Deck 8: Alternatives to Inverted-U Theory

Question 1

As you carefully study Fazey and Hardy's basic catastrophe model,you can observe that the front of the model is taller than the back when observing the left most aspect of the model.Furthermore,you can observe that when observing the right most aspect of the model that the back is taller than the front.Which of the following statements are inconsistent with these observations?

A)When physiological arousal is very low,an increase in cognitive anxiety will result in an increase in performance.
B)When physiological arousal is very high,a decrease in cognitive anxiety will result in increased performance.
C)Cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal are hypothesized to be independent of each other.
D)All of the above.

Answer 1

All of the above.

Question 2

Multidimensional anxiety theory is based upon the notion that

A)Anxiety is composed of a cognitive component and a somatic component.
B)A negative linear relationship exists between cognitive state anxiety and athletic performance.
C)An inverted-U relationship exists between somatic anxiety and performance.
D)All of the above.

Answer 2

All of the above.

Question 3

Four dimensional Fazey and Hardy catastrophe model

A)Bifurcated catastrophe model.
B)Cusp catastrophe model.
C)Butterfly catastrophe model.
D)None of the above.

Answer 3

Butterfly catastrophe model.

Question 4

A retrospective or recalled estimate of an athlete's optimal precompetitive state anxiety is

A)Preferred over an actual real time measured estimate.
B)Not a viable method for obtaining an estimate of optimal state anxiety.
C)Used as an estimate of optimal state anxiety when an actual measure is difficult to obtain.
D)None of the above.

Question 5

Which is not a basic assumption of inverted-U theory?

A)As anxiety and arousal increase,performance decreases.
B)Small incremental increases in arousal result in small incremental increases or decreases in performance.
C)Moderate arousal results in optimal performance.
D)A smooth bell-shaped curve relationship exists between arousal and performance.

Question 6

A traditional anxiety based IZOF is defined as an individual's optimal prestart level of state anxiety plus-or-minus an estimate of

A).25 standard deviation of observed precontest optimal state anxiety.
B).50 standard deviation of observed precontest optimal state anxiety.
C).75 standard deviation of observed precontest optimal state anxiety.
D)1.00 standard deviation of observed precontest optimal state anxiety.

Question 7

If you take an athlete's performance score,subtract from it the athlete's mean score for repeated observations through the season,and divide by the athlete's standard deviation relative to those repeated observations,you have a/an

A)Z-score.
B)Ipsative z-score.
C)T-score.
D)Raw data score.

Question 8

According to catastrophe theory,a severe drop off in performance can be expected when

A)Cognitive anxiety is very high and physiological arousal is increasing steadily to a high level.
B)Cognitve anxiety is very high and somatic anxiety is increasing steadily to a high level.
C)Somatic anxiety is very high and physiological arousal is increasing steadily to a high level.
D)Depression is very high,and cognitive anxiety is increasing steadily to a high level.

Question 9

Intraindividualized performance score

A)Z-score.
B)Ipsative z-score.
C)T-score.
D)Raw data score.

Question 10

Which of the following is not related to Hanin's notion of an anxiety based individual zone of optimal functioning?

A)Precompetitive state anxiety.
B)Retrospective measurement of state anxiety.
C)Predicted level of state anxiety.
D)Reversal theory.

Question 11

In recent years,the major change in Hanin's notion of an Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning (IZOF)has been

A)Reliance upon placing a zone around depression instead of anxiety.
B)Reliance upon placing a zone around anxiety instead of confidence.
C)Reliance upon a zone of dysfunction instead of a zone of optimal function.
D)Reliance upon multiple emotions instead of only one.

Question 12

The basic Fazey and Hardy catastrophe model is technically referred to as the

A)Bifurcated catastrophe model.
B)Cusp catastrophe model.
C)Butterfly catastrophe model.
D)None of the above.

Question 13

Hanin's individual zone of optimal functioning theory questions many of the assumptions of inverted-U theory,but one in particular is pivotal.

