Deck 17: Exercise Psychology

Question 1

Exercise that is accomplished at an exercise intensity that allows for the intake of sufficient oxygen to maintain continuous exercise.

A)Chronic exercise.
B)Acute exercise.
C)Anaerobic exercise.
D)Aerobic exercise.

Answer 1

Aerobic exercise.

Question 2

An acute bout of aerobic exercise is linked to a reduction in a negative affect such as anxiety.Sometimes this beneficial effect does not manifest itself immediately following exercise but perhaps 30 to 90 minutes after exercise.

A)Delayed exercise effect.
B)Anti-depressant response.
C)Concurrent anxiety reduction effect.
D)Delayed anxiolytic effect.

Answer 2

Delayed anxiolytic effect.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is false relative to exercise habits of United States citizens?

A)8-20% regularly participate in vigorous physical activity.
B)30-59% lead relatively sedentary lives.
C)50-75% regularly participate in vigorous physical activity.
D)50% of the individuals who start a regular physical activity program drop out within 6-months.

Answer 3

50-75% regularly participate in vigorous physical activity.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a risk factor for heart disease that can be controlled by the individual?

A)Lack of exercise.
B)Heredity
C)Smoking
D)Elevated cholesterol

Question 5

The dual-mode hypothesis suggests that aerobic exercise intensity that is below the lactate threshold will be perceived by the exerciser as being

A)Pleasant.
B)Appealing.
C)Unbearable.
D)Unpleasant.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is false relative to the dual-mode hypothesis of exercise intensity?

A)The dual-mode hypothesizes two different mechanisms through which affective responses are generated.
B)Interoceptors from muscles and organs are believed to be primary during bouts of exercise below the lactate threshold.
C)Cognitive appraisal is primary and takes precedence at intensities below the lactate threshold.
D)The dual-mode hypothesis predicts increased positive affect with exercise below the lactate threshold and just the opposite with exercise above the thresholD.

Question 7

The lactate or ventilator threshold occurs at the ______________ between exercising with oxygen (aerobic)and exercising without oxygen (anaerobic).

A)Break point.
B)Transition point.
C)Upper point.
D)Maximum point.

Question 8

Which of the following is not an example of aerobic exercise?

A)Rhythmic exercise to music.
B)Cycling at moderate speeds.
C)Interval training for short distances of less than 100 yards.
D)Recreational jogging.

Question 9

The ______________________ has been applied in exercise intensity research as a way to simultaneously project hedonic tone and felt arousal on the same two dimensional plane.

A)Dual-mode model.
B)Exercise mode model.
C)Cognitive appraisal model.
D)Circumplex model.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a chronic exercise program?

A)A game of handball with a friend.
B)A recreational hike to the top of a mountain during spring break.
C)A vigorous game of tennis with a friend.
D)A daily exercise program of 30-45 minutes of jogging and cycling.

Question 11

Research suggests that ___________________ may moderate the effect that aerobic exercise intensity has upon psychological affect.

A)Psychological variables.
B)Physiological variables.
C)Personality variables.
D)Cognitive variables.

Question 12

The dual-mode hypothesis suggests that aerobic exercise intensity that is above the lactate threshold will be perceived by the exerciser as being

A)Pleasant.
B)Appealing.
C)Unbearable.
D)Unpleasant.

Question 13

Exercise that involves the use of weights.

A)Chronic aerobic exercise.
B)Resistance exercise.
C)Acute aerobic exercise.
D)Acute anaerobic exercise.

Question 14

Which of the following groups of exercisers would be expected to benefit (psychologically)the most from regular exercise (absolute improvement)?

A)Healthy middle aged men.
B)Healthy middle aged women.
C)Healthy young athletes.
D)Individuals suffering from psychological disorders.

Question 15

Research associated with the manipulation of aerobic exercise intensity reveals that the best psychological benefits are realized when exercise intensity (e.g.treadmill running)is

A)Low as opposed to moderate or high.
B)Moderate as opposed to low or high.
C)High as opposed to low or moderate.
D)Moderate to high but may depend upon how each are measured and defineD.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is false relative to mode of exercise (type)?

