Deck 7: Definition, Cause and Effect, and Persuasion

Question 1

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) For several reasons, attending a community college to earn an associate's degree is a worthy investment of your time and money. (2) First  and perhaps most importantly, earning a two-year associate's degree will give you an edge in a competitive job market. (3) Even if your degree does not directly relate to a specific job, the fact that you completed your education indicates to prospective employers that you are a person who can learn, who possesses certain skills, and who can persevere to achieve specific goals. (4) Next, If you have been out of school for a awhile or feel that you need some extra academic support, a community college is a good choice. (5) These colleges offer tutors, basic-skills labs, and other tools to help you get up to speed for college work. (6) A third important advantage of the community college   is its low cost and excellent value. (7) And if you hope to earn a four-year degree, you can save money by transferring after two years to a more expensive university. (7) In fact, as college costs increase, more and more students are making this choice strategically.  
Select the number of the topic sentence in the paragraph above.

A) Sentence 1
B) Sentence 2
C) Sentence 8

Answer 1

A

Question 2

For each of the following statements, select the answer that correctly identifies the cause and effect. Doing yoga exercises several times a week results in more flexibility and a lower stress level.

A) Cause: Doing yoga exercises several times a week Effect: More flexibility and a lower stress level
B) Cause: More flexibility and a lower stress level Effect: Doing yoga exercises several times a week

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) For several reasons, attending a community college to earn an associate's degree is a worthy investment of your time and money. (2) First  and perhaps most importantly, earning a two-year associate's degree will give you an edge in a competitive job market. (3) Even if your degree does not directly relate to a specific job, the fact that you completed your education indicates to prospective employers that you are a person who can learn, who possesses certain skills, and who can persevere to achieve specific goals. (4) Next, If you have been out of school for a awhile or feel that you need some extra academic support, a community college is a good choice. (5) These colleges offer tutors, basic-skills labs, and other tools to help you get up to speed for college work. (6) A third important advantage of the community college   is its low cost and excellent value. (7) And if you hope to earn a four-year degree, you can save money by transferring after two years to a more expensive university. (7) In fact, as college costs increase, more and more students are making this choice strategically.  
How many arguments support the topic sentence?

A) two
B) three
C) four

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it.   
(1) Some people believe that keeping animals captive in zoos is cruel because the animals are robbed of living a natural life in the wild. (2) However, for an animal, life in a good zoo-one that provides both a stimulating habitat similar to the animals' native environment and excellent care for animals-is often far better alternative to life in the wild. (3) For one thing, a zoo animal is provided with daily meals and does not have to endure the constant search for food. (4) In the wild, that animal would spend its every waking moment trying to avoid starvation. (5) In a zoo environment, however, that same animal can spend its days relaxing or romping with its fellow creatures. (6) Second, a zoo animal is safe and protected. (7) In the wilderness, many animals must endure the constant distress of being hunted by humans or other animals or becoming homeless due to destruction of their habitats. (8) In a zoo, this stress is eliminated, and the animals can live more peaceful lives. (9) Third, if an animal does become injured or sick, that animal will not suffer as it would in the wild. (10) Instead, it will receive medical care that will reduce its pain and speed the healing process. 
Select the number of the topic sentence in the paragraph above.

A) Sentence 1
B) Sentence 2
C) Sentence 3
D) Sentence 10

Question 5

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it.   
(1) Some people believe that keeping animals captive in zoos is cruel because the animals are robbed of living a natural life in the wild. (2) However, for an animal, life in a good zoo-one that provides both a stimulating habitat similar to the animals' native environment and excellent care for animals-is often far better alternative to life in the wild. (3) For one thing, a zoo animal is provided with daily meals and does not have to endure the constant search for food. (4) In the wild, that animal would spend its every waking moment trying to avoid starvation. (5) In a zoo environment, however, that same animal can spend its days relaxing or romping with its fellow creatures. (6) Second, a zoo animal is safe and protected. (7) In the wilderness, many animals must endure the constant distress of being hunted by humans or other animals or becoming homeless due to destruction of their habitats. (8) In a zoo, this stress is eliminated, and the animals can live more peaceful lives. (9) Third, if an animal does become injured or sick, that animal will not suffer as it would in the wild. (10) Instead, it will receive medical care that will reduce its pain and speed the healing process. 
How many reasons support the topic sentence?

