Deck 10: Genetic Engineering and Recombinant Dna

Question 1

The various techniques by which scientists manipulate DNA in the lab are termed

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

DNA strands can begin to separate at the temperature of:

A)37^oC.
B)42^oC.
C)60^oC.
D)90^oC.
E)100^oC.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Analysis of DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis is based on

A)larger fragments moving slowly and remaining closer to the wells.
B)DNA having an overall negative charge and moving to the positive pole.
C)DNA fragments being stained so that they can be seen.
D)application of an electric current through the gel causing DNA fragments to migrate.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

EcoRI and HindIII are

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 5

Which of the following is not true of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)?

A)applied to intact cells
B)can locate genes on chromosomes
C)can identify unknown bacteria without culturing
D)uses electrophoresis to separate the DNA
E)can detect RNA in cells

Question 6

Geneticists can create sequences of DNA from RNA using enzymes called

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 7

DNA fragments can be separated in gel electrophoresis because

A)nitrogenous bases have a net positive charge.
B)nitrogenous bases have a net negative charge.
C)phosphate groups have a net positive charge.
D)phosphate groups have a net negative charge.

Question 8

Gene probes can be labeled for detection with reporter molecules such as

A)enzymes.
B)fluorescent dyes.
C)radioisotopes.
D)All of the choices above can be used.

Question 9

DNA strands can be clipped crosswise at selected positions by using enzymes called

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 10

Sequences of DNA that are identical when read from the 5' to 3' direction on one strand and the 3' to 5' direction on the other strand are

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 11

Amplification of DNA is accomplished by

A)polymerase chain reaction.
B)DNA sequencing.
C)gene probes.
D)Southern blot.
E)Western blot.

Question 12

The size of DNA is often given in the number of _____ that it contains.

A)genes
B)codons
C)base pairs
D)proteins
E)triplets

Question 13

Labeled,known,short stretches of DNA used to detect a specific sequence of nucleotides in a mixture are known as

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 14

In the formation of recombinant DNA,what enzyme is needed to seal the sticky ends of genes into plasmids or chromosomes?

A)DNA polymerase I
B)DNA polymerase II
C)DNA helicase
D)DNA ligase
E)primase

Question 15

A technique that separates a readable pattern of DNA fragments is

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 16

Restriction endonucleases recognize and clip DNA base sequences called

A)codons.
B)palindromes.
C)introns.
D)exons.
E)genes.

Question 17

Two different nucleic acids can _____ by uniting at their complementary sites.

A)hybridize
B)covalently bond
C)form a peptide bond
D)ligate

Question 18

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)probes are applied to intact cells and observed microscopically for the presence and location of

A)DNA.
B)RNA.
C)proteins.
D)recombinant DNA.
E)specific genetic marker sequence on genes.

Question 19

The use of an organism's biochemical processes to create a product is referred to as

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 20

This process is often used in forensic science in order to distinguish one sequence of DNA from another by comparing the sequence of the strands at specific loci:

A)cloning
B)gene therapy
C)antisense therapeutic
D)DNA fingerprinting

Question 21

The primers in PCR are

A)synthetic DNA oligonucleotides.
B)bacterial enzymes.
C)short RNA strands.
D)DNA polymerases.
E)reverse transcriptases.

Question 22

Common vectors used to transfer a piece of DNA into a cloning host are

A)plasmids.
B)viruses.
C)bacteriophages.
D)artificial chromosomes.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 23

This is the second step in gene mapping

A)target DNA removed from cells and isolated.
B)cloning host treated with calcium chloride and receives plasmid.
C)separate DNA fragments with gel electrophoresis.
D)desired protein is produced by cloning host.
E)gene is amplified by multiplication of cloning host.

Question 24

Each of the following are features of a vector except

A)origin of replication.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)genetic markers used to screen for recombinants
D)capacity for large inserts.
E)multiple cloning sites.

Question 25

Which PCR step synthesizes complimentary DNA strands?

A)add DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72 ^$\circ$ C
B)cool DNA to between 50 ^$\circ$ C and 65 ^$\circ$ C
C)add primers
D)heat target DNA to 94 ^$\circ$ C
E)repeat the cycle of heating and cooling

Question 26

The deliberate removal of genetic material from one organism and its subsequent transfer into the genome of another organism is a specific technique called

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA technology.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probe technology.