A)As anxiety and arousal increase,performance decreases.
B)Small incremental increases in arousal result in small incremental increases or decreases in performance.
C)Objectively defined moderate arousal results in optimal performance.
D)A smooth bell-shaped curve relationship exists between arousal and performance.

Question 14

According to Hanin,the individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF)is

A)A theoretical concept that has no basis in reality.
B)Theoretically the same for all elite athletes.
C)Related to astrology.
D)A zone that varies for each athlete.

Question 15

Catastrophe theory questions all of the assumptions of inverted-U theory,but one in particular is pivotal.

A)As anxiety and arousal increase,performance decreases.
B)Small incremental increases in arousal result in small incremental increases or decreases in performance.
C)Moderate arousal results in optimal performance.
D)A smooth bell-shaped curve relationship exists between arousal and performance.

Question 16

Generally speaking,best performance is realized when ___________ emotions are very high and _____________ emotions are very low.

A)Pleasant functional,pleasant dysfunctional.
B)Pleasant functional,unpleasant dysfunctional.
C)Pleasant dysfunctional,unpleasant functional.
D)Unpleasant functional,unpleasant dysfunctional.

Question 17

A fundamental weakness of Marten's multidimensional theory is the notion that cognitive and somatic anxiety

A)Are independent of each other.
B)Are correlated with each other.
C)Have independent effects upon athletic performance.
D)None of the above.

Question 18

As Hanin's interest in IZOF shifted from the emotion of anxiety to multiple emotions,he recommended that

A)IZOFs be formed around each measured emotion.
B)Individual IZOFs no longer be considered.
C)The focus turned to plotting categories of emotions running from unpleasant dysfunctional emotions to pleasant dysfunctional emotions.
D)None of the above.

Question 19

What are the three variables involved in Fazey and Hardy's basic catastrophe model?

A)Cognitive anxiety,somatic anxiety,self-confidence.
B)Cognitive anxiety,self-confidence,performance.
C)Cognitive anxiety,physiological arousal,performance.
D)Somatic anxiety,physiological arousal,performance.

Question 20

Which statement is false relative to recalled optimal precompetitive anxiety?

A)Correlations between actual and recalled optimal precompetitive anxiety are relatively high when measures are taken within two days of each other.
B)The recall method is most effective when a unidimensional measure of anxiety is used.
C)Research shows that the recall method of estimating optimal precompetitive anxiety is unreliable.
D)The recall method should not be used when anxiety is measured by the CSAI-2.

Question 21

At the present time,the practical utility of the probabilistic model of predicting performance from emotion is that

A)Performance predictions can easily and accurately be calculated for each athlete.
B)Emotion predictions can easily and accurately be calculated for each athlete.
C)Performance predictions based on emotion can theoretically be calculated using probability theory.
D)None of the above.

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of an unpleasant functional emotion?

A)Anxious.
B)Excited.
C)Confident.
D)DiscourageD.

Question 23

Direction of anxiety may be obtained by

A)Administering the Anxiety Directionality Inventory.
B)Administering a modification of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R.
C)Asking an athlete if he/she prefers anxiety over no anxiety.
D)None of the above.

Question 24

The degree to which an individual is absorbed in a task.

A)Flow.
B)Autotelic experience.
C)Core flow.
D)Intensity of effort.

Question 25

Which of the following factors is believed to facilitate the occurrence of the Flow state?

A)Experiencing physical problems and mistakes.
B)Maintaining appropriate attentional focus.
C)Negative mental attitude.
D)Lack of audience response.

Question 26

Perception of whether a particular level of anxiety either facilitates or inhibits performance on a task.

A)Intensity component of anxiety.
B)Direction component of anxiety.
C)Frequency component of anxiety.
D)Constrained component of anxiety.

Question 27

One way to view the Flow experience is as a positive interaction between skill and challenge.This concept is referred to as the ____________ of flow.

A)Antagonistic model.
B)Reciprocal model.
C)Constrained model.
D)Orthogonal model.

