is the chance that an Old Order Amish man who carries the allele will have a child with Tay Sachs? (Remember,the community restricts marriage to other members of the community.)

A) 1/4 (25%) chance
B) 1/27 (3.7%) chance
C) 100% chance
D) 1/27 × 1/4 (.0926%) chance
E) 1/2 (50%) chance

Question 15

Population genetics is the

A) study of the genetic makeup of populations.
B) study of how the genetic composition of a population changes over time.
C) study of the total collection of alleles in a population.
D) only A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 16

Founder effect causes

A) genetic drift.
B) stabilizing selection.
C) an increase in genetic variation.
D) a loss of genetic diversity.
E) an increase in allele frequencies.

Question 17

Tay Sachs disease is caused by a recessive mutation on chromosome 15,and 1 of every 27 members of the Old Order Amish community of Pennsylvania carry a recessive allele.What is the chance that an Old Order Amish man who carries the allele will have a child with Tay Sachs? (Remember,the community restricts marriage to other members of the community.)

Question 18

You are a geneticist studying the population genetics of barn swallows.You are particularly interested in one gene,and upon examining the 100 alleles present in 50 individuals,you find that one allele is quite common,accounting for 30 of those alleles.The allelic frequency of this allele is

A) 0.3.
B) 0.5.
C) 0.6.
D) 2.0.
E) 3.3.

Question 19

Which of the following is a stressor for city mice?

A) pollution
B) living in crowded quarters
C) competition for sex
D) competition for food
E) All of the above.

Question 20

Random changes in the allele frequency of a population between generations is the definition of

A) bottleneck effect.
B) evolutionary frequency.
C) a mutation.
D) allele frequency.
E) genetic drift.

Question 21

The very limited gene pool of wild cheetahs is an example of

A) natural selection.
B) founder effect.
C) the bottleneck effect.
D) mate selection.
E) evolutionary decline.

Question 22

An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals.Generation after generation,this ratio and population size remains basically the same.After a hurricane,10,000 black moths are blown onto the island.This is an example of

A) out crossing.
B) gene flow.
C) gene conservation.
D) inbreeding.
E) mate selectivity.

Question 23

You have a population of flies with three alleles for wing size,L (large),M (medium),and S (small).Individuals with SS,SM,or SL have small wings.Individuals with MM have medium wings.Individuals with LL or LM have large wings.After a sudden storm,all of the small-winged individuals have been killed.What will happen to the population after ten generations?

A) All three wing types will be present.
B) Only large wings will be present.
C) Only small wings will be present.
D) Small wings will be missing.
E) Medium wings will be missing.

Question 24

A scientist studying population genetics of a bird population inhabiting a group of islands finds that allelic diversity is highest on island C,lowest on island A,and island B has intermediate allelic diversity levels.What is the likely order in which these islands were colonized by this species?

A) A then B then C
B) A then C then B
C) B then A then C
D) C then A then B
E) C then B then A

Question 25

The ice age 10,000 years ago killed off most cheetahs.This is an example of

A) the founder effect.
B) artificial selection.
C) natural selection.
D) macroevolution.
E) the bottleneck effect.

Question 26

If a flood causes the death of 50% of small mammals,which population would exhibit the most loss of genetic diversity in its future generations?

A) 60² mammals
B) 60 mammals
C) 600 mammals
D) 60³ mammals
E) 6000 mammals

Question 27

All of the following are true of genetic bottlenecks,EXCEPT

A) bottlenecks affect small populations more than large populations.
B) bottlenecks are a kind of genetic drift.
C) bottlenecks reduce the frequency of every allele in a population.
D) bottlenecks can be caused by poor weather conditions.
E) bottlenecks decrease the ability of populations to adapt to changing environments.

Question 28

Mating between closely related individuals is known as

A) out crossing.
B) gene flow.
C) gene conservation.
D) inbreeding.
E) mate selectivity.

Question 29

Genetic bottlenecks can be caused by

A) flood.
B) extreme temperatures.
C) hunting.
D) overfishing.
E) All of the above.

Question 30

A species of wildflower grows on hillsides in two locations.In the first (location A),the population is large and diverse,covering a large section of hillside.In the second (location B),a small but diverse population grows at the base of a hillside.Severe storms cause extensive mudslides in both areas,killing a large proportion of individuals in both populations.If you were to survey both locations after the surviving flowers have survived and reproduced for several generations,which pattern would you expect to observe?

