Deck 1: Paving the Way

Question 1

Thanks to considerable progress in the recognition and support of diverse women in psychology,women now earn _____ of the PhD's awarded in psychology,and ethnic minorities earn _____ the PhD's.

A)67%;19%
B)70%;24%
C)43%;32%
D)50%;25%

Answer 1

70%;24%

Question 2

Until recently,men controlled institutions of knowledge,and if and when women attended university and developed expertise,they still were

A)often denied legitimacy,the funds for large-scale research,or an actual degree.
B)only recognized as legitimate PhD's in the United States.
C)denied teaching positions.
D)All the above are correct.

Answer 2

often denied legitimacy,the funds for large-scale research,or an actual degree.

Question 3

Conservatism bases its belief of traditional roles for women on

A)biology.
B)social context.
C)religion.
D)a and c

Answer 3

a and c

Question 4

A feminist who recognizes women as valuable and who believes social changes need to occur to benefit women is a

A)cultural feminist.
B)radical feminist.
C)liberal feminist.
D)Any of the above is correct.

Question 5

A feminist focusing on concerns like sweatshop labor conditions,unequal access to healthcare and education,and forced prostitution is a

A)global feminist.
B)radical feminist.
C)cultural feminist.
D)liberal feminist.

Question 6

A person who believes women and men should be treated equally,supports the means to achieve this,and emphasizes the similarities between the sexes is a

A)cultural feminist.
B)liberal feminist.
C)radical feminist.
D)Any of the above is correct.

Question 7

Which of the following justifies its view of women on the grounds of biology and religion?

A)womanism
B)pro-feminism
C)conservatism
D)androcentrism

Question 8

A feminist who emphasizes male control and domination of women is most likely a

A)cultural feminist.
B)radical feminist.
C)liberal feminist.
D)Any of the above is correct.

Question 9

Saying psychological knowledge about women is mostly androcentric means the information is considered

A)created by men.
B)anti-woman.
C)male-centered.
D)misogynistic.

Question 10

Biases in research can enter the process

A)at the question formulation stage.
B)when researchers choose or create biased measures.
C)when a comparison group is chosen.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 11

A feminist who focuses on the differences between women and men and who feels "feminine" characteristics should be recognized as valuable rather than be devalued is most likely a

A)cultural feminist.
B)radical feminist.
C)liberal feminist.
D)Any of the above is correct.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an important concept of ALL the feminist perspectives?

A)Women are of high value.
B)Social change is needed if women are to lead secure and satisfying lives.
C)Women must live separately from men and create their own culture.
D)Women's concerns are worthy topics of research and analysis.

Question 13

Feminism may be defined

A)as the belief men do not understand women.
B)by the belief sisterhood is more important than any other relationship.
C)most simply as a movement to end sexism and sexist oppression.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 14

The liberal feminist perspective is less likely to emphasize the value of so-called feminine traits than the

A)cultural feminist perspective.
B)womanist perspective.
C)radical feminist perspective.
D)global feminist perspective.

Question 15

In the mid-1800's in the US,a First Wave feminist movement emerged.It reached its peak with the ____________,then lost momentum in the ____________.

A)Seneca Falls Declaration of 1848;1920's after women won the vote
B)Rochester Declaration of 1862;the 1930's when women lost the ERA
C)Rochester Declaration of 1880;the 1920's after women won the vote
D)Seneca Falls Declaration of 1870;1930's when women lost the ERA

Question 16

Though Western society does not pressure women to undergo genital cutting or require them to veil their faces and bodies in public,Western society restricts women's bodily freedom and integrity through practices like

A)sexual harassment in public places.
B)pressure to seek the perfect body through dieting.
C)encouraging women to undergo cosmetic surgery.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 17

A feminist focusing on how prejudice and discrimination against women are related to global capitalism and neocolonialism is a

A)radical feminist.
B)liberal feminist.
C)global feminist.
D)cultural feminist.

Question 18

In the late '60s/early '70s some psychologists lobbied the American Psychological Association to form the _________________,which was officially approved in 1973.

A)Association for Women in Psychology (AWP)
B)Division of the Psychology of Women (Division 35)
C)Women's Studies Program (WSP)
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT true of the womanism movement?

A)It began with criticism of the white women's movement.
B)It also is called "woman-of-color" feminism.
C)It fights racism and classism.
D)It fights male control promotes domination by women

Question 20

Can men be feminists?