A)One particular mode of aerobic exercise (e.g.treadmill vs.stationary cycle)does not provide greater psychological benefit than another.
B)Mode of aerobic exercise does make a difference in terms of perceived exercise intensity.
C)Exercising on a treadmill results in greater reductions in anxiety than does exercising on a stationary cycle.
D)The greatest positive affect associated with mode of exercise comes from the mode that the individual perceives as being "preferred" as opposed to "least preferreD."

Question 17

Physical activity in the elderly

A)Is generally counter-productive,as it drains energy from age challenged individuals.
B)Has the potential benefit of preserving cognitive functioning that normally declines with age.
C)Should only be encouraged in the presence of younger assistants.
D)Has no known psychological benefits.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is false relative to walking as a mode of exercise?

A)Compare to a control group,short,self-paced walks increases self-reported energy.
B)Because it is of low intensity,walking does not result in improved psychological benefits.
C)Both indoor and outdoor walking improves affective responses.
D)Exercise perceived to be more "green" or natural leads to greater reduction in state anxiety.

Question 19

A short 30 minute burst of exercise.

A)Chronic exercise.
B)Acute exercise.
C)Aerobic exercise.
D)None of the above.

Question 20

Exercise in which the exerciser does not get enough oxygen to maintain continuous exercise.

A)Chronic exercise.
B)Acute exercise.
C)Aerobic exercise.
D)Anaerobic exercise.

Question 21

Exercise behavior is believed to be a function of an individual's intention to exercise,attitude towards exercise,social norms,and perceived behavioral control over environment.

A)Theory of planned behavior.
B)Theory of reasoned action.
C)Social cognitive theory.
D)Transtheoretical model theory.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a component part of Sallis and Hovell's (1990)framework for studying the natural history of exercise?

A)The cognitive phase.
B)The Sedentary phase.
C)The Adoption phase.
D)The Resumption phase.

Question 23

Individuals likely to adopt a vigorous lifestyle exhibit all but one of the following characteristics.Which characteristic is the exception?

A)Exercise self-efficacy.
B)Good attitude about the value and importance of regular exercise.
C)An initial condition of being overweight or obese.
D)The perception that they enjoy a high level of self-control.

Question 24

Which of the following is not a factor that serves as a barrier to adopting an active and vigorous lifestyle?

A)Self-efficacy regarding ability to exercise regularly.
B)Perceptions of being obese.
C)Parents who do not support an active lifestyle through their attitudes and practices.
D)Too easy access to sedentary activities such as TV,video games,and movies.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is false regarding the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in children,adolescents,and adults?

A)At least three meta-analyses have been reported that establish this relationship.
B)The relationship shows that physical activity is associated with increased cognitive function.
C)The strength of the relationship declines if only "cause and effect" relationships are considered.
D)A strong and significant "cause and effect" relationship has been establisheD.

Question 26

Which statement is unsubstantiated?

A)Intense endurance exercise is associated with the release of three types of endogenous opioids into the blood,of which endorphins are one type.
B)The hypothesis that released blood chemicals,such as endorphins,is responsible for positive changes in mood and affect is based largely upon logic and not cause and effect research.
C)Endogenously produced endorphins mimic the effects of injected morphine in rats.
D)The release of endorphins into the blood stream,during intense aerobic exercise,is responsible for the "runners high" and for positive changes in mood and affect.

Question 27

Recent research suggests that personality variables and past exercise are moderator variables in which exercise behavior theory?

A)Transtheoretical model theory.
B)Social cognitive theory.
C)Theory of reasoned action.
D)Theory of planned behavior.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is false relative to the benefits of regular exercise by the elderly?

A)Improved physical fitness.
B)Improved psychological affect.
C)Preservation of certain aspects of memory and spatial relationships.
D)After the age of 80,an active life style should be discourageD.

Question 29

Which of the following is not a benefit of listening to music while exercising?

A)Loss of hearing.
B)Reduces the perception of fatigue.
C)Encourages motor coordination.
D)Increases relaxation.

Question 30

Which of the following is believed to provide the truest indicator of how physical activity increases cognitive function?

A)Executive function.
B)Information processing speed.
C)Memorization of poems and songs.
D)Speed of running 100 meters.

