Deck 3: Ethics in Behavioral Research

Question 1

Which principle of the Belmont Report would have prevented the doctors in the Tuskegee Syphilis study from selecting only African American males in their study?

A) Responsibility
B) Autonomy
C) Justice
D) Integrity

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is true of the Tuskegee Syphilis study?

A) It was an isolated incident brought to light in 1998.
B) It took place for only one year.
C) It focused on treating individuals with syphilis using penicillin.
D) It spurred scientists to overhaul ethical regulations.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Current ethical guidelines for both behavioral and medical researchers have their origins in the:

A) Greek myths.
B) Red Data Book.
C) Belmont Report.
D) Institutional Review Board.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In the Milgram obedience experiment,participants were deceived about the hypothesis when they were told that the purpose of the experiment was to study:

A) the effects of electric shock.
B) memory and learning.
C) the effects of punishment.
D) blind obedience.

Question 5

A research experiment includes participants from various ethnicities and age groups.The researcher's assistant is racially biased toward a certain group.But the researcher,Clark,condones such prejudices and bases his work and findings in a fair manner.In this scenario,Clark is adhering to which of the following principles of the APA Ethics Code?

A) Fidelity and Responsibility
B) Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
C) Integrity
D) Justice

Question 6

Which of the following is a potential risk that a participant may face during a research experiment?

A) Monetary loss
B) Loss of responsibility
C) Loss of confidentiality
D) Statutory loss

Question 7

Which of the following is a basic ethical principle included in the Belmont Report?

A) The risks included in the research investigations should be high.
B) The participants in the investigation are treated as autonomous decision makers.
C) All information regarding their involvement need not be disclosed to the participants.
D) There need not be any justification to bear the burden of accepting risks.

Question 8

Which of the following principles of the Belmont Report requires that individuals be capable of making deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research?

A) Deliberation
B) Beneficence
C) Autonomy
D) Justice

Question 9

Angelica tells the participants of her research that they would receive painful electric shocks,which brings about fear and anxiety in the participants.However,the shocks were never delivered.Which of the following types of stress are the participants most likely to experience in this case?

A) Physical
B) Psychological
C) Procedural
D) Psychical

Question 10

_____ becomes an important issue when studying topics such as family violence,drug use,divorce,or sexual behavior.

A) Compensation
B) Defensiveness
C) Confidentiality
D) Concealed observation

Question 11

Loss of expected privacy and confidentiality are ethical issues that researchers must address when _____.

A) studying participants in public settings
B) conducting group discussions
C) collecting data from websites
D) involving children in a study

Question 12

The Belmont Report's ethical principle of justice requires that:

A) researchers limit studies only to those of legal age.
B) participants make deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research.
C) there must be fairness in receiving the benefits of research.
D) potential participants in a research project should be provided with all information.

Question 13

Which of the following is a prerequisite of an informed consent form?

A) Use of simple and straightforward language must be avoided.
B) Jargons and technical terminologies can be used extensively.
C) It should be written in the first person to avoid confusion.
D) Non-English speakers should be given a translated version.

Question 14

The real purpose of the Milgram study was to study:

A) the effects of electric shock.
B) memory and learning.
C) the effects of punishment.
D) obedience to authority.

Question 15

According to the Belmont Report,which principle refers to the need for research to maximize benefits and minimize any possible harmful effects of participation?

A) Respect for persons
B) Beneficence
C) Justice
D) Common courtesy

Question 16

In a research experiment,_____ is an issue when the researcher has assured subjects that the collected data are only accessible to people with permission,generally only the researcher.

A) informed consent
B) nonmaleficence
C) integrity
D) confidentiality

Question 17

Matt wants to conduct an experiment on people's perceptions of tattoos.He plans to manipulate the experimental conditions by having participants receive tattoos on their arms.The tattoos will vary in size and color.An ethical review board would most likely be concerned about the:

A) size and color of the tattoo.
B) various perceptions of tattoos.
C) physical risk to the participants.
D) monetary cost of the tattoo.

Question 18

Principle C of the APA Ethics Code focuses on _____.

A) integrity
B) justice
C) responsibility
D) beneficence

Question 19

The examination of potential problems and benefits that are likely to result from a research is known as a _____ analysis.

A) cost-benefit
B) risk-benefit
C) SWOT
D) life-cycle cost

Question 20

Adam promises his participants that they would receive extra course credits for their participation in his experiment.But he forgets to inform their instructor about this,and thus the students are not marked with the promised extra credit points.Which principle of the APA Ethics Code has Adam violated?

A) Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
B) Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
C) Justice
D) Fidelity and Responsibility

Question 21

Informed consent of participants is often a problem for researchers because:

A) understanding and signing the informed consent is time-consuming.
B) knowledge of the hypothesis may bias the participants' responses.
C) participants are rarely interested to know the details of the experiment.
D) researchers themselves are not informed completely about the procedures.

Question 22

Anonymous questionnaires,surveys,and educational tests are all considered _____ research.

A) exempt
B) fraudulent
C) laboratory
D) non-ethical

Question 23

_____ risk is a type of research activity which means that the risks of harm to participants are no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests.