A)No;feminism is,by definition,a movement exclusively for women by women.
B)No;men cannot understand and appreciate women's struggles.
C)Yes;profeminist men can value women,working to reduce sexism
D)Yes,but only in that they can support women who are working to end sexism and sexist oppression.

Question 21

When documenting research in journal articles,researchers state the reasons for and limitations of having a/an ________ sample,but little explanation is given for a/an _________ sample.

A)all-male;all-female
B)mixed-sex;all-male
C)all-white;all-black
D)all-female;all-male

Question 22

To be a feminist researcher,one must be

A)a woman.
B)a person of either sex,who approaches research with a feminist perspective.
C)a liberal feminist.
D)an experimentalist.

Question 23

Although experimentation is the most respected paradigm for psychological research,it may not always be ideal for research on gender because

A)controlling for volunteer bias is particularly difficult in gender-related research.
B)interviews may yield more accurate results.
C)the researcher creates an artificial environment to manipulate participant experiences.
D)people do not always follow directions given by the experimenter.

Question 24

The core beliefs uniting feminist psychologists include all of the following EXCEPT

A)universal laws of behavior are necessary.
B)empirical research is important and worthwhile.
C)science can never be value-free or completely objective.
D)many external forces shape human behavior.

Question 25

Which of the following would be an example of sexist bias in the research process?

A)Research emphasizes whether mothers' employment harms their children rather than whether it benefits them.
B)An instrument used to study menstrual-related issues is named the "menstrual distress inventory."
C)Gender-related differences are more likely to be discussed and published than gender-related similarities.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 26

The beliefs of the dominant groups in society

A)are normative.
B)become more visible when those outside of the dominant group question them.
C)are not always recognized as values because they are so common in popular thinking.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 27

The proportion of male-only studies has _________ since the 1970's

A)increased
B)decreased
C)stayed the same
D)alternately increased and decreased

Question 28

One example of androcentrism would be

A)women being studied more than men.
B)generalizing findings about men being to all people.
C)findings about gender being seen as more important than findings about either sex separately.
D)white people being studied more than people of color.

Question 29

According to the textbook,because many topics are gender-linked in researchers' minds,so-called male topics are

A)decreasing in number.
B)preferred by researchers because women rarely "show interest" in empirical research.
C)considered more important than findings on females.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 30

Feminist psychologists believe,with regards to equality with men,women

A)will probably never truly be seen as equal.
B)have not yet achieved full equality.
C)have nearly achieved full equality.
D)achieved full equality in the 1960's and 1970's,but have lost many of the gains they made at that time.

Question 31

When creating questions for her survey,Anne decided that she would avoid using terms often used to describe women and men in traditional roles.Anne is trying to minimize sex bias in the ___________ stage of research.

A)design
B)data analysis
C)question formulation
D)All the above are correct.

Question 32

Research on ethnic minorities of both sexes is scarce except when

A)the results also are applicable to majority culture.
B)the emphasis is on ethnic individuals who have been assimilated into majority culture.
C)the focus is social problems like teen pregnancy or crime.
D)the purpose of the research is to demonstrate majority culture superiority.

Question 33

Research documenting ___________ is often overlooked,while research documenting ___________ is sought and publicized.

A)gender differences;gender similarities
B)gender similarities;gender differences
C)masculinity;femininity
D)femininity;masculinity

Question 34

Although psychologists like to do experiments because they can show causation,

A)interviews tend to yield more accurate results.
B)case study methods may be more useful to researchers overall.
C)few female researchers have been trained in the experimental method.
D)behavior in a laboratory may not be representative of behavior in other situations.

Question 35

During the design stage of the research process all the following are done EXCEPT

A)selection of method.
B)choice of research participants.
C)collection of data.
D)choice of comparison group.

Question 36

Inequalities women face and/or have faced include

A)denying women the right to vote,own property,or use public spaces.
B)denying women the right to make decisions about their own bodies.
C)being paid less at work and sexist harassment.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 37

An example of a subtle sex bias in research would be

A)the failure of psychological journals to report the gender of participants.
B)emphasizing research on all-female samples cannot be generalized to men,but failing to do the same thing when all-male samples are used.
C)treating all-female samples as if they have limitations all-male samples do not.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 38

Values of the dominant group in society are reflected in psychological research.These values

A)are harmful to the research.
B)should be identified.
C)should be examined to clarify biases present in the research process.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 39

With regards to differences and similarities among women,feminist psychologists believe

A)we must not assume all women have much in common with each other simply because they are women.
B)women's psychology is affected by women's social and cultural backgrounds.
C)it is important to study varied groups of women.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 40

Biases in the choice of research participants often include

A)relying on college student samples.
B)biases of age,social class,and developmental stage.
C)a tendency to study males and male issues more often than females and female issues.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 41

Psychology has traditionally focused on changing individuals,including

A)altering attitudes.
B)increasing insight and self-understanding.
C)reducing or eliminating self-defeating thinking and behaviors.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 42

Briefly explain how the psychology of women got started.

