Deck 13: Reformations in Religion

Question 1

Many German princes found Lutheranism attractive because

A)it was organized in a way that provided order and authority.
B)their subjects were enthusiastic about it.
C)it enabled them to confiscate Church property.
D)it gave them greater independence from the emperor.
E)All these answers are correct.

Answer 1

All these answers are correct.

Question 2

Predestination, a central doctrine of John Calvin's theology, means that

A)the Church is fated to be reformed constantly because people are corrupt.
B)all Christians are assured of salvation.
C)those Christians who perform good works will be saved.
D)God has preordained the salvation or damnation of every human soul.
E)the damned can attain salvation through faith.

Answer 2

God has preordained the salvation or damnation of every human soul.

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT a cause of popular dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic Church in the early fifteenth century?

A)the fiscal practices of the papacy
B)the moral laxity of the clergy
C)the failure of the Church to meet spiritual needs
D)increasing austerity and the use of the vernacular within the Church
E)the papacy's secular interests

Answer 3

increasing austerity and the use of the vernacular within the Church

Question 4

Pope Paul III attempted to reform the Roman Catholic Church by

A)avoiding the use of Church councils, which often disagreed on doctrine.
B)tolerating a wider range of belief and practice within the Church.
C)appointing accomplished and dedicated cardinals to the College.
D)abolishing the unpopular Inquisition.
E)rekindling the conciliar movement.

Question 5

The most fundamental question facing all Christians concerns

A)the proper relationship between a worshiper and the institutions of the Church.
B)how an individual can gain salvation.
C)whether the Bible should be read by a lay person.
D)whether believers should tolerate non-believers.
E)the reform of the Church.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT true of the German Peasant Revolt of 1524?

A)Luther sympathized with the peasants at first.
B)The peasants mixed social, economic, and religious demands.
C)Critics of Luther were able to blame the outbreak on him.
D)German princes turned to the Holy Roman Emperor for help in suppressing the uprising.
E)Luther turned against peasant challenges to authority.

Question 7

Which of the following was part of Luther's mature theology?

A)that justification may be achieved by faith alone
B)that the Bible is the sole source of religious authority
C)that the seven sacraments were the only means of attaining salvation
D)the validity of baptism and the Eucharist
E)both that justification may be achieved by faith alone and the validity of baptism and the Eucharist

Question 8

In his youth, Luther was preoccupied with

A)his own sinfulness and how individuals attain God's grace.
B)the sale of indulgences.
C)the corruption of the papacy.
D)foreign domination of the German Church.
E)the crusades.

Question 9

Thomas More's Utopia proposed

A)the abolition of private property.
B)the abolition of the traditional Church.
C)the rejection of papal authority.
D)the rejection of secular authority.
E)the rejection of human morality.

Question 10

Which of the following explains the rapid spread of Calvinism and the militancy of its adherents?

A)Calvin's Institutes provided a clear definition of religious doctrine.
B)Calvinism was highly disciplined.
C)Calvinists considered themselves possessors of the true faith.
D)Calvinists believed they had a mission to live out God's word on earth.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 11

Zwingli departed from Luther's ideas in which of the following ways?

A)Zwingli wanted to simplify religious practices.
B)Zwingli believed that baptism was symbolic.
C)Zwingli emphasized the role of the individual believer.
D)Zwingli based his ideas on Scripture and faith.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 12

Conflict between Catholic and Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire was finally resolved by

A)destruction of the last Protestant army and exile of all Protestants to the extreme north.
B)defeat of the emperor's forces and emigration of most Catholics to Italy and France.
C)a compromise that allowed each prince to determine the religion of his own territory.
D)a compromise that allowed for the majority of the population of each territory to determine its religion.
E)the ninety-five theses.