A) two
B) three
C) four

Question 6

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) For several reasons, attending a community college to earn an associate's degree is a worthy investment of your time and money. (2) First  and perhaps most importantly, earning a two-year associate's degree will give you an edge in a competitive job market. (3) Even if your degree does not directly relate to a specific job, the fact that you completed your education indicates to prospective employers that you are a person who can learn, who possesses certain skills, and who can persevere to achieve specific goals. (4) Next, If you have been out of school for a awhile or feel that you need some extra academic support, a community college is a good choice. (5) These colleges offer tutors, basic-skills labs, and other tools to help you get up to speed for college work. (6) A third important advantage of the community college   is its low cost and excellent value. (7) And if you hope to earn a four-year degree, you can save money by transferring after two years to a more expensive university. (7) In fact, as college costs increase, more and more students are making this choice strategically.  
What writing pattern does this author use to organize his or her ideas?

A) space order
B) time order
C) order of importance

Question 7

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) The average American couple will spend $35,000 on their nuptials, according to wedding website The Knot. (2) Wasting so much money on the "big day" is a bad decision. (3) First, many grooms- and brides-to-be do not have the money for such an expense. (4) As a result, one-third of them will go into debt to pay for their wedding while others shift the burden to their families. (5) Young couples will need money for run-of-the-mill life expenses like shelter, food, and health insurance, to say nothing of milestones like purchasing a home or having children. (6) Second, with money woes being a top reason for divorce, this cannot be a smart way to start your life together. (7) There are enough financial obstacles in life without the worry of having to pay off those white doves you released after you both said, "I do." (8) Third, no matter how big or small your wedding, your wedding is just one day out of a lifetime. (9) What matters is that you are each uniting yourself with the person you love. (10) The expensive bouquet will wilt, and the bridesmaids' dresses will soon be out of style, but you will live one day at a time with your soulmate, perhaps for a lifetime
How many supporting points does the writer provide?

A) three
B) two
C) four

Question 8

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) The average American couple will spend $35,000 on their nuptials, according to wedding website The Knot. (2) Wasting so much money on the "big day" is a bad decision. (3) First, many grooms- and brides-to-be do not have the money for such an expense. (4) As a result, one-third of them will go into debt to pay for their wedding while others shift the burden to their families. (5) Young couples will need money for run-of-the-mill life expenses like shelter, food, and health insurance, to say nothing of milestones like purchasing a home or having children. (6) Second, with money woes being a top reason for divorce, this cannot be a smart way to start your life together. (7) There are enough financial obstacles in life without the worry of having to pay off those white doves you released after you both said, "I do." (8) Third, no matter how big or small your wedding, your wedding is just one day out of a lifetime. (9) What matters is that you are each uniting yourself with the person you love. (10) The expensive bouquet will wilt, and the bridesmaids' dresses will soon be out of style, but you will live one day at a time with your soulmate, perhaps for a lifetime
What writing pattern does this author use to organize his or her ideas?

A) space order
B) time order
C) order of importance

Question 9

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. (1) Empathy is the ability to understand or identify with another person's feelings, motives, or situation. (2) The more a person can "feel for" others, the more likely he or she is to be kind, even to those who look or seem different, and even to speak up if someone is being mistreated. (3) Experts say that empathy is more important than ever because bullying and social tensions are on the rise. (4) Examples of empathy exist even in infants, who cry when another baby cries and seem to prefer adults who help others. (5) Yet childhood experiences can either promote or squelch the growth of empathy. (6) An abused or neglected child is more likely to become mean or aggressive. (7) A second example of empathy in action is the preteen who sees an overweight classmate being teased and speaks up in defense of that child. (8) Empathy seems to help overcome fear of the bully and his supporters. (9) Often, just one person speaking up can stop the bully in his tracks. (10) A third instance of empathy in action is the adult who overhears a shop owner or bank customer insult someone of another race. (11) Feeling shock or anger in the bullied person's behalf, he or she might ask the bully to be respectful or just shut up.
How many examples does the writer use to develop the topic sentence?