Question 43

One of the dangers of creating a "generic" woman against which to compare all women of color is

A)deciding to which "kind" of woman of color the generic model should refer.
B)that the word "generic" is seen as inherently offensive to feminists.
C)researchers are making white women the norm,just as previous psychologists made men the norm.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 44

Feminists believe

A)gender equality is possible.
B)social contexts shape people's behavior.
C)social contexts limit human potential.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 45

Crawford believes if feminist psychologists concentrate on studying the experiences of white,middle-class,heterosexual women,

A)they will have a clear understanding of the psychology of women.
B)they will be able to generalize their knowledge to other women with minor adjustments,because this population comprises the majority of women.
C)they will understand how gender and other social factors interact for all women.
D)they will limit the understanding of women's experiences,just as understanding of humans was limited when white males were the primary focus of research.

Question 46

Describe how a feminist approach is employed in research.How does this approach differ from traditional ones?

Question 47

With regards to the popular belief "men are from Mars and women are from Venus," feminists believe

A)women and men are not complete opposites of each other.
B)gender similarities should always be emphasized.
C)gender differences are primarily related to biology.
D)the differences between women and men are greater than the differences among men or among women.

Question 48

Why is it important to include women of diverse backgrounds in studies of and theories about women?

Question 49

How is feminist psychology similar to and different from "regular" psychology?

Question 50

Briefly explain what is meant by the statement,"Science can never be fully objective or value-neutral."

Question 51

Explain how and why sexism can and should be avoided in at least three of the following stages of the research process: question formulation,research design,data analysis,and interpretation and publication of results.

Question 52

Third-wave groups such as the Riot Grrrls have goals such as

A)reclaiming girl culture.
B)asserting women's place in rock and pop music.
C)proclaiming the joys of women's sexuality.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 53

The psychology of women is particularly linked to women's

A)biological instincts.
B)roles as wives and mothers.
C)place in society and culture.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 54

Give several examples of ways in which women have historically been marginalized.

Question 55

Women who wish to change as individuals may find

A)hard work will help them accomplish whatever they hope to accomplish.
B)there are limits to the power of individual change due to social structures.
C)social-structural problems may be problematic;however,commitment and persistence to individual change will prevail.
D)a and c

Question 56

While psychology has traditionally focused on changing individuals,

A)it can also contribute to social change.
B)feminists believe there should be a more concerted effort to change men.
C)feminists believe women should never be asked to change.
D)All the above are correct

Question 57

A woman who is wealthy and privileged may actually have more in common with

A)poor women than with wealthy and privileged men.
B)women from ethnic minorities than with poor women.
C)wealthy and privileged men than with poor women.
D)poor women than with women from ethnic minorities.

Question 58

What values unite feminist psychologists? Why are these values important if we are to have accurate descriptions of women's and men's lives?

Question 59

Define androcentrism.Give examples of androcentric bias in psychology.

Question 60

The kind of feminism emphasizing full legal and social equality for women and men is called _______________,whereas the kind of feminism analyzing male control and dominance is called ______________.Discuss the similarities and differences between these two perspectives.

Question 61

Briefly describe Mary Calkins' experience in the academic world and her contributions to early US psychology.What do proponents of conservatism believe,and how have those views changed over the years?

Question 62

If you are a feminist,or if you had to call yourself a feminist,which kind of feminism would you ascribe to and why?

Question 63

Briefly explain how woman-of-color feminism,or womanism,began.

Question 64

Compare and contrast each of the different types of feminism.What does each type of feminism stand for?

Question 65

Radical feminism has fostered much research on ___________ and ____________.Why is this important?

Question 66

Which issue is the so-called "third wave" of feminism tackling?

Question 67

What does AWP stand for,and what is its purpose?

Question 68

How has the Women's Movement affected psychology? How has psychology affected the Women's Movement?

Question 69

What sorts of things can men do to support feminist goals?