Deck 9: Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes

Question 1

Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is

A)disinfection.
B)sterilization.
C)antisepsis.
D)sanitization.
E)ionization.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of

A)antisepsis.
B)disinfection.
C)sterilization.
D)decontamination.
E)virilization.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Surfactants work by

A)coating the organism,preventing interaction with its environment.
B)blocking transport into the organism.
C)blocking transport out from the organism.
D)disrupting membrane integrity.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The betadine swab before blood donation is an example of

A)antisepsis.
B)disinfection.
C)sterilization.
D)decontamination.
E)sanitation.

Question 5

Which of the following microbial forms have the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls?

A)naked viruses
B)protozoan cysts
C)fungal spores
D)bacterial endospores
E)yeast

Question 6

The method of removing vegetative life forms from living surfaces is termed

A)antisepsis.
B)disinfection.
C)sterilization.
D)decontamination.
E)fegerming.

Question 7

The process of using a cleansing technique to mechanically remove and reduce microorganisms and debris to safe levels is

A)disinfection.
B)sterilization.
C)antisepsis.
D)sanitization.
E)degermation.

Question 8

The use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens is

A)disinfection.
B)sterilization.
C)antisepsis.
D)sanitization.
E)degermation.

Question 9

The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is

A)disinfection.
B)sterilization.
C)antisepsis.
D)sanitization.
E)degermation.

Question 10

The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are

A)prions.
B)vegetative bacteria and fungi.
C)endospores.
D)protozoan cysts.
E)mycobacteria and staphylococci.

Question 11

Microbial death occurs when there is

A)no movement.
B)permanent loss of reproduction.
C)a change in appearance.
D)a decrease in size.
E)All of these occur.

Question 12

Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death?

A)Cells die at increasingly greater rates.
B)Only older cells die in a culture.
C)Cells in a culture die at a constant rate.
D)Upon contact with the control agent,all cells die at one time.
E)Cells become metabolically inactive,but are never killed.

Question 13

Some microbial control agents are able to _____ cell proteins by breaking bonds that maintain the native state (three-dimensional configuration)of the proteins.

A)denature
B)bind
C)dissolve
D)activate
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

Which of the following factors will influence the action of microbial agents?

A)the number of microorganisms
B)the kind of microorganisms
C)temperature and pH
D)mode and dosage of the agent
E)All of these will influence the action.

Question 15

The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is

A)disinfection.
B)sterilization.
C)antisepsis.
D)sanitization.
E)ionization

Question 16

Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?

A)virucide
B)bactericide
C)germicide
D)sporicide
E)fungicide

Question 17

The removal of all life forms from inanimate objects is termed

A)antisepsis.
B)disinfection.
C)sterilization.
D)decontamination.
E)degerming.

Question 18

A cleansing method that mechanically removes microbes and other debris to reduce contamination is

A)disinfection.
B)sterilization.
C)antisepsis.
D)sanitization.
E)degermation.

Question 19

The method of removing vegetative microbial life forms from inanimate objects is termed

A)antisepsis.
B)disinfection.
C)sterilization.
D)decontamination.
E)degerming.

Question 20

Each of the following is the target of antimicrobial agents except

A)cell walls.
B)cell membranes.
C)ribosomes.
D)cellular proteins.
E)cytoplasm.

Question 21

_____ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _____ heat.

A)High,dry
B)High,moist
C)Dry,moist
D)Moist,dry
E)Moist,high

Question 22

Sterilization is achieved by

A)flash pasteurization.
B)hot water.
C)boiling water.
D)steam autoclave.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 23

Removal of moisture by dehydration is called

A)desiccation.
B)flash freeze.
C)lyophilization.
D)pasteurization.
E)sterilization.

Question 24

Agents that can denature microbial proteins include all of the following except

A)moist heat.
B)alcohol.
C)acids.
D)metallic ions.
E)X rays.

Question 25

The most efficient sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are

A)12 ^$\circ$ C at 15 psi for 15 minutes.
B)63 ^$\circ$ C for 30 minutes.
C)160 ^$\circ$ C for 2 hours.
D)71.6 ^$\circ$ C for 15 seconds.
E)100 ^$\circ$ C for 30 minutes.