Question 13

Desiderius Erasmus

A)opposed a break with Rome.
B)looked to Jesus' own life as a guide to true piety.
C)was highly critical of the papacy and the clergy.
D)looked to Jesus' own life as a guide to true piety, and was highly critical of the papacy and the clergy, but opposed a break with Rome.
E)None of these answers is correct.

Question 14

In his ninety-five theses, Luther attacked

A)the Dominicans.
B)the practice of lay investiture.
C)the sale of indulgences.
D)the Augustinians.
E)the Franciscans.

Question 15

The Anglican Church was founded when

A)Henry VIII converted to Calvinism.
B)Henry VIII refused to marry Anne Boleyn.
C)the pope refused to grant the English king a divorce.
D)Catherine of Aragon attempted to divorce Henry VIII.
E)the Lollards revolted.

Question 16

Radical religious reformers in the sixteenth century were

A)tolerated by Luther because of their spiritual purity.
B)welcomed by Catholics because they represented splits away from Lutheranism.
C)likely to favor the abolition of private property and monogamy.
D)insistent upon infant baptism as the moment of entry into the Church.
E)fervent adherents of Scripture.

Question 17

According to Luther, religious authority

A)stems from the papacy.
B)belongs to lay priests.
C)comes from the Bible.
D)is earned by doing good works.
E)comes from humanist education.

Question 18

The veillèe brought villagers together and

A)reinforced allegiances to the Church.
B)confirmed the authority of the local priest.
C)reinforced male authority.
D)exposed them to the ideas of religious reformers and criticisms of the Church.
E)affirmed the papacy's infallibility.

Question 19

Humanism in northern Europe

A)rejected the use of ancient sources in studying early Christianity.
B)neglected questions of piety and morality in favor of rigorous textual analysis.
C)was critical of the Catholic Church.
D)found no reason to study writings of the Church fathers.
E)rejected criticisms of the Catholic Church.

Question 20

The Anabaptists believed that

A)infants should be baptized.
B)baptism was not a legitimate religious ceremony.
C)the Bible should not be taken literally.
D)baptism should be administered to mature adults.
E)church authority was legitimate.

Question 21

How did women react to the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation? What appeal would the reforming tendencies have held for women? Why do you suppose other women remained faithful to the Catholic Church?

Question 22

How does the cartoon depicted in this chapter attack the enemies of Luther?

Question 23

Luther and Erasmus both attacked what they saw as abuses and pretensions of the church and the clergy.Compare their criticisms and their approaches to church reform.

Question 24

What were the characteristics of northern Humanism? In what ways was it similar to Italian Humanism?

Question 25

What does the scene in the woodcut within this chapter reveal about the role of the Church in society during this period?

Question 26

Why might the peasants portrayed in Brueghel's painting seen in this chapter have found Protestantism appealing?

Question 27

Although Martin Luther was the originator of the Protestant Reformation, a younger man, John Calvin, had an even more far-reaching influence.Describe and explain John Calvin's success.

Question 28

How do Ignatius Loyola's Spiritual Exercises and the Jesuit movement itself represent a continuation of Renaissance Humanism?

Question 29

Why do you think the painting The Martyrdom of Savonarola found in this chapter portrays Florentine citizens ignoring the execution of Savonarola?

Question 30

Although there had been heretics and reformers in the Catholic Church before Martin Luther, none had threatened the unity of the Church.Discuss the social, economic, and political conditions in Germany that contributed to the enormous success of Lutheranism.

Question 31

The Jesuits played a crucial role in the Counter-Reformation

A)by advocating a withdrawal from the concerns of temporal life.
B)by repudiating humanist ideals and embracing mystical ones.
C)through education and missionary work.
D)through faith and reliance on the grace of God.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 32

Describe the responses of the Catholic forces in Europe to the challenges presented by the reformers.How did the responses of the Church hierarchy differ from the responses of lay people?