A) one
B) two
C) three

Question 10

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) The average American couple will spend $35,000 on their nuptials, according to wedding website The Knot. (2) Wasting so much money on the "big day" is a bad decision. (3) First, many grooms- and brides-to-be do not have the money for such an expense. (4) As a result, one-third of them will go into debt to pay for their wedding while others shift the burden to their families. (5) Young couples will need money for run-of-the-mill life expenses like shelter, food, and health insurance, to say nothing of milestones like purchasing a home or having children. (6) Second, with money woes being a top reason for divorce, this cannot be a smart way to start your life together. (7) There are enough financial obstacles in life without the worry of having to pay off those white doves you released after you both said, "I do." (8) Third, no matter how big or small your wedding, your wedding is just one day out of a lifetime. (9) What matters is that you are each uniting yourself with the person you love. (10) The expensive bouquet will wilt, and the bridesmaids' dresses will soon be out of style, but you will live one day at a time with your soulmate, perhaps for a lifetime
What writing pattern does this writer employ?

A) Definition
B) Cause and Effect
C) Persuasion

Question 11

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. (1) Empathy is the ability to understand or identify with another person's feelings, motives, or situation. (2) The more a person can "feel for" others, the more likely he or she is to be kind, even to those who look or seem different, and even to speak up if someone is being mistreated. (3) Experts say that empathy is more important than ever because bullying and social tensions are on the rise. (4) Examples of empathy exist even in infants, who cry when another baby cries and seem to prefer adults who help others. (5) Yet childhood experiences can either promote or squelch the growth of empathy. (6) An abused or neglected child is more likely to become mean or aggressive. (7) A second example of empathy in action is the preteen who sees an overweight classmate being teased and speaks up in defense of that child. (8) Empathy seems to help overcome fear of the bully and his supporters. (9) Often, just one person speaking up can stop the bully in his tracks. (10) A third instance of empathy in action is the adult who overhears a shop owner or bank customer insult someone of another race. (11) Feeling shock or anger in the bullied person's behalf, he or she might ask the bully to be respectful or just shut up.
Select the number of the topic sentence in the paragraph above.

A) Sentence 1
B) Sentence 2
C) Sentence 11

Question 12

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) The average American couple will spend $35,000 on their nuptials, according to wedding website The Knot. (2) Wasting so much money on the "big day" is a bad decision. (3) First, many grooms- and brides-to-be do not have the money for such an expense. (4) As a result, one-third of them will go into debt to pay for their wedding while others shift the burden to their families. (5) Young couples will need money for run-of-the-mill life expenses like shelter, food, and health insurance, to say nothing of milestones like purchasing a home or having children. (6) Second, with money woes being a top reason for divorce, this cannot be a smart way to start your life together. (7) There are enough financial obstacles in life without the worry of having to pay off those white doves you released after you both said, "I do." (8) Third, no matter how big or small your wedding, your wedding is just one day out of a lifetime. (9) What matters is that you are each uniting yourself with the person you love. (10) The expensive bouquet will wilt, and the bridesmaids' dresses will soon be out of style, but you will live one day at a time with your soulmate, perhaps for a lifetime
Select the number of the topic sentence in the paragraph above.

A) Sentence 1
B) Sentence 2
C) Sentence 10

Question 13

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) For several reasons, attending a community college to earn an associate's degree is a worthy investment of your time and money. (2) First  and perhaps most importantly, earning a two-year associate's degree will give you an edge in a competitive job market. (3) Even if your degree does not directly relate to a specific job, the fact that you completed your education indicates to prospective employers that you are a person who can learn, who possesses certain skills, and who can persevere to achieve specific goals. (4) Next, If you have been out of school for a awhile or feel that you need some extra academic support, a community college is a good choice. (5) These colleges offer tutors, basic-skills labs, and other tools to help you get up to speed for college work. (6) A third important advantage of the community college   is its low cost and excellent value. (7) And if you hope to earn a four-year degree, you can save money by transferring after two years to a more expensive university. (7) In fact, as college costs increase, more and more students are making this choice strategically.  
What writing pattern does this writer employ?