A) Minor
B) Manageable
C) Minimal
D) Moderate

Question 24

Identify a true statement about debriefing.

A) It is used to deceive participants about the details of the study.
B) It helps in discussing the practical implications of the results with the participants.
C) It typically occurs before the completion of a study.
D) It serves no educational or ethical purposes for the researcher or the participant.

Question 25

In which of the following areas of psychology has elaborate deception been most problematic?

A) Social psychology
B) Developmental psychology
C) Parapsychology
D) Clinical psychology

Question 26

Which of the following best represents the Belmont Report's principle of Respect for Persons (autonomy)?

A) Not providing a risk-benefit analysis to the participants
B) Including an informed consent for the participants
C) Researchers' freedom to select a topic of interest
D) Researchers' discretion to alter the findings of the experiment

Question 27

If a participant has been deceived,ethical considerations require that a researcher provides _____.

A) incentives
B) debriefing
C) motivation
D) counseling

Question 28

The U.S.Department of Health and Human Services defines "no risk" research as:

A) research where the risks are not greater than those involved in taking routine tests.
B) research involving public behavior and public records that does not identify participants.
C) research in which participants give informed consent to the researcher.
D) research in which the participants are deceived by not providing them any information.

Question 29

Renae conducts a study to understand altruistic behavior.She deceives the participants stating that the purpose of her study is to test intelligence.This results in some of the participants feeling bad about their performance.What should Renae do in order to remove the negative effects of the experiment?

A) Debrief her participants about the study
B) Give feedback to participants on their performance
C) Misrepresent information about the nature of a study
D) Provide participants with incentives

Question 30

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

A) IRBs are national review agencies composed of at least three individuals.
B) All members of the IRB must be from outside the institution.
C) IRBs review studies conducted within and outside the institution.
D) Every institution that receives federal funds must have an IRB.

Question 31

In Milgram's study on obedience,informing the participants that it was experiment on learning and memory is an example of _____.

A) plagiarism
B) deception
C) informed consent
D) debriefing

Question 32

In the context of debriefing,evidence collected by Milgram indicated that:

A) participants need not be debriefed after the completion of the study.
B) debriefing was effective in removing any negative effects of participation.
C) in all circumstances,the debriefing should be thorough in order to be effective.
D) participants should be aware of the actual purpose of the study.

Question 33

The agreement by a minor to participate in an experiment is formally called _____.

A) consent
B) debriefing
C) exempt
D) assent

Question 34

Which of the following best exemplifies deception?

A) The experimenter disguises the true purpose of a laboratory experiment.
B) The participants disagree to fill in the informed consent form.
C) The researcher provides too much information about a study to the participants.
D) The investigator withholds information that does not affect the decision to participate.

Question 35

Before conducting the experiment,Helga explains to the participants the purpose of the study and tells them that participation is voluntary and they can withdraw if they want.This shows that the experiment involves _____.

A) deception
B) informed consent
C) role-playing
D) psychological withdrawal

Question 36

Brent has agreed to take part in a study on "Preferences for different fast foods." When he arrives for the study,he is asked to read an account of a sexual assault and indicate the guilt and punishment he would assign to the assailant.This procedure best illustrates _____.

A) informed consent
B) the importance of autonomy
C) obedience to authority
D) the use of deception

Question 37

Byron,a sophomore in high school,and his parents have signed written agreements allowing him to participate in a research study examining attitudes toward alcohol use by high school students.Byron's agreement to participate is known as _____.

A) coercion
B) disclosure
C) assent
D) exempt

Question 38

Participants volunteered for a study on "Attitudes toward television violence." However,they completed a survey on their own aggressive behavior.After the completion of the study,the researcher failed to inform the participants about the true purpose of the study.In this case,the researcher has failed to conduct a(n)_____.

A) cost-benefit analysis
B) simulation study
C) debriefing session
D) evaluative study

Question 39

Which of the following is a reason for a decrease in the use of elaborate deception in research studies?

A) The use of deception is an expensive and time-consuming method to employ.
B) There is a decrease in the general awareness of the ethical issues regarding deception.
C) The ethics review board approves more researches using deception methods.
D) More researchers have become interested in cognitive variables rather than emotions.

Question 40

In research,_____ occurs when there is active misrepresentation of information about the nature of a study.

A) deception
B) plagiarism
C) fidelity
D) nonmaleficence

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of fraudulence?

A) Jimmy is arrested by the police for robbing an old woman's house.
B) A newspaper publishes articles that did not have substantial authenticity.
C) A manager is accused of sexual harassment by his secretary.
D) Berta misplaces the money that her mother gave her as loan.

Question 42

Which of the following is true about research with nonhuman animal subjects?

A) Ethics is of little concern because animals have no feelings.
B) There are explicit guidelines to protect animals used for research.
C) Animals cannot be used to test the effects of drugs.
D) Psychologists do not conduct research on animals.

Question 43

Which of the following is a characteristic of a no risk assessment research?

A) The research is not exempt from review.
B) It requires a fully informed consent form.
C) The surveys conducted are anonymous.
D) Involves observations of sensitive public behaviors.