Question 26

Which of the following forms of radiation is in order from the most penetrating to the least penetrating?

A)gamma,cathode,X rays
B)gamma,X rays,cathode
C)cathode,gamma,X ray
D)cathode,X ray,gamma
E)X ray,gamma,cathode

Question 27

Which control method would not be a suitable choice for killing Mycobacterium in a capped culture tube?

A)ultraviolet (germicidal)light
B)gamma rays
C)12 ^$\circ$ C at 15 psi for 15 minutes
D)160 ^$\circ$ C for 2 hours
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 28

Placing organisms at 4^oC is

A)bacteriocidal.
B)bacteriostatic.
C)decontamination.
D)sterilization.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 29

The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the

A)thermal death point (TDP).
B)thermal death time (TDT).
C)sporicidal time.
D)death phase point.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 30

The lowest temperature needed to kill all microbes in 10 minutes is the

A)thermal death point (TDP).
B)thermal death time (TDT).
C)sporicidal time.
D)death phase point.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 31

Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all the following except

A)ultraviolet radiation.
B)boiling water.
C)HEPA filters.
D)pasteurization.
E)hydrogen peroxide.

Question 32

Dry heat

A)is less efficient than moist heat.
B)cannot sterilize.
C)includes tyndallization.
D)is used in devices called autoclaves.
E)will sterilize at 12 ^$\circ$ C for 15 minutes.

Question 33

A method for sterilizing milk,called _____ treatment,uses 134 ^$\circ$ C for 1 to 2 seconds.

A)pasteurization
B)batch pasteurization
C)flash pasteurization
D)ultra high temperature
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 34

Which of the following items are typically irradiated in order to kill microbes?

A)meats like ground beef and pork
B)human tissues such as heart valves and skin
C)operating room air
D)surgical gloves
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 35

What instrument is most effective for pressure-temperature sterilization?

A)oven
B)autoclave
C)water bath
D)Bunsen burner
E)incubator

Question 36

Which of the following does not affect microbial nucleic acids?

A)moist heat
B)ultraviolet light
C)X rays
D)ethylene dioxide
E)formaldehyde

Question 37

Disinfection of beverages such as apple juice,milk,wine is optimally achieved by

A)pasteurization.
B)chlorination.
C)moist heat autoclave.
D)filtration.
E)boiling water.

Question 38

Pasteurization

A)kills all vegetative forms.
B)reduces the number of vegetative forms.
C)reduces the number of endospores.
D)increases food nutrient value.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 39

_____ radiation excites atoms to a higher energy state within molecules such as DNA that then leads to the formation of pyrimidine dimers.

A)Infrared
B)Ultraviolet
C)Gamma
D)Particle
E)Ionizing

Question 40

Vials of microorganisms that undergo the freeze-drying process called _____ will remain preserved and viable for years.

A)desiccation
B)flash freeze
C)lyophilization
D)pasteurization
E)sterilization

Question 41

Ethylene oxide is

A)sporicidal.
B)only effective with high heat.
C)the active agent in household bleach.
D)used as an antiseptic against anaerobes.
E)a halogen.

Question 42

_____ is a control method that removes microorganisms rather than inhibiting or killing them.

A)Boiling
B)Sterilization
C)Radiation
D)Filtration
E)Disinfection

Question 43

All of the following pertain to hypochlorites except

A)release hypochlorous acid in solution.
B)cause denaturation of enzymes.
C)found in iodophors.
D)used to disinfect water,restaurant,and medical equipment.
E)found in common household bleach.

Question 44

All of the following disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane except

A)detergents.
B)quaternary ammonium compounds.
C)high concentration phenols.
D)iodine.

Question 45

HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from

A)air.
B)liquids.
C)human tissues.
D)medical instruments.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 46

Which of the following acids is not used to destroy or inhibit microbial cells in food?

A)acetic acid
B)benzoic acid
C)lactic acid
D)phosphoric acid
E)propionic acid

Question 47

Alcohols

A)dissolve membrane lipids at concentrations of greater than 50%.
B)can be used for disinfection or antisepsis.
C)are skin degerming agents.
D)are limited in effectiveness due to rapid evaporation.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 48

Antimicrobial agents can target the cell wall by

A)blocking its synthesis.
B)digesting it.
C)inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 49

_____ is a halogen used in gaseous and liquid form for large-scale disinfection of drinking water and sewage.

A)Iodine
B)Chlorine
C)Bromine
D)Fluorine
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 50

Hydrogen peroxide can be

A)sporicidal.
B)fungicidal.
C)bactericidal.
D)virucidal.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 51

Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?