Question 28

With the introduction of the probabilistic model came a new terminology in which the IZOF was dropped in favor of a new term named __________________.

A)Probabilistic zone of optimal functioning (PZOF).
B)Individual affect-related performance zone (IAPZ).
C)Zone of optimal emotional functioning (ZOEF).
D)None of the above.

Question 29

An individual may experience ___________ when they engage in an interesting activity for its own sake and for no other external purpose or goal.

A)Pleasure.
B)Intrinsic motivation.
C)Flow.
D)TARGET.

Question 30

Relative to the Flow experience,which does not necessarily fit?

A)Autotelic experience.
B)The doing is the reward.
C)Something that is to be enjoyed and appreciated.
D)Peak performance.

Question 31

The degree to which anxiety symptoms are experienced.

A)Intensity component of anxiety.
B)Direction component of anxiety.
C)Frequency component of anxiety.
D)Constrained component of anxiety.

Question 32

As measured by an anxiety inventory,the objective level of anxiety ranging from low to high.

A)Intensity component of anxiety.
B)Direction component of anxiety.
C)Frequency component of anxiety.
D)Constrained component of anxiety.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a defining characteristic of the Flow experience?

A)Peak performance.
B)Challenge and skill balance.
C)Total concentration.
D)Loss of self-awareness.

Question 34

An athlete's perception of whether or not a specific level of state anxiety was good or bad for his/her performance is referred to as

A)Intensity of state anxiety.
B)Self-confidence.
C)Response bias.
D)Direction of state anxiety.

Question 35

Instead of helping an athlete learn to modify precompetitive anxiety by getting it into a predetermined IZOF,an athlete is taught to modify their perception of how anxiety affects performance.

A)Hanin's theory.
B)Catastrophe theory.
C)Jones' directionality theory.
D)Yerkes-Dodson Law.

Question 36

The nonjudgemental focus of one's attention on the here and now.

A)Athlete engagement.
B)Flow.
C)Mindfulness.
D)IZOF.

Question 37

A research design in which a small number of participants achieve a stable performance baseline prior to receiving a behavioral or cognitive intervention of some kind.Following the intervention,performance trials continue to be monitored and compared to preintervention trials.

A)Randomized block design.
B)Unequal cell size design.
C)Qualitative design.
D)Multiple baseline single subject design.

Question 38

The individual most responsible for applying the principles of Flow to sport and exercise.

A)Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.
B)Yuri Hanin.
C)Dan Gould.
D)SusanJackson.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of an unpleasant dysfunctional emotion?

A)Anxious.
B)Excited.
C)Confident.
D)DiscourageD.

Question 40

Recent research suggests that ______________ determines whether or not anxiety symptoms prior to competition will be interpreted as being facilitative or debilitative.

A)Perceived personal control.
B)Imagery.
C)Self-talk.
D)None of the above.

Question 41

The feeling of safety in the face of danger is referred to as a __________ frame of reference or a "psychological bubble." This frame of reference is typically experienced by the ___________ dominant individual.

A)Vulnerable,telic.
B)Protective,paratelic.
C)Distorted,mastery.
D)Realistic,telic.

Question 42

According to Apter,individuals who have a fun loving,here-and-now orientation to life are classified as being

A)Paratelic dominant.
B)Telic dominant.
C)Metamotivational.
D)UnsatiateD.

Question 43

Which of the following factors does not contribute to a metamotivational reversal?

A)Contingent events.
B)Frustration.
C)transcendental meditation.
D)Satiation.

Question 44

While in a highly anxious state,an athlete in a telic mode has two options to reduce hedonic tone.

A)Decrease arousal,induce a reversal to a paratelic mode.
B)Increase arousal,induce a reversal to a paratelic mode.
C)Decrease arousal,remain in telic mode.
D)Increase arousal,induce a reversal to a mastery mode.

Question 45

Moving from a telic mode to paratelic mode is

A)Impossible.
B)A metamotivational reversal.
C)Only occurs with a great deal of effort and planning.
D)None of the above.