Deck 2: Gender, Status, and Power

Question 1

Worldwide,women have less ___________ than men do.

A)access to education
B)control over public discourse.
C)leisure time
D)All the above are correct

Answer 1

All the above are correct

Question 2

_________ can be defined as biological differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy and function.

A)Sex
B)Gender
C)Gender identity
D)Sexual identity

Answer 2

Sex

Question 3

in which gender cues shift from one to the other illustrates

A)people work hard to figure out someone's gender.
B)when a person is expected to behave in a particular way,they probably will.
C)sex is a more statistically differentiating characteristic than is race or age.
D)All the above are correct.

Answer 3

people work hard to figure out someone's gender.

Question 4

The tendency to generalize people who are members of the opposite sex and refer to them as being all alike and having similar qualities is called

A)outgroup homogeneity.
B)the intergroup bias effect.
C)paternalistic prejudice.
D)None of the above is correct

Question 5

asked women to describe themselves to men whose "ideal woman" was supposedly traditional or nontraditional.When finding the man attractive,women portrayed themselves as matching the man's ideal woman.This illustrates ________________,contributing to self-fulfilling prophecy

A)cognitive matching
B)changes in self-presentation
C)behavioral confirmation
D)All the above are correct

Question 6

found

A)sex was mentioned as the first or second characteristic close to half the time.
B)sex was more likely to be mentioned when it was statistically useful.
C)sex was mentioned as the first or second characteristic 100% of the time.
D)race and age were mentioned more frequently,as token sellers were all women.

Question 7

Social differences between the behaviors of men and women should be called "gender differences" rather than "sex differences" because the differences are

A)most likely behaviorally derived.
B)likely to have biological origins.
C)likely to be constructed within a social context.
D)both a and b

Question 8

Distinguishing sex from gender is important because it provides a means to the

A)scientific study of topics like gender socialization of children.
B)recognition biology is not destiny.
C)recognition gender is learned.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 9

________ is to ___________ as nature is to nurture.

A)Gender;sex
B)Sex;gender
C)Gender-typing;gender
D)Sex-typing;sex

Question 10

Gender distinctions occur at which three levels?

A)developmental,societal,universal
B)individual,interactional,universal
C)societal,interpersonal,individual
D)biological,developmental,social

Question 11

______________ can be defined as the traits making up masculinity and femininity

A)Sex
B)Gender
C)Gender identity
D)Sexual identity

Question 12

When people present themselves in a way confirming others' beliefs about them,they create a

A)fundamental attribution error.
B)self-fulfilling prophecy.
C)dispositional confirmation effect.
D)self-categorization phenomenon.

Question 13

When a little girl is born,she may be wrapped in a pink blanket.The color of the blanket represents her

A)sex.
B)gender.
C)gender-typing.
D)All the above are correct

Question 14

Studies on the importance of gender as a social category find people are more likely to

A)confuse individuals of the same gender with each other than individuals of the same age or race.
B)categorize others by their gender than by their race.
C)notice when a person breaks a gender prescription than when he or she "fails to act his or her age."
D)All the above are correct.

Question 15

Believing low-status outgroups need to be guided and taken care of for their own good is referred to as

A)"doing gender."
B)the intergroup bias effect.
C)envious prejudice.
D)paternalistic prejudice.

Question 16

The self-fulfilling prophecy is comprised of which of the following social mechanisms?

A)People act to confirm beliefs others have about them.
B)People reduce behaviors others expect,but confirm the ones they themselves expect.
C)Interaction between people elicits a reinforced behavior.
D)People expect others to behave the way they want them to.

Question 17

Adrienne sees the salesclerk in a store wearing jeans and a sweatshirt.She cannot decide whether the clerk is a man or a woman,so she searches for ________ such as make-up.

A)behavioral signals
B)gender cues
C)sex clues
D)sexual cues

Question 18

Societies in which men are allocated more power and higher status are referred to as

A)matriarchal.
B)patriarchal.
C)monarchical.
D)partisan.

Question 19

In a hierarchical society,the dominant group has

A)better genes.
B)more of one sex than the other.
C)more power.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 20

asked women to describe themselves to men whose "ideal woman" was supposedly traditional or non-traditional.When the men were attractive,the women

A)became more "catty" with each other
B)portrayed themselves as more traditional when believing the man traditional
C)portrayed themselves as less traditional when believing the man nontraditional
D)b and c

Question 21

Women often face situations in which they are "damned if they do,damned if they don't." These situations are called

A)gender typing.
B)neosexism.
C)double binds.
D)stereotype threats.

Question 22

Churiah goes into a store to buy a computer.The sales clerk who assists her,does not talk down to the male customer he just finished helping but does talk down to Churiah.The sales clerk is demonstrating

A)sex discrimination.
B)oppression.
C)self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)heterosexism.

Question 23

When talking with men,women are more likely to be the ones who

A)look away while the man talks.
B)smile.
C)turn their faces or bodies away.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 24

Higher-status people are most likely to initiate which type of touch?