A) Definition
B) Cause and Effect
C) Persuasion

Question 14

For each of the following statements, select the answer that correctly identifies the cause and effect. Because Andrea fears flying, she travels by car or train instead of airplane.

A) Cause: Andrea fears flying Effect: Andrea travels by car or train
B) Cause: Andrea travels by car or train Effect: Andrea fears flying

Question 15

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it.   
(1) Some people believe that keeping animals captive in zoos is cruel because the animals are robbed of living a natural life in the wild. (2) However, for an animal, life in a good zoo-one that provides both a stimulating habitat similar to the animals' native environment and excellent care for animals-is often far better alternative to life in the wild. (3) For one thing, a zoo animal is provided with daily meals and does not have to endure the constant search for food. (4) In the wild, that animal would spend its every waking moment trying to avoid starvation. (5) In a zoo environment, however, that same animal can spend its days relaxing or romping with its fellow creatures. (6) Second, a zoo animal is safe and protected. (7) In the wilderness, many animals must endure the constant distress of being hunted by humans or other animals or becoming homeless due to destruction of their habitats. (8) In a zoo, this stress is eliminated, and the animals can live more peaceful lives. (9) Third, if an animal does become injured or sick, that animal will not suffer as it would in the wild. (10) Instead, it will receive medical care that will reduce its pain and speed the healing process. 
Which of the following sentences does NOT contain a transitional expression that indicates persuasion (reasons)?

A) Sentence 3
B) Sentence 5
C) Sentence 6
D) Sentence 9

Question 16

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. (1) Empathy is the ability to understand or identify with another person's feelings, motives, or situation. (2) The more a person can "feel for" others, the more likely he or she is to be kind, even to those who look or seem different, and even to speak up if someone is being mistreated. (3) Experts say that empathy is more important than ever because bullying and social tensions are on the rise. (4) Examples of empathy exist even in infants, who cry when another baby cries and seem to prefer adults who help others. (5) Yet childhood experiences can either promote or squelch the growth of empathy. (6) An abused or neglected child is more likely to become mean or aggressive. (7) A second example of empathy in action is the preteen who sees an overweight classmate being teased and speaks up in defense of that child. (8) Empathy seems to help overcome fear of the bully and his supporters. (9) Often, just one person speaking up can stop the bully in his tracks. (10) A third instance of empathy in action is the adult who overhears a shop owner or bank customer insult someone of another race. (11) Feeling shock or anger in the bullied person's behalf, he or she might ask the bully to be respectful or just shut up.
What writing pattern does this paragraph employ?

A) Definition
B) Cause and Effect
C) Persuasion

Question 17

For each of the following statements, select the answer that correctly identifies the cause and effect. Our company's profits have increased because our new ad campaign has been so successful.

A) Cause: Our company's profits have increased Effect: Our new ad campaign has been so successful
B) Cause: Our new ad campaign has been so successful Effect: Our company's profits have increased

Question 18

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it.   
(1) Some people believe that keeping animals captive in zoos is cruel because the animals are robbed of living a natural life in the wild. (2) However, for an animal, life in a good zoo-one that provides both a stimulating habitat similar to the animals' native environment and excellent care for animals-is often far better alternative to life in the wild. (3) For one thing, a zoo animal is provided with daily meals and does not have to endure the constant search for food. (4) In the wild, that animal would spend its every waking moment trying to avoid starvation. (5) In a zoo environment, however, that same animal can spend its days relaxing or romping with its fellow creatures. (6) Second, a zoo animal is safe and protected. (7) In the wilderness, many animals must endure the constant distress of being hunted by humans or other animals or becoming homeless due to destruction of their habitats. (8) In a zoo, this stress is eliminated, and the animals can live more peaceful lives. (9) Third, if an animal does become injured or sick, that animal will not suffer as it would in the wild. (10) Instead, it will receive medical care that will reduce its pain and speed the healing process. 
What writing pattern does this paragraph employ?