Question 31

Recent research suggests that exercise self-efficacy has a direct effect upon exercise behavior and an indirect effect upon exercise behavior through intention to exercise.

A)Theory of planned behavior.
B)Theory of reasoned action.
C)Social cognitive theory.
D)Transtheoretical model theory.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a primary determinant of adherence to an exercise program?

A)High risk of heart disease.
B)Personal perception of good health.
C)Social support.
D)Social physique anxiety.

Question 33

Exercise stimulates the production of neurotransmitters that in turn have a positive effect upon psychological mood.

A)Cardiovascular hypothesis.
B)Endorphin hypothesis.
C)Amine hypothesis.
D)Dual-mode hypothesis.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a primary determinant of adherence to an exercise program?

A)Available time.
B)Mood state disturbance relative to exercise.
C)Exercise self-efficacy.
D)Group cohesion.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is false relative to the cognitive behavioral hypothesis regarding the link between exercise and psychological well-being?

A)Exercise encourages and generates positive thoughts and feelings.
B)Exercise affords an opportunity for individuals to be distracted from their worries and frustrations.
C)The exerciser experiences a feeling of accomplishment and self-efficacy.
D)When individuals master a task that they perceive to be difficult,they experience an increase in self-efficacy.

Question 36

Which of the following is not a theory that purports to explain why exercise is associated with improved mental health?

A)Social interaction hypothesis.
B)Cardiovascular fitness hypothesis.
C)Delayed anxiolytic effect hypothesis.
D)Amine hypothesis.

Question 37

The _________________ postulates that exercise is associated with brain production of chemical that have a "morphine-like" effect on the exerciser (pain reduction and general euphoria).

A)Cardiovascular hypothesis.
B)Endorphin hypothesis.
C)Amine hypothesis.
D)Dual-mode hypothesis.

Question 38

Most of the research conducted on the determinants of exercise has focused on the transition from

A)Transition from sedentary life style to exercise adoption.
B)Transition from adoption to maintenance or drop-out.
C)Transition from drop-out status to exercise resumption.
D)Transition from being a recreational runner to becoming a competitive runner.

Question 39

Which area of the brain has been identified as an important brain structure associated with physical activity and its effects on cognitive functioning?

A)Cortex generally.
B)Prefrontal cortex.
C)Brain stem.
D)Cerebellum.

Question 40

Higher order cognitive ability that controls basic,underlying cognitive functions for purposeful,goal directed behavior and that has been associated with frontal lobe activity.

A)Cortical processing speed.
B)Brain stem activity following exercise.
C)Executive function.
D)Planter reflex response.

Question 41

A person's confidence in her ability to create the public impression of herself as being physically fit,coordinated,and physically attractive.

A)Sport self-confidence.
B)Social physique anxiety.
C)Reverse impression management.
D)Exercise self-presentation efficacy.

Question 42

Ten processes of change identified relative to the transtheoretical stages of exercise are divided into two major groups which include

A)Cognitive and somatic processes.
B)Cognitive and behavioral processes.
C)Behavioral and somatic processes.
D)Attentional and physiological processes.

Question 43

The notion that _____________ of change should be most important for effecting change in the early stages of exercise and that _____________ should be most important in the later stages is referred to as the ___________ hypothesis.

A)Behavioral processes,cognitive processes,interaction.
B)Attentional processes,physiological processes,additive.
C)Cognitive processes,behavioral processes,interaction.
D)Cognitive processes,somatic processes,multiplicative.

Question 44

A person living an unhealthy sedentary life style recognizes a basic cognitive dissonance between their deepest core values and their negative health habits.

A)Disconnected values model.
B)Self-control model.
C)Learned resourcefulness model.
D)Self-determination theory.

Question 45

Individuals who are dissatisfied with their current exercise behavior,who exhibit high levels of ________________,and who set exercise goals are generally able to achieve their goals.

A)Social cognitive ability.
B)Exercise self-efficacy.
C)Exercise self-control.
D)Exercise intention.

Question 46

The possession of high levels of competence,autonomy,and relatedness leads to a high level of intrinsic motivation,which leads to desirable consequences such as healthy exercise behavior.