A)handshakes
B)touching of the arm or shoulder
C)less intrusive touch
D)a and b

Question 25

Lower-status people are most likely to initiate which type of touch?

A)handshakes
B)touching of the arm or shoulder
C)less intrusive touch
D)a and c

Question 26

When all but gender is equal,_________ initiated more touching.

A)men
B)women
C)neither
D)both

Question 27

In most studies on whether men or women talk more in a cross-gender situation,

A)women talk more than men.
B)men talk more than women.
C)talking is equally distributed.
D)the results depend on the setting.

Question 28

High-status individuals are more likely than low-status individuals to look away when the subordinate speaks.This tendency is called

A)visual dominance.
B)doing gender.
C)self-presentation.
D)more intrusive interruption by men of women.

Question 29

When the Taliban governed in Afghanistan,it denied women and girls basic human rights such as health care,education,and freedom of movement.This systematic pattern of prejudice and discrimination is called

A)heterosexism.
B)oppression.
C)social dominance.
D)visual dominance.

Question 30

found in same-gender conversations,

A)interruptions were equally divided between the speakers.
B)over 65% of interruptions were by the older individual.
C)over 85% of interruptions were by the younger individual.
D)individuals did not interrupt each other at all.

Question 31

Davis is working out at the gym.He wants to impress women,so he tells his workout buddy to load extra plates onto the bench press.When finished,he slaps his friend on the back and challenges him to lift as much.Davis is

A)doing gender.
B)immature.
C)displaying the intergroup bias effect.
D)displaying paternalistic prejudice.

Question 32

showed __________ are more likely to use imperative or command verbs when talking to __________.

A)men;women
B)those who see themselves as higher status;those seen as lower status
C)those who see themselves as dominant;those they see as less competent
D)All the above are correct.

Question 33

Men are more likely than women to try to take over the conversation using

A)the outgroup homogeneity effect.
B)androgyny.
C)intrusive interruptions.
D)body language.

Question 34

When a group of people is seen as having higher status and more power,the members may be regarded

A)as "doing gender."
B)with the intergroup bias effect.
C)with envious prejudice.
D)as "doing status."

Question 35

When women attempt to assert dominance through touch,

A)they are typically perceived as more powerful than if not touching the other.
B)their behavior may be misinterpreted as a sexual move.
C)the touch has no effect on the other person.
D)they are seen as low-status.

Question 36

In most fairy tales,the heroine has fallen prey to an evil scheme and can only be saved by the arrival of her prince.These kinds of stories serve as

A)oppression.
B)legitimizing myths.
C)attributional biases.
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 37

found men make a larger proportion of intrusive interruptions in

A)the laboratory than in unstructured and naturalistic settings.
B)unstructured and naturalistic settings than in the laboratory.
C)unstructured settings and the laboratory than in naturalistic settings.
D)the laboratory and naturalistic settings than in unstructured settings.

Question 38

When women dress up in short skirts,wear makeup and do their hair,before going out to a club,they are

A)doing gender.
B)heterosexist.
C)oppressed
D)discriminatory.

Question 39

found in male-female conversations

A)interruptions were equally divided between the speakers.
B)over 95% of interruptions were by male speakers.
C)over 75% of interruptions were by female speakers.
D)men did not use conversation to assert their status.

Question 40

Which behavior do most people see as rudest?

A)a man interrupting a man
B)a man interrupting a woman
C)a woman interrupting a man
D)a woman interrupting a woman

Question 41

When people ascribe to themselves the traits,behaviors,and roles normative for people of their sex in their culture,they are becoming

A)gender-typed.
B)sexually typed.
C)encultured.
D)stereotyped.

Question 42

Around the world,__________ are more likely than ___________ to endorse hostile sexism

A)women;men
B)men;women
C)children;adults
D)adults;children

Question 43

When people become gender-typed,they

A)become aware of their biological sex.
B)realize their biological sex is permanent.
C)ascribe to themselves cultural traits,behaviors,and roles normative for people of their sex.
D)realize their gender is permanent.

Question 44

Women's expectations of lower pay than men for comparable work,lack of personal entitlement,loss of self-esteem and confidence in their academic ability,and the tendency to suffer from disturbances in body image are all examples of

A)gender-related differences with biological origins.
B)androcentric evaluations of women's behaviors.
C)the consequences of a gender as a system.
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 45

Individuals have been gender-typed when they

A)engage in sexist behavior.
B)adopt cultural definitions appropriate and normal behaviors for their sex.
C)reject cultural definitions of appropriate and normal behavior.
D)assume characteristics of the other sex and are not acceptable within society.

Question 46

The phrase "Women seek to gain power over men" demonstrates a ____________ belief.

A)hostile sexism
B)benevolent sexism
C)nonsexism
D)All the above are correct.

