Deck 19: Genetic Analysis of Development

Question 1

________ is the process of cell or tissue change in development.

A)Transformation
B)Morphogenesis
C)Development
D)Change
E)None of these

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The developmental fate of a cell is established by the process termed

A)development.
B)differentiation.
C)determination.
D)specialization.
E)A,B,and C only

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Mammalian sex determination is controlled by

A)XIST.
B)SRY.
C)XIC.
D)All of these
E)None of these

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Antibody genes

A)contain both constant and variable regions.
B)are formed by cutting and splicing DNA in B cells during development.
C)are made from two heavy and two light chains,each of which has a variable region.
D)each recognize one antigen and are the only antibody made by their B cell.
E)All of these

Question 5

Which of the following cell types has the lowest developmental potential?

A)Oocyte
B)Red blood cell
C)Embryonic stem cell
D)Zygote
E)All have equal developmental potential.

Question 6

The X-inactive specific transcripts gene is designated

A)SRY.
B)XIC.
C)Xce.
D)MATa.
E)Xist.

Question 7

The X-inactivation center gene is

A)SRY.
B)XIC.
C)Xce.
D)MATa.
E)Xist.

Question 8

The X-controlling element gene is

A)SRY.
B)XIC.
C)Xce.
D)MATa.
E)Xist.

Question 9

SRY is

A)a single-region Y gene.
B)a Y-inactivation center gene.
C)the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome.
D)a Y-controlling element.
E)None of these

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Sex determination in fruit flies depends on the X : autosome ratio.
B)Mammalian sex determination can be influenced by temperature.
C)Mammals experience random Y inactivation.
D)The testis-determining factor gene is X-linked.
E)Dosage compensation occurs in the same way in most animals.

Question 11

Which of the following correctly expresses the order of development?

A)Fertilization,development,maturity
B)Induction,determination,differentiation
C)Induction,differentiation,determination
D)Fertilization,differentiation,determination
E)None of these

Question 12

In Drosophila,sex determination is carried out by

A)a cascade of alternative splicing.
B)the SRY gene.
C)histone modification.
D)the DMRT1 gene.
E)All of these

Question 13

What were the genotypes of the sinistral snails?

A)ss female and Ss male
B)Ss female and Ss male
C)SS female and ss male
D)Ss female and ss male
E)ss female and SS male

Question 14

What was the genotype of the mother of the female snail?

A)SS
B)Ss
C)ss
D)Ss or ss
E)SS or Ss

Question 15

The best model organism for studying cell fate from fertilized egg through adult is

A)Arabidopsis thaliana.
B)Caenorhabditis elegans.
C)Drosophila melanogaster.
D)Mus musculus.
E)Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Question 16

The central function of X-inactivation is

A)silencing imprinted genes.
B)enhancing the expression of genes on the chromosome left active.
C)dosage compensation.
D)silencing deleterious alleles.
E)None of these

Question 17

________ cells may differentiate into any cell or tissue type.

A)Pluripotent
B)Omnipotent
C)Totipotent
D)Hyperpotent
E)Potent

Question 18

Homeobox genes

A)encode proteins with a conserved sequence of amino acids.
B)are important in development.
C)are conserved in multicellular animals.
D)are transcription factors.
E)All of these

Question 19

Which of the following is not true of X-inactivation?

A)It is necessary for dosage compensation.
B)It is the cause of calico color in cats.
C)The mechanism includes transcription of the XIST gene and chromatin remodeling.
D)The XIST RNA is non-coding.
E)The master regulatory gene for X-inactivation is sxl or sex-lethal.

Question 20

T and B cells are so named for the types of antigens they attack.

Question 21

Determination occurs via induction.

Question 22

Antibodies elicit the production of antigens.

Question 23

The developmental trajectory of the cells of an embryo can be tracked and diagrammatically expressed as a developmental atlas.

Question 24

A maternal effect mutation bicoid (bcd)is recessive.The bcd allele makes no Bicoid protein.In the absence of the Bicoid protein,product embryogenesis is not completed and eggs fail to hatch into viable larva.Consider a cross between a female who is heterozygous (bcd^+/bcd)and a homozygous mutant male (bcd/bcd).
a.How is it possible for a male homozygous for the mutation to exist?
b.Predict the outcome (normal and/or failed embryogenesis)in the F₁ and F₂ generations resulting from this cross.

Question 25

Why are the changes associated with development irreversible?

Question 26

The ________ is a conserved 180-bp sequence found in homeotic genes.

A)TATA box
B)bicoid box
C)Hox box
D)homeobox
E)Pribnow box

Question 27

The cells of triploid animals,like certain salamanders,are individually larger,yet their overall body size is no different from that of diploids.Pose a developmental hypothesis for the control of morphogenesis in such animals.

Question 28

Vascular plant cells generally have the ability to differentiate into various types of tissue-a fact long known to horticulturists who propagate plants by cuttings.This means that plants do not display the strict separation of germline and somatic cells that animals do.Might this be expected to accelerate or decelerate evolution in plants relative to animals?

Question 29

No human cells lose all of their DNA during differentiation.

Question 30

The major classes of antibody molecules are called antigen-globulins.

Question 31

If cell and tissue differentiation is controlled genetically,how can environmental factors play a role in determining the final phenotype?

Question 32

Contrast the mechanisms of dosage compensation in humans with those found in insects like Drosophila.

Question 33

Recount the evidence that Dolly the sheep was indeed the product of cloning,or cell fusion.

Question 34

Can you think of a specific example in which multiple genome datasets would be useful in the study of morphogenesis?

Question 35

Retention of the full genomic structure during cell differentiation is termed DNA constancy.

Question 36

Antennapedia and bithorax belong to the class of mutants referred to as atavistic mutants.

Question 37

The use of embryonic stem cells in federally funded research in the United States is a hotly debated topic.What are the arguments for and against use of such stem cell lines in research and treatment of disease?

Question 38

Development occurs through the activation and inactivation of a series of specific genes in a precise sequence.

Question 39

Morphogens are substances that help control development.

Question 40

In what ways does the cloned cat Cc demonstrate the limitations of cloning technology in obtaining desired phenotypes?

Question 41

As of 2008,human cloning was banned in the United States.What are the arguments for maintaining such a ban?

Question 42

Cloned animals are typically not entirely genetically identical to their cloned parent.Why?

Question 43

Is there a relationship between the problems encountered cloning mammals and the rarity of polyploidy in this group?

Question 44

Mutations like bithorax,in which a second pair of wings develops in the place of halteres,give clues to the evolutionary origin of differentiated structures.What inferences might you draw from bithorax,or antennapedia?

Question 45

Your body is likely to have existing antibodies that will counter antigens you have yet to contact.How is this accomplished?