A)iodophor
B)chlorhexidine
C)3% hydrogen peroxide
D)betadine (povidone-iodine)
E)glutaraldehyde

Question 52

Filtration can result in sterilization of serum and blood products

A)by removing viruses.
B)by relying on gravity.
C)by removing toxins.
D)using high heat and filtration.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 53

Which of the following is not a factor that affects germicidal activity?

A)the material being treated
B)the length of exposure
C)the strength of the germicide
D)the microorganism being treated
E)All of these are factors.

Question 54

Bacteriostatic agents kill bacterial cells.

Question 55

Which of the following represents the use of osmotic pressure as a microbial control method?

A)bleaching a kitchen counter
B)salting meat
C)rinsing a cut with Betadine
D)Both bleaching a kitchen counter and rinsing a cut with Betadine are correct.

Question 56

Microbicidal agents are sterilants.

Question 57

In lab,inoculating loops are sterilized using

A)moist heat.
B)chemicals.
C)incineration.
D)filtration.
E)ethylene oxide.

Question 58

Heavy metals work by

A)rupturing the cell membrane.
B)inactivating proteins.
C)binding to DNA.
D)dissolving the cell wall.
E)mutating DNA.

Question 59

The chemical agent that produces highly toxic and reactive free radicals is

A)cidex.
B)cationic detergents.
C)hydrogen peroxide.
D)chlorhexidine.
E)iodophors.

Question 60

The compound that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings,and is used increasingly for mucous membrane irrigation,obstetrical washes,hand scrubbing,and prepping surgical skin sites is

A)carbolic acid.
B)chlorhexidine.
C)triclosan.
D)formalin.
E)quarternary ammonium compounds.

Question 61

Pasteurization will make milk sterile.

Question 62

The presence of organic matter such as saliva and pus can interfere with the actions of disinfectants.

Question 63

As an RN,you utilize an alcohol-based hand cleaner with friction rub when your hands are not visibly dirty.Which of the following terms appropriately describes the type of antimicrobial control provided by alcohol-based hand cleaners?

A)sterilization
B)disinfection
C)decontamination
D)antisepsis

Question 64

Prions require more extensive methods of sterilization than are needed for bacterial endospores.

Question 65

Which concentration of alcohol is deemed most effective in alcohol-based hand cleaners?

A)25%
B)10%
C)70%
D)95%

Question 66

Pasteurization does not kill endospores or thermoduric microbes.

Question 67

Isopropyl alcohol wiped across a skin site can sterilize it.

Question 68

As an RN,you diligently practice proper hand washing technique when your hands are visibly dirty.Which of the following terms appropriately describes the type of antimicrobial control provided by hand washing with soap and water?

A)sterilization
B)disinfection
C)decontamination
D)antisepsis

Question 69

Soaps and detergents are very effective as sterilants.

Question 70

Chlorine compounds remain stable and effective in the presence of excess organic matter.

Question 71

Ionizing radiation is more effective than nonionizing radiation in killing microbes.

Question 72

Alcohols are more effective at inactivating enveloped viruses than naked viruses.

Question 73

Pseudomonas is resistant to soaps.

Question 74

Analine dyes,like crystal violet,have antimicrobial activity particularly against gram-positive bacteria and some fungi.

Question 75

Hydrogen peroxide can be used to sterilize instruments such as endoscopes.

Question 76

Most microbial contaminants of food are killed at freezing temperatures.

Question 77

A microorganism that is not motile and has stopped metabolizing could be considered dead.

Question 78

Which of the following microbes are targeted by alcohol-based hand cleaners?

A)bacteria
B)viruses
C)fungi
D)bacteria,viruses,and fungi

Question 79

Ethylene oxide is a sterilizing gas.

Question 80

When a control agent targets the metabolic processes of microbial cells,active younger cells typically die more rapidly than older cells.