Question 27

Which PCR step causes the denaturation of double-stranded DNA?

A)add DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72 ^$\circ$ C
B)cool DNA to between 50 ^$\circ$ C and 65 ^$\circ$ C
C)add primers
D)heat target DNA to 94 ^$\circ$ C
E)repeat the cycle of heating and cooling

Question 28

Which of the following it a list of the materials required for PCR?

A)reverse transcriptase,Taq RNA polymerase,nucleotides
B)reverse transcriptase,Taq DNA polymerase,nucleotides
C)primers,Taq DNA polymerase,nucleotides
D)primers,Taq RNA polymerase,nucleotides

Question 29

Which step involves transformation?

A)target DNA removed from cells and isolated
B)cloning host receives plasmid
C)target DNA and plasmid treated with the same restriction endonuclease
D)desired protein is produced by cloning host
E)gene is amplified by multiplication of cloning host

Question 30

Each of the following are features of a cloning host except

A)quick generation time.
B)minimal growth requirements.
C)mapped genome.
D)pathogenic.
E)transformable.

Question 31

Which of the following is not true of vectors?

A)an origin of replication (ORI)is present.
B)must accept DNA of desired size
C)contain a gene for drug resistance
D)easy to manipulate
E)can detect RNA in cells

Question 32

The commercial product Frostban consists of a genetically altered bacterium which prevents ice crystals from forming on plants,thereby reducing freezing of plants and financial distress to the farmers as a result of freezing weather.This product contains a strain of

A)Escherichia coli.
B)Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
C)Thermus aquaticus.
D)Pseudomonas syringae.
E)Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Question 33

Making new genomes is called

A)bioengineering.
B)synthetic biology.
C)genetic engineering.
D)cloning.
E)recombinant DNA.

Question 34

If you start with 3 double-stranded DNA fragments,after 4 cycles of PCR you will have ____ fragments.

A)12
B)24
C)27
D)48
E)81

Question 35

Thermococcus litoralis and Thermus aquaticus are thermophilic bacteria that are

A)used as cloning vectors.
B)sources of heat-stable DNA polymerases.
C)genetically engineered bacteria.
D)principal sources of restriction endonucleases.

Question 36

DNA polymerases used in PCR

A)use an RNA template to make complementary DNA.
B)must remain active at very cold temperatures.
C)include Taq polymerases and Vent polymerase.
D)are labeled with fluorescent dyes.

Question 37

Genomic _____ are collections of isolated genes maintained in a cloning host.

A)DNA
B)libraries
C)clones
D)digests
E)books

Question 38

Transgenic animals

A)can be engineered to become factories for manufacturing proteins.
B)are often obtained from germline engineering.
C)will pass the genes on to their offspring.
D)commonly include mice.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 39

Which step can occur even more rapidly by PCR?

A)target DNA removed from cells and isolated
B)cloning host treated with calcium chloride and receives plasmid
C)target DNA and plasmid treated with the same restriction endonuclease
D)desired protein is produced by cloning host
E)gene is amplified by multiplication of cloning host

Question 40

Recombinant strains of this organism are released to colonize plant roots to produce an insecticide to destroy invading insects:

A)Escherichia coli
B)Saccharomyces cerevisiae
C)Thermus aquaticus
D)Pseudomonas syringae
E)Pseudomonas fluorescens

Question 41

After three replication cycles in PCR,there will be a total of three double-stranded DNA molecules.

Question 42

The first genetically engineered protein approved for human use was

A)human growth hormone.
B)hemophilia factor VIII.
C)human testosterone.
D)human insulin.
E)human adrenaline.

Question 43

E.coli is an excellent host for cloning because it possesses the mechanisms for processing and modifying proteins.

Question 44

Reverse transcriptase is used to make cDNA from an RNA template.

Question 45

Transgenic organisms are

A)created in nature.
B)only microorganisms.
C)copyrighted.
D)patented.

Question 46

When DNA is heated,the two strands will separate.

Question 47

What type of DNA map gives locations and sizes of DNA sections?

A)linkage
B)sequence
C)physical
D)geographical
E)chromosomal

Question 48

An example of gene therapy is the insertion of the gene for human growth hormone into E.coli cells.

Question 49

Restriction endonucleases are obtained from various species of bacteria.