A)Social cognitive theory.
B)Goal perspective theory applied to exercise.
C)Self-determination theory applied to exercise.
D)Disconnected values model.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is false relative to life stress and exercise?

A)For physically fit individuals,an increase in life stress does not result in an increased number of visits to health center.
B)For physically unfit subjects,an increase in life stress result in a decreased number of visits to health center.
C)Exercise is an effective non-pharmacological treatment for hypertension.
D)Exercise and physical fitness is effective as a treatment to reduce high blood pressure.

Question 48

Individuals pass through five dynamic stages in adopting healthy long-term exercise behavior.

A)Theory of planned behavior.
B)Social cognitive theory.
C)Transtheoretical model theory.
D)Stage theory of exercise behavior.

Question 49

Which of the following is not a theory of exercise behavior?

A)Connected values model.
B)Transtheoretical model.
C)Theory of reasoned action.
D)Exercise self-schemata theory.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is false relative to the immune system?

A)Exercise strengthens the immune system regardless of the intensity or duration.
B)Immune function is positively stimulated by moderate exercise.
C)Immune function is suppressed by overly intense exercise.
D)There exists an optimal level of regular physical activity conducive to the resistance of illness.

Question 51

Body mass index (BMI):

A)Height²_(Meters)÷ weight_(Kg)
B)Weight_{(Kg)÷ height²(Meters)
C)Weight(Kg) * height²(Meters)
D)Weight(lbs)÷ height²(Yards)}

Question 52

Social physique anxiety is higher and self-presentation efficacy is lower in the ____________ focused environment.

A)Appearance.
B)Fitness.
C)Health.
D)None of the above.

Question 53

The concept of processes of change,belongs to which of the following theories of exercise behavior?

A)Theory of reasoned action.
B)Theory of panned behavior.
C)Social cognitive theory.
D)Transtheoretical model theory.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true relative to the HIV?

A)Individuals who have the HIV should avoid exercise of all types.
B)Individuals who have the HIV should implement a strenuous exercise program in order to strengthen the body's defense mechanisms.
C)There is no relationship between HIV and moderate exercise.It really doesn't matter whether one exercises or not.
D)Moderate exercise is an effective complimentary therapy for treating psychological manifestations associated with HIV infection.

Question 55

Which of the following personality characteristics exhibited during college is not predictive of frequent exercise behavior later in life?

A)Vitality.
B)Integration.
C)High anxiety.
D)Lack of shyness.

Question 56

The theory of planned behavior is robust and broad enough to incorporate aspects of all but one of the following theories of exercise behavior.

A)Self-determination theory.
B)Goal orientation theory.
C)Theory of planned behavior.
D)Catastrophe theory.

Question 57

Level of motivation that an individual has to present their appearance in a positive way.

A)Fitness impression motivation.
B)Health impression motivation.
C)Appearance impression motivation.
D)Appearance impression management.

Question 58

Anxiety that people experience when they perceive that other people evaluate their physical physique negatively.

A)Somatic anxiety.
B)Psychosomatic stress.
C)Social physique anxiety.
D)Physical distress.

Question 59

Research associated with exercise and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)indicates that

A)Exercise accelerates the development of AIDS among HIV positive individuals.
B)When asymptomatic gay males are informed of their HIV positive status,they display a significant decrease in anxiety and other distress scores.
C)Increased anxiety and depression is a risk factor facilitating the development of AIDS among HIV positive individuals.
D)Chronic exercise is ineffective in retarding the negative progression and effects of the HIV.

Question 60

The notion that individuals can insulate or protect themselves against the stresses of life through regular exercise

A)Stress preparation.
B)Stress inoculation.
C)Anxiety insulation.
D)Distress protection.

Question 61

Desire to achieve an idealized muscular body type.

A)BMI phobiA.
B)Drive for muscularity.
C)Drive for low percentage of fat on body.
D)Muscular nervosa.

Question 62

Which of the following would indicate obesity in young women?

A)Low BMI.
B)Moderate BMI.
C)High BMI.
D)None of the above.

Question 63

____________ refers to the images or mental pictures that people have about their own bodies.

A)Body image.
B)Physique image.
C)Physique management.
D)Idealized somatic image.