A) Both populations would be large and diverse, retaining all of their original alleles in their original frequencies.
B) Both populations would be very small and genetically uniform, having lost many of their original alleles.
C) The population in location A would be large and diverse, retaining all of its alleles in their original frequencies. The population in location B would have reduced genetic diversity and different allele frequencies than it did originally.
D) The population in location A would be large but would show a reduction in genetic diversity and altered allele frequencies. The population in location B, however, would retain its original genetic diversity and allele frequencies.
E) The population in location A would be large, while the population in location B would be small, but both would be equally diverse genetically and have the same allele frequencies as one another.

Question 31

A limited number of alleles in a reproducing population can result in

A) disruptive selection.
B) stabilizing selection.
C) increased fitness.
D) inbreeding depression.
E) interbreeding.

Question 32

Which of the following is likely to result in the GREATEST loss of allelic diversity?

A) losing 25% of a population of 100 individuals
B) losing 50% of a population of 100 individuals
C) losing 25% of a population of 1000 individuals
D) losing 50% of a population of 1000 individuals
E) All of the above.

Question 33

Would the bottleneck effect that removes 25% of individuals have a greater impact on a population of 25 birds or a population of 25,000 birds? Explain.

Question 34

A scientist is studying the population genetics of a butterfly population inhabiting a group of islands off the coast of California.The mainland population has the greatest allelic diversity.Island A has lower allelic diversity than the mainland,and island B has lower diversity than island A.All the alleles found on island B are also found on island A.The allelic diversity of island C is the same as the allelic diversity of island B,but half of the alleles on island C are not found on islands A and B.Which of the following scenarios best explains this pattern?

A)All three islands were colonized from the mainland: A was colonized first,and B and C were colonized at the same time.
B)Island A was colonized from the mainland first,then butterflies from A colonized B at the same time that C was colonized from the mainland.
C)Islands A and C were colonized from the mainland at the same time; then butterflies from C colonized B.
D)Island A was colonized from the mainland first; then C was colonized from the mainland; then butterflies from C colonized B.
E)Island B and C were colonized from the mainland at the same time; then butterflies from B colonized A.

Question 35

What would be advantageous for reducing genetic bottleneck effects?

A) geographic isolation
B) control the founder population
C) a large, genetically diverse population
D) a small, actively reproducing population
E) natural disasters

Question 36

Gene flow can be described as changes in allele frequency due to

A) populations mating with other populations.
B) mating within an isolated population.
C) populations undergoing natural selection.
D) nonrandom mating of the population.
E) mutation.

Question 37

All of the following are true of genetic drift,EXCEPT

A) changes in allelic frequencies are always random.
B) changes in allelic frequencies may benefit the population.
C) changes in allelic frequencies may harm the population.
D) genetic drift has the greatest influence on large populations.
E) over time, genetic drift decreases the genetic diversity of a population.

Question 38

You have a population of flies with three alleles for wing size,L (large),M (medium),and S (small).Individuals with SS,SM,or SL have small wings.Individuals with MM have medium wings.Individuals with LL or LM have large wings.After a sudden storm,all of the small-winged individuals have been killed.What will happen to the population?

Question 39

Which population would have the most loss of diversity from a genetic bottleneck?

A)100 elephants
B)1000 mice
C)10³ E.coli
D)10 cats
E)100 humans

Question 40

Why are scientists concerned about the possible extinction of cheetahs more than they are concerned about the possible extinction of several similar cat species?

Question 41

An island has a population of 10,000 birds that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals.Generation after generation,this ratio and population size remains basically the same.After a hurricane,10,000 black birds are blown onto the island.What will happen to the population?

Question 42

Red-cockaded woodpeckers live in mature open pine forest with little understory.One aspect of managing this endangered species is trying to connect isolated populations with corridors of appropriate habitat.Why is this important?

Question 43

Why is inbreeding likely to limit the ability of a population to survive?

Question 44

Which of the following best describes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is evolving.
B)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is not evolving.
C)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are increasing.
D)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are decreasing.
E)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are stable.

Question 45

Reproductive isolation based on location or geography is referred to as

A) gametic isolation.
B) ecological isolation.
C) temporal isolation.
D) behavioral isolation.
E) mechanical isolation.

Question 46

From the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium you can conclude that all populations are evolving. Explain.