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of a minimal risk research?

A) Recording routine physiological data from adult participants
B) Vigorous exercise by healthy volunteers
C) Researches that induce stress in the volunteers
D) Researches where the volunteer's behaviour is manipulated

Question 45

In studying participants' physiological responses to visual stimuli,Kenneth measures the blood pressure and heart rates of the participants while they watch different genres of films.According to the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services regulations,this study would best be classified as containing _____ risk.

A) no
B) minimal
C) greater than minimal
D) maximum

Question 46

What is one of the criticisms levelled against animal rights groups?

A) Laboratory experiments do not induce any pain on animals.
B) Animal research benefits humans and made discoveries possible.
C) Use of animals brings down the costs incurred in the research.
D) Animals are not used in any psychological research.

Question 47

When Rebecca's students tried to include her research findings into their projects,they could not find materials that substantiated their tutor's data.In this case,Rebecca is most likely to have committed the act of _____.

A) plagiarism
B) assault
C) battery
D) fraud

Question 48

Sasha decides to examine public records of crime rates to determine whether perpetrators committed property crimes at an earlier age in the 1940s than in the 1970s.According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services,Sasha's research would be categorized as a(n)_____ research.

A) exempt
B) minimal risk
C) fraudulent
D) maximum risk

Question 49

Which of the following precautions can scientists take to protect themselves against charges of fraud?

A) They should only publish results that are significant.
B) They should not conduct a public survey.
C) They should keep careful,documented records of the research.
D) They should always ensure that the findings support the hypothesis.

Question 50

The fabrication of data is known as _____.

A) liaison
B) fraud
C) plagiarism
D) assault

Question 51

According to the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,informed consent is necessary when research places participants at greater than _____ risk.

A) average
B) normal
C) minimal
D) moderate

Question 52

What is most likely to have caused a decline in animal research?

A) The increasing protests from animal activists groups
B) The decreasing interest in conducting cognitive research with human participants
C) The declining safety measures to shelter the animals for a long period
D) The increasing costs incurred to conduct an animal research

Question 53

Which of the following is true of greater than minimal risk research?

A) It requires full IRB review and special ethical procedures may be imposed.
B) It involves conducting anonymous surveys and cognitive aptitude tests.
C) It puts participants at risk that is similar to those encountered in daily life.
D) It is,in most cases,exempt from review and therefore called exempt research.

Question 54

Research studying normal educational practices,such as evaluating instructional techniques,is considered by HHS regulations to be a _____ research.

A) minimal risk
B) no risk
C) high risk
D) moderate risk

Question 55

In which of the following areas is fraud considered to be most serious?

A) Psychology and biology
B) Math and chemistry
C) Advertising and engineering
D) Science and journalism

Question 56

One safeguard against scientific fraud is that:

A) scientists are always ethical.
B) the researcher's hypotheses are always supported.
C) all research is subject to replication by other scientists.
D) all scientific research has high external validity.

Question 57

Researches involving physical stress,psychological stress,invasion of privacy,measures of sensitive information where participants may be identified are known as _____ researches.

A) exempt
B) minimal risk
C) greater than minimal risk
D) low risk

Question 58

Which of the following is a genuine case of fraud?

A) Burger's partial replication of Milgram's studies
B) Milgram's study on obedience to authority
C) The twin studies by Sir Cyril Burt
D) The Szabo and Underwood Report

Question 59

A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent if:

A) animals were used while conducting experiments for the research.
B) participants were not debriefed after the completion of the study.
C) the data has been changed in order to support the hypotheses.
D) the researcher has used any form of survey to collect the data.

Question 60

What is the function of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee?

A) Approve all animal research procedures
B) Ensure all regulations are adhered to in animal researches
C) Analyse the cost to be incurred for a research
D) Ensure use of animals only in psychological researches

Question 61

_____ can be best defined as misrepresenting another's work as one's own.

A) Possession
B) Plagiarism
C) Extortion
D) Misconduct

Question 62

_____ plagiarism is a form of plagiarism where the words are not directly copied without attribution,but the ideas are copied without attribution.

A) Paraphrasing
B) Word-for-word
C) Detailed
D) Substantial

Question 63

Carlos,a student of psychology,included the data and findings of the renowned thinker,Erik Erikson,in his research.But he failed to paraphrase the data or cite and credit the actual author.The board of reviewers rejected Carlos's research paper on account of _____.

A) perjury
B) extortion
C) plagiarism
D) manslaughter

Question 64

Which of the following behaviors does NOT represent plagiarism?

A) Including a sentence that is copied without using quotation marks and a reference citation
B) Representing another's work as one's own
C) Paraphrasing the actual words of another source without citation
D) Including a personal idea or finding into one's own research

Question 65

Kirstein,in her research paper,copied few paragraphs verbatim from a renowned author's work without giving quotation marks or citing the source.The review board rejected her paper on grounds of plagiarism.What kind of a plagiarism has she committed?

A) Word-for-word plagiarism
B) Paraphrasing plagiarism
C) Active plagiarism
D) Detailed plagiarism