Question 47

Janelle is more interested in her career than having children.When her sister has a baby,everyone begins to ask Janelle when she will.She knows many people think her selfish and cold for putting her career first;those same people shake their heads about the lucrative career Janelle's sister gave up to have a child.Janelle is

A)in a double bind.
B)doing gender.
C)showing visual dominance.
D)displaying neosexism.

Question 48

Asja is proud to be the first woman in her family to get a graduate degree.When she considers taking time off from her career to have a child,her colleagues warn her,she will be throwing away the gains she has made in the corporate world.Meanwhile,Asja's mother is constantly reminding her a "biological clock" is ticking.Asja is

A)in a double bind.
B)doing gender.
C)showing visual dominance.
D)displaying neosexism.

Question 49

The status and pay accorded to nurses,teachers,homemakers,and child-care workers is less than lawyers,physicians,and auto mechanics because

A)the formers' work requires less skill.
B)"women's work" is devalued.
C)the formers' work requires less time each day.
D)a and c

Question 50

On dating websites,men's profiles often contain statements like "I want a woman I can treat like a princess" and "I want to be your Prince Charming." These are examples of

A)ambivalence.
B)neosexism.
C)nonsexism.
D)benevolent sexism.

Question 51

In the 1970's,women met to talk about their lives as women;in the process,they realized their problems were related to society's devaluation of women.The groups developed were referred to as _____________ groups.

A)gender-typing
B)anti-oppression
C)consciousness-raising
D)anti-sexism

Question 52

How do self-presentation and behavioral confirmation create the self-fulfilling prophecy? What research has demonstrated how the expectations of the observer and the reactions of the target person lead to the strengthening of stereotypes in both the observer and the target person?

Question 53

Around the world,women are _________________ to endorse benevolent sexism.

A)more likely than men
B)just as likely as men
C)less likely than men
D)None of the above is correct.Endorsement depends on the country being studied.

Question 54

Sexism involving both hostility and benevolence toward women is called ___________ sexism.

A)ambivalent
B)hostile
C)modern
D)benevolent sexism

Question 55

People who disparage the feminist movement by saying women are threatening to take over men's rightful place are displaying

A)hostile sexism.
B)benevolent sexism.
C)nonsexism.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 56

To avoid being called names by the men working for her,Mikhala goes out of her way to appear warm and friendly.She is utilizing

A)a double bind.
B)visual dominance.
C)a gender management strategy.
D)neosexism.

Question 57

People who believe women can be intelligent and successful businesswomen,but consider those same women as angry,selfish,and unfeminine are

A)hostile sexists.
B)benevolent sexists.
C)ambivalent sexists.
D)entitled sexists.

Question 58

Women who become gender-typed

A)internalize the subordination and devaluation of their social role.
B)adopt behaviors that are a consequence of subordination.
C)are ostracized because they do not internalize their subordinate status.
D)a and b

Question 59

When asked if they have ever personally experienced discrimination,people are less likely to acknowledge discrimination has happened to them.This is termed

A)rationalization of oppression.
B)reaction formation.
C)denial of personal discrimination.
D)neosexism.

Question 60

The phrase "Women should be cherished and protected by men" demonstrates a ____________ belief.

A)hostile sexism
B)benevolent sexism
C)nonsexism
D)All the above are correct.

Question 61

Explain both elements of ambivalent sexism,using examples.

Question 62

Give an example of a double bind involving the behavior of women interacting with other women.

Question 63

Discuss typical patterns of "body language" in a male-female interaction.

Question 64

Discuss how men communicate differently than women in a cross-gender conversation.

Question 65

Using a story you know from mythology or fairy tale books (e.g.Cinderella,Sleeping Beauty,Snow White,Beauty and the Beast,King Arthur,etc. ),describe how it serves as a legitimizing myth.

Question 66

American girls are born into a society telling them they are valued less than boys.Give evidence girls and women internalize this lesser sense of their own value.

Question 67

Explain why "Being born female is dangerous for your health."

Question 68

How is sex different from gender?

Question 69

Explain what a double bind is and give an original example.

Question 70

What are some ways in which men and women can strive toward feminist consciousness and activism?

Question 71

The self-fulfilling prophecy requires an interaction between two people.Briefly describe the social processes taking place.

Question 72

In 2003,female cadets at the U.S.Air Force Academy alleged they had been the victims of sexual violence and they were pressured or disciplined to keep quiet when they tried to report the incidents.How does this example reflect the gender system and the links among its different levels?

Question 73

Explain why violence against women cannot be separated from the social context.

Question 74

Discuss the implications for women living in a patriarchal society.

Question 75

Discuss how violence is related to gender,giving examples to illustrate your explanation.

Question 76

Though fewer women say that they are told to "play dumb" around men,what evidence can you give that women are still taught to take a subordinate role?

Question 77

A woman is about to start a new job as an executive in a male-dominated company.She feels discouraged because she's heard about various studies showing if she behaves in traditionally feminine ways she'll be devalued,but if she behaves in traditionally masculine ways she'll be disliked and negatively evaluated.Is she correct to be concerned?