Question 47

Mating rituals are an example of which type of reproductive isolation?

A) postzygotic isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) temporal isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 48

An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals.Generation after generation,this ratio and population size remains basically the same.After a hurricane,15,000 black moths are blown onto the island.After 2 years,

A) the percentage of gray moths will increase.
B) all of the black moths will be killed off.
C) the black moths will emigrate back to their original habitat.
D) the percentage of black moths will increase.
E) all the white moths will be killed off.

Question 49

A population of Australian wallabies is found to have many more homozygous individuals than expected.What does this result indicate?

A) Inbreeding is likely occurring.
B) The population size is very large.
C) The population is likely to be healthy.
D) The population is likely to be healthy but may not remain healthy for much longer.
E) Allelic diversity is high.

Question 50

Incompatibility of mating organs is an example of which type of reproductive isolation?

A) postzygotic isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) temporal isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 51

The biological species concept defines a species as

A) individuals of a population who are fertile.
B) individuals who can interbreed in isolation.
C) a population that cannot interbreed with another population.
D) an interbreeding population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
E) members of a population that interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Question 52

What five characteristics must a population have to never have a change in allele frequencies?

Question 53

An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals.Generation after generation,this ratio and population size remains basically the same.After a hurricane,10,000 black moths are blown onto the island.This is an example of _____________.

Question 54

What five characteristics must a population have to never have a change in allele frequencies? Are all five of these possible?

Question 55

Zoos often construct extensive genetic profiles of their animals,maintain pedigree books,and trade or share animals for breeding purposes.Why would a zoo with 12 elephants bother to import a male elephant from another zoo,or lend its males to another zoo,often at a huge expense?

Question 56

An extremely harsh winter causes the death of 75% of an endangered antelope population.When considering the future survival of this population,which of the following is a concern for scientists?

A) genetic drift
B) reduced allelic diversity
C) the ability of this population to exchange genes with neighboring populations
D) inbreeding depression among survivors
E) All of the above.

Question 57

Give an example of an organism that lacks mate selection.

Question 58

Which of the following can threaten the ability of a population to adapt to changing environmental conditions?

A) bottleneck
B) founder effect
C) genetic drift
D) inbreeding
E) All of the above.

Question 59

Frog species mate at different times of the year.This is an example of which type of reproductive isolation?

A) postzygotic isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) temporal isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 60

A species of lizard is found on the eastern and western sides of part of a mountain range.On both sides,individual populations are small.On the western side,individual populations are relatively close together and males move extensively among populations to breed.On the eastern side,however,populations are farther apart and males seldom move among more than one or two adjacent populations to breed.If you were to study the genetic diversity of western and eastern populations,which pattern would you expect to find?

A) Each of the western and eastern populations would have a limited number of the total alleles available in the species. Combined, however, the western populations will have more different alleles than will the combined eastern populations.
B) Each of the western and eastern populations will have all of the available alleles. In each western population, the alleles will be equally frequent. In each eastern population, one allele will be far more frequent than the others.
C) The eastern populations will be, on average, more genetically diverse than the western populations. Each western population will have only a limited number of alleles, and one will be far more frequent than the others.
D) Each western population would be genetically diverse, although the allele frequencies might differ from one population to the next. Eastern populations would be less diverse, and some populations will have only a limited number of the total alleles available in the species.
E) All of the above are equally reasonable patterns to expect given the information provided.

Question 61

Which of the following best points to a close evolutionary relationship between two different species?

A) Both species look highly similar.
B) Both species eat the same foods.
C) Both species live in the same habitat.
D) Both species have similar mating rituals.
E) Both species have very similar DNA.

Question 62

A male from species A mates with a female from species B.Male A's sperm swims and finds the egg,but the sperm is unable to penetrate the egg.This is an example of

A)temporal isolation.
B)gametic isolation.
C)behavioral isolation.
D)ecological isolation.
E)hybrid infertility.

Question 63

Two populations of frog are separated from each other by a large distance and rarely interbreed with each other.However,approximately one male frog a year makes the journey and breeds with females in the other population.Would you expect these populations to eventually become separate species? Why or why not?

Question 64

Pollen from a tomato plant lands on a grapefruit flower.The pollen fails to grow a pollen tube.This is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) gametic isolation.
C) behavioral isolation.
D) ecological isolation.
E) hybrid infertility.