Question 50

When patient tissues are transfected with viruses carrying a needed,normal human gene,the technique is called

A)cloning.
B)gene therapy.
C)antisense therapy.
D)DNA fingerprinting.

Question 51

Transgenic animals are referred to as _____ modified organisms.

A)genetically
B)naturally
C)chemically
D)physically

Question 52

Viruses are often used as cloning hosts in recombinant DNA methods.

Question 53

Humans display how much DNA similarity with mice?

A)50%
B)60%
C)70%
D)80%
E)90%

Question 54

Of the following choices,which could be used in the treatment of a patient in order to determine the patient's cancer subtype?

A)transformation
B)PCR
C)microarray analysis
D)Oryza sativa
E)Western Blot analysis

Question 55

Which of the following techniques is mismatched with its use in DNA fingerprinting?

A)restriction endonucleases to cut DNA
B)PCR amplification to get more copies of DNA
C)electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments
D)hybridization probes to digest the DNA sample
E)Southern blot for a visual record of DNA fragments

Question 56

Vectors often contain a gene conferring drug resistance to their cloning host,in order to detect cells harboring the plasmid.

Question 57

What type of DNA map is most detailed?

A)linkage
B)sequence
C)physical
D)geographical
E)chromosomal

Question 58

Genetically modified organisms include:

A)bacteria.
B)viruses.
C)plants.
D)nonhuman animals.
E)All of the above have been genetically modified

Question 59

This is a promising treatment for stopping the expression of an unwanted gene:

A)cloning
B)gene therapy
C)antisense therapy
D)DNA fingerprinting

Question 60

The study of genomes of a particular community is called

A)metagenomics.
B)genomics.
C)proteomics.
D)genomology.
E)metabolomics.

Question 61

The process of introducing a needed,normal gene,into human cells is called DNA mapping.

Question 62

What is the evolutionary advantage of bacteria producing restriction endonucleases?

A)They make these enzymes for humans to use in manipulating DNA.
B)Bacteria use these enzymes to repair their own mistakes made during DNA replication.
C)Bacteria use these enzymes to attack other bacteria and destroy their DNA.
D)These enzymes are a defensive measure of bacteria to defend themselves against invading DNA of bacteriophages.

Question 63

In choosing the vector used to carry human genes into a host cell,which of the following should be the important consideration?

A)whether the vector contains RNA or DNA
B)what kind of plasmid it is
C)whether the vector comes from a bacterium or a virus
D)how much donor DNA can be carried on the vector

Question 64

You have made a specific DNA probe that will bind to a key sequence on the DNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae,allowing your company to market a gonorrhea test kit that can be used to identify the bacterium in genital tract specimens.However,upon testing it out against a known Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture,you find that it does not work.Which of the following is a possible explanation for this negative result?

A)You forgot to label the probe sequence with a reporter molecule.
B)You forgot to digest the probe with restriction endonucleases.
C)You forgot to add the mRNA to the DNA probe sample.
D)You forgot to incubate the test at the 75C temperature required for hybridization.

Question 65

You want to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient sputum sample.Which procedure would be most useful in this case?

A)polymerase chain reaction
B)whole genome sequencing
C)DNA probe analysis
D)microarray analysis

Question 66

The enzyme required to attach the sticky ends of DNA and used when splicing DNA fragments into other DNA is:

A)helicase.
B)ligase.
C)reverse transcriptase.
D)endonuclease.

Question 67

It is now possible to very quickly map the genome of an organism or virus.

Question 68

Why is an enzyme from a thermophilic bacterium used in PCR?

A)The enzyme makes DNA that is more similar to human DNA.
B)It is cheaper to obtain from live microorganisms than producing the enzyme in a lab.
C)This thermohile's enzyme will synthesize DNA.
D)DNA is replicated at a high temperature that denatures most proteins.

Question 69

Identification of unique DNA fingerprints relies on the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms among samples.

Question 70

Transformation and transduction are methods used to introduce DNA into host cells.

Question 71

Your infant has been diagnosed with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID).Your doctor suggests which treatment as a possible cure for the disease

A)gene therapy
B)genome mapping
C)reverse transcription
D)microarrays

Question 72

It is possible to identify mRNA molecules using fluorescently labeled cDNA.