Question 33

The most important action of the Council of Trent was to

A)provide a clear definition of Catholic theology, morality, and discipline.
B)allow clerical marriage.
C)bring about a temporary reconciliation with the Protestants.
D)totally reject Protestant theological innovations.
E)both provide a clear definition of Catholic theology, morality, and discipline, and totally reject Protestant theological innovations.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT true of women in the sixteenth-century Roman Catholic Church?

A)Mystics like St.Teresa were immediately welcomed by the Church because of the power of their visions.
B)An increasing number of religious orders were founded for them to join.
C)Through their charity work, they played a crucial role in the Counter-Reformation.
D)They were not participants at the council of Trent.
E)Their devotion was especially notable in Spain.

Question 35

What conditions in Europe explain the popular preoccupation with death and the devil as portrayed in The Three Ages of Woman and Death and The Temptation of St.Anthony, as seen this chapter? Why is the central figure in the former a woman and not a man?

Question 36

What techniques does Titian employ to create a sense of tension in his painting shown in this chapter?

Question 37

What role did the written word play in spreading the criticisms of the Church and suggestions for reform? How did illiterate people come in contact with these ideas?

Question 38

Discuss the reaction of the mainstream reformers to radical movements such as Anabaptism.Why did they react thus?

Question 39

What role did politics play in the Protestant Reformation? Using political, economic, social, and religious factors, argue why a prince within the Holy Roman Empire would have been sympathetic or unsympathetic to the Reformation.

Question 40

Which statement is NOT true of the Jesuit order?

A)It had many similarities to a medieval military order.
B)Its followers abandoned rational discourse in order to convert through emotional appeals.
C)It maintained a very early missionary presence in the Far East.
D)It owed allegiance to the pope, not to local bishops.
E)It was successful at converting much of Poland from Protestantism to Catholicism.

Question 41

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: itinerant preachers.

Question 42

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Erasmus.

Question 43

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Melchiorites.

Question 44

Review the feature entitled "Luther's 'Experience in the Tower'" in this chapter.How accurately do you think Luther describes the events at hand, writing a quarter of a century after they had transpired? How do you think he may have distorted the events?

Question 45

Review the feature entitled "The Trial of Elizabeth Dirks" in this chapter.What criticism does Elizabeth Dirks make of the Catholic Church? Were her criticisms new or original?

Question 46

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: communion.

Question 47

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Zwingli.

Question 48

Review the feature entitled "The Trial of Elizabeth Dirks" in this chapter.How does Elizabeth Dirks communicate the egalitarianism of Protestantism in her responses to the examiner?

Question 49

Review the feature entitled "Luther's 'Experience in the Tower'" in this chapter.How does this passage refute the traditional Roman Catholic insistence on good works as the path to salvation?

Question 50

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Henry VIII.

Question 51

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: indulgences.

Question 52

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: predestination.

Question 53

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Paul III.

Question 54

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Geneva.

Question 55

Review the feature entitled "St.Teresa's Visions" in this chapter.Why do you think the Roman Catholic Church accepted the mystical experiences of this woman and later canonized her?

Question 56

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: almanac.

Question 57

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: broadsides.

Question 58

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Martin Luther.

Question 59

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Savonarola.

Question 60

Review the feature entitled "St.Teresa's Visions" in this chapter.Sensuality often plays a part in mystical visions.Why do you think sensuality appears in descriptions of mystical experiences?

Question 61

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: "philosophy of Christ."

Question 62

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Question 63

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Anabaptists.

Question 64

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Counter-Reformation.

Question 65

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: anticlericalism.

Question 66

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: veillée.

Question 67

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Council of Trent.

Question 68

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: justification.

Question 69

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Jesuits.

Question 70

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Ignatius Loyola.

Question 71

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Rabelais.

Question 72

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: St.Teresa.

Question 73

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Anglican Church.

Question 74

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: John Calvin.

Question 75

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Diet of Worms.

Question 76

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Catherine of Aragon.

Question 77

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Charles V.

Question 78

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Sir Thomas More.