A) Definition
B) Cause and Effect
C) Persuasion

Question 19

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) For several reasons, attending a community college to earn an associate's degree is a worthy investment of your time and money. (2) First  and perhaps most importantly, earning a two-year associate's degree will give you an edge in a competitive job market. (3) Even if your degree does not directly relate to a specific job, the fact that you completed your education indicates to prospective employers that you are a person who can learn, who possesses certain skills, and who can persevere to achieve specific goals. (4) Next, If you have been out of school for a awhile or feel that you need some extra academic support, a community college is a good choice. (5) These colleges offer tutors, basic-skills labs, and other tools to help you get up to speed for college work. (6) A third important advantage of the community college   is its low cost and excellent value. (7) And if you hope to earn a four-year degree, you can save money by transferring after two years to a more expensive university. (7) In fact, as college costs increase, more and more students are making this choice strategically.  
The first and second reasons support the argument by

A) stating facts.
B) referring to an authority.
C) predicting consequences.
D) answering the opposition.

Question 20

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. (1) Empathy is the ability to understand or identify with another person's feelings, motives, or situation. (2) The more a person can "feel for" others, the more likely he or she is to be kind, even to those who look or seem different, and even to speak up if someone is being mistreated. (3) Experts say that empathy is more important than ever because bullying and social tensions are on the rise. (4) Examples of empathy exist even in infants, who cry when another baby cries and seem to prefer adults who help others. (5) Yet childhood experiences can either promote or squelch the growth of empathy. (6) An abused or neglected child is more likely to become mean or aggressive. (7) A second example of empathy in action is the preteen who sees an overweight classmate being teased and speaks up in defense of that child. (8) Empathy seems to help overcome fear of the bully and his supporters. (9) Often, just one person speaking up can stop the bully in his tracks. (10) A third instance of empathy in action is the adult who overhears a shop owner or bank customer insult someone of another race. (11) Feeling shock or anger in the bullied person's behalf, he or she might ask the bully to be respectful or just shut up.
Select the transitional expression in the paragraph that introduces an example:

A) Experts say that
B) Yet
C) Often
D) A third instance

Question 21

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) Rollover accidents-crashes in which a vehicle flips over or tumbles-are some of the deadliest accidents on our roads and highways. (2) Many of these accidents occur because the driver loses control of the vehicle due to one of three causes. (3) The first cause is speeding. (4) According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, about 40 percent of fatal rollover crashes happen because the driver is going too fast and loses control of the vehicle. (5) A second common cause of rollover accidents is driver impairment. (6) In n early half of all fatal rollover crashes, the drivers had been drinking alcohol, which affected their judgment, muscular coordination, and vision and caused them to lose control. (7) A third common cause of rollover accidents is driver distraction in rural areas. (8) Drivers who are trying to answer a ringing cell phone or changing radio stations can let their attention drift away from the task of driving. (9) If the vehicle veers off the road in a rural area and the driver jerks the steering wheel to correct the problem, the vehicle's tires may dig into soft soil or hit the edge of the pavement, "tripping" the vehicle into a roll. (10) Consequently, almost two-thirds of fatal rollovers occur in rural areas where the posted speed limit is 55 miles per hour or more.
 
Adapted from "Rollover," U.S. Department of Transportation, http://www.safercar.gov/Rollover
Which transitional expression used in the paragraph to indicate cause or effect?