Question 65

Two species of salamanders have overlapping territories and they successfully mate and produce eggs.However,most of the eggs fail to hatch.Only 10% of them hatch,but the tadpoles are weak and are almost all killed by predators.The few tadpoles that exit the water have weak bones and soon die.This is an example of

A) hybrid breakdown.
B) gametic isolation.
C) hybrid inviability.
D) ecological isolation.
E) hybrid infertility.

Question 66

Why is mitochondrial DNA slower to change than nuclear DNA?

Question 67

Spotted skunks and striped skunks have overlapping habitat ranges,but no hybrid offspring are produced.Spotted skunks breed in the fall,striped skunks breed in the spring.This is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) gametic isolation.
C) behavioral isolation.
D) ecological isolation.
E) hybrid infertility.

Question 68

Why doesn't the egg cell receive the mitochondria found in a sperm cell?

Question 69

List at least five ways that two species may be reproductively isolated from each other.

Question 70

Snail species A has a shell that spirals counterclockwise,but a mutation has caused some individuals to have a clockwise shell.The genitalia of the two versions are incompatible,leading some scientists to say that the clockwise snails are reproductively isolated.Could the clockwise snails become a new species?

Question 71

Which of the following can influence the evolution of a species?

A) mutation
B) natural selection
C) genetic drift
D) gene flow
E) All of the above.

Question 72

Snail species A has a shell that spirals counterclockwise,but a mutation has caused some individuals to have a clockwise shell.The genitalia of the two versions are incompatible,leading some scientists to say that the clockwise snails are reproductively isolated.This is an example of

A) hybrid breakdown.
B) gametic isolation.
C) hybrid inviability.
D) mutational isolation.
E) mechanical isolation.

Question 73

Would you expect members of the same family,same genus,or same species to share the most characteristics with one another? Explain.

Question 74

Some reproductive barriers prevent the formation of a zygote,others allow offspring to be born.Discuss the barriers that allow the birth of offspring,and explain why these hybrids are not the beginning of a pathway to a new species being formed.

Question 75

What are the four main forces of evolution that act upon a species' gene pool?

Question 76

Is reproductive isolation among populations of the same species always detrimental to their survival? If yes,explain why.If no,give one example when reproductive isolation is a problem and one example when it is not.

Question 77

Kangaroo rats,kangaroo mice,and pocket mice are found only in the deserts of the Southwestern United States.They share a number of features,including external,fur-lined cheek pouches,which they use to gather and transport seeds to their burrows.But they are also quite different from one another in size,overall shape,behavior,and other features.The best explanation for their similarities and differences is that

A) the species are not closely related evolutionarily and that any similarity is due to the fact that they live in similar environments.
B) the desert environment forced each species to develop traits allowing it to survive and reproduce. Each species represents a different way in which a small mammal can survive and reproduce in the desert.
C) the species share a common ancestor (one that had, among other traits, external fur-lined cheek pouches), and natural selection has resulted in each having specific adaptations for its own environment.
D) natural selection has resulted in each species having specific adaptations to its own environment, but the species do not share a common ancestor.
E) None of the above.

Question 78

An ethnobiological study of several Mexican Amerindian groups looked at how they named the plants in their region.Biologists noted that their plant names and groupings closely matched the species and generic groupings used by botanists.For example,each species of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia)was clearly defined,and all species of Opuntia were placed into one category in the local language.Other studies have shown that other traditional groups have similar native taxonomy systems that match well with biologists' grouping to the generic level.Why is this not surprising from a taxonomic and an evolutionary perspective?

Question 79

In North America,there are more than 60 species of mice in the genus Peromyscus,most of whom closely resemble one another.You wish to determine the relatedness of three of these species: the deer mouse,the oldfield mouse,and the white-footed mouse.You set up breeding experiments and find that deer mice and oldfield mice will reluctantly breed with one another,but neither one will breed with white-footed mice.What do you determine to be the pattern of relatedness of these three species?

Question 80

During the building of the London subway system in the late 1800s,a species of aboveground-dwelling mosquito expanded its distribution to include the underground tunnels,where it successfully lived and bred.In the late 1990s,scientists comparing the two groups of mosquitoes discovered that they are now different species.The most likely mode of reproductive isolation for these two species is

A) ecological isolation.
B) temporal isolation.
C) behavioral isolation.
D) mechanical isolation.
E) gametic isolation.