A) According to
B) If
C) Consequently

Question 22

(1) According to a number of research studies, owning a pet dog provides important health benefits. (2) One positive effect of dog ownership is better overall physical health. (3) Because many dog owners walk their pets on a regular basis, they tend to get the recommended 30 minutes of exercise every day. (4) This daily activity helps prevent cardiovascular disease, contributes to weight management, and keeps dog owners in overall good physical shape. (5) A second positive effect of dog ownership is better emotional health. (6) Dogs provide their owners with affection and steady companionship. (7) Therefore, the animals often prevent or decrease feelings of loneliness and depression. (8) Studies have shown that the emotional connections people have with their pet dogs lower their heart rate and blood pressure. (9) As a result, dogs lower their owners' stress levels. (10) Other studies reveal that dogs owners appear to get sick less frequently than people who don't own dogs do, and they also recover faster when they do become ill. Select the number of the topic sentence in the paragraph above.

A) Sentence 1
B) Sentence 2
C) Sentence 10

Question 23

(1) According to a number of research studies, owning a pet dog provides important health benefits. (2) One positive effect of dog ownership is better overall physical health. (3) Because many dog owners walk their pets on a regular basis, they tend to get the recommended 30 minutes of exercise every day. (4) This daily activity helps prevent cardiovascular disease, contributes to weight management, and keeps dog owners in overall good physical shape. (5) A second positive effect of dog ownership is better emotional health. (6) Dogs provide their owners with affection and steady companionship. (7) Therefore, the animals often prevent or decrease feelings of loneliness and depression. (8) Studies have shown that the emotional connections people have with their pet dogs lower their heart rate and blood pressure. (9) As a result, dogs lower their owners' stress levels. (10) Other studies reveal that dogs owners appear to get sick less frequently than people who don't own dogs do, and they also recover faster when they do become ill. Which of the following is NOT a transitional expression used in the paragraph to indicate cause or effect?

A) According to
B) A second positive effect
C) Therefore
D) As a result

Question 24

(1) According to a number of research studies, owning a pet dog provides important health benefits. (2) One positive effect of dog ownership is better overall physical health. (3) Because many dog owners walk their pets on a regular basis, they tend to get the recommended 30 minutes of exercise every day. (4) This daily activity helps prevent cardiovascular disease, contributes to weight management, and keeps dog owners in overall good physical shape. (5) A second positive effect of dog ownership is better emotional health. (6) Dogs provide their owners with affection and steady companionship. (7) Therefore, the animals often prevent or decrease feelings of loneliness and depression. (8) Studies have shown that the emotional connections people have with their pet dogs lower their heart rate and blood pressure. (9) As a result, dogs lower their owners' stress levels. (10) Other studies reveal that dogs owners appear to get sick less frequently than people who don't own dogs do, and they also recover faster when they do become ill. How many causes or effects does the writer present?

A) one
B) two
C) three

Question 25

For each of the following statements, select the answer that correctly identifies the cause and effect. The number of obese Americans has risen because many people are consuming too many calories and avoiding exercise.

A) Cause: The number of obese Americans has risen Effect: Many people are consuming too many calories and avoiding exercise
B) Cause: Many people are consuming too many calories and avoiding exercise Effect: The number of obese Americans has risen

Question 26

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) Rollover accidents-crashes in which a vehicle flips over or tumbles-are some of the deadliest accidents on our roads and highways. (2) Many of these accidents occur because the driver loses control of the vehicle due to one of three causes. (3) The first cause is speeding. (4) According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, about 40 percent of fatal rollover crashes happen because the driver is going too fast and loses control of the vehicle. (5) A second common cause of rollover accidents is driver impairment. (6) In n early half of all fatal rollover crashes, the drivers had been drinking alcohol, which affected their judgment, muscular coordination, and vision and caused them to lose control. (7) A third common cause of rollover accidents is driver distraction in rural areas. (8) Drivers who are trying to answer a ringing cell phone or changing radio stations can let their attention drift away from the task of driving. (9) If the vehicle veers off the road in a rural area and the driver jerks the steering wheel to correct the problem, the vehicle's tires may dig into soft soil or hit the edge of the pavement, "tripping" the vehicle into a roll. (10) Consequently, almost two-thirds of fatal rollovers occur in rural areas where the posted speed limit is 55 miles per hour or more.
 
Adapted from "Rollover," U.S. Department of Transportation, http://www.safercar.gov/Rollover
Select the number of the topic sentence in the paragraph above.

A) Sentence 1
B) Sentence 2
C) Sentence 10

Question 27

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) Rollover accidents-crashes in which a vehicle flips over or tumbles-are some of the deadliest accidents on our roads and highways. (2) Many of these accidents occur because the driver loses control of the vehicle due to one of three causes. (3) The first cause is speeding. (4) According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, about 40 percent of fatal rollover crashes happen because the driver is going too fast and loses control of the vehicle. (5) A second common cause of rollover accidents is driver impairment. (6) In n early half of all fatal rollover crashes, the drivers had been drinking alcohol, which affected their judgment, muscular coordination, and vision and caused them to lose control. (7) A third common cause of rollover accidents is driver distraction in rural areas. (8) Drivers who are trying to answer a ringing cell phone or changing radio stations can let their attention drift away from the task of driving. (9) If the vehicle veers off the road in a rural area and the driver jerks the steering wheel to correct the problem, the vehicle's tires may dig into soft soil or hit the edge of the pavement, "tripping" the vehicle into a roll. (10) Consequently, almost two-thirds of fatal rollovers occur in rural areas where the posted speed limit is 55 miles per hour or more.
 
Adapted from "Rollover," U.S. Department of Transportation, http://www.safercar.gov/Rollover
What writing pattern does this paragraph employ?

A) Definition
B) Cause and Effect
C) Persuasion

Question 28

Read this paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. ​
(1) Rollover accidents-crashes in which a vehicle flips over or tumbles-are some of the deadliest accidents on our roads and highways. (2) Many of these accidents occur because the driver loses control of the vehicle due to one of three causes. (3) The first cause is speeding. (4) According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, about 40 percent of fatal rollover crashes happen because the driver is going too fast and loses control of the vehicle. (5) A second common cause of rollover accidents is driver impairment. (6) In n early half of all fatal rollover crashes, the drivers had been drinking alcohol, which affected their judgment, muscular coordination, and vision and caused them to lose control. (7) A third common cause of rollover accidents is driver distraction in rural areas. (8) Drivers who are trying to answer a ringing cell phone or changing radio stations can let their attention drift away from the task of driving. (9) If the vehicle veers off the road in a rural area and the driver jerks the steering wheel to correct the problem, the vehicle's tires may dig into soft soil or hit the edge of the pavement, "tripping" the vehicle into a roll. (10) Consequently, almost two-thirds of fatal rollovers occur in rural areas where the posted speed limit is 55 miles per hour or more.
 
Adapted from "Rollover," U.S. Department of Transportation, http://www.safercar.gov/Rollover
How many causes or effects does the writer present?

A) one
B) two
C) three

Question 29

(1) According to a number of research studies, owning a pet dog provides important health benefits. (2) One positive effect of dog ownership is better overall physical health. (3) Because many dog owners walk their pets on a regular basis, they tend to get the recommended 30 minutes of exercise every day. (4) This daily activity helps prevent cardiovascular disease, contributes to weight management, and keeps dog owners in overall good physical shape. (5) A second positive effect of dog ownership is better emotional health. (6) Dogs provide their owners with affection and steady companionship. (7) Therefore, the animals often prevent or decrease feelings of loneliness and depression. (8) Studies have shown that the emotional connections people have with their pet dogs lower their heart rate and blood pressure. (9) As a result, dogs lower their owners' stress levels. (10) Other studies reveal that dogs owners appear to get sick less frequently than people who don't own dogs do, and they also recover faster when they do become ill. What writing pattern does this writer employ?

A) Definition
B) Cause and Effect
C) Persuasion

Question 30

For each of the following statements, select the answer that correctly identifies the cause and effect. Miguel completed his college degree and got a job as a medical assistant, so he quit his job at the grocery store.

A) Cause: Miguel completed his college degree and got a job as a medical assistant Effect: Miguel quit his job at the grocery store
B) Cause: Miguel quit his job at the grocery store Effect: Miguel completed his college degree and got a job as a medical assistant