Deck 2: Science - Matter - and Energy

Question 1

Peer review involves scientists openly publishing details of the methods they used,the results of their experiments,and the reasoning behind their hypotheses for other scientists working in the same field to evaluate.​

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Carbon is an element.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

When energy changes from one form to another,it always goes from a more useful to a less useful form.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Science is ____.​

A) ​a field in which observations are rarely tested
B) never investigated using statistical tools and models
C) ​best described as a collection of opinions
D) ​supported by small amounts of evidence
E) ​a broad field of study focused on discovering how nature works

Question 5

Thousands of genes make up a single chromosome.

Question 6

Once scientists have analyzed data from an experiment,they may propose a testable hypothesis to explain those data.​

Question 7

A positive feedback loop causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving.​

Question 8

When matter undergoes physical changes,the chemical composition also changes.​

Question 9

A(n)____ is an approximate representation or simulation of a system.​

A) ​model
B) ​datum
C) ​projection
D) ​experiment
E) ​peer review

Question 10

​Because scientific theories are tentative explanations,they should not be taken seriously.

Question 11

Scientific hypotheses differ from scientific theories in that they are ____.

A) ​widely accepted descriptions of what we find happening over and over in nature
B) ​possible,but not yet well-tested,explanations of data
C) ​not able to be tested
D) ​arrived at after extensive mathematical modeling
E) ​facts rather than opinions

Question 12

Radioactive decay occurs when the nuclei of unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast-moving chunks of matter (alpha particles or beta particles),high-energy radiation (gamma rays),or both at a fixed rate.

Question 13

The idea that all elements are made up of molecules is called the atomic theory.

Question 14

The Bormann-Likens study in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire can be described as ____.

A) ​a comparison of a control site with an experimental site in nature
B) ​a study using computer model simulations of a complex natural system
C) ​an experiment in which too many factors were varied to draw a conclusion from the results
D) ​missing a baseline for comparison,making it difficult to draw a conclusion from the results
E) ​an observational study that attempted not to interfere with a natural system

Question 15

Recall the Bormann-Likens controlled experiment in the forested valleys of New Hampshire.Which statement best describes the effects of water flowing out of deforested areas into undisturbed areas?​

A) ​The amount of water flowing out of the deforested valley following rain increased by 30-40%,and soil erosion increased.
B) ​The amount of water flowing out of the deforested valley decreased by 10-20%,and soil erosion decreased.
C) ​The flow of water did not change,but soil erosion increased.
D) ​Other types of plants took the place of the trees,preventing deforestation from affecting the flow of water.
E) ​Eroding soil dammed up the river,preventing the flow of water.

Question 16

Logic and critical thinking are more important tools in science than imagination and creativity.​

Question 17

When a natural system gets locked into a positive feedback loop,it can reach an ecological tipping point.​

Question 18

​Hydrocarbons are organic compounds.

Question 19

A scientific hypothesis must be testable.

Question 20

Two or more different elements can combine to form isotopes.​

Question 21

A scientific law ____.

A) ​is a hypothesis that has been proven
B) ​is what a theory becomes when it passes experimental tests
C) ​is called that because there are consequences when it is broken
D) ​is a well-tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening repeatedly and in the same way in nature
E) ​determines the series of steps that should be followed when designing an experiment to test a hypothesis

Question 22

All organic compounds are characterized by the presence of ____.​

A) ​carbon
B) ​hydrogen
C) ​oxygen
D) ​nitrogen
E) ​phosphorus

Question 23

A tiny, tawny colored butterfly called the Carson Wandering Skipper was always known for its small and very localized populations. Typically, it was found along the western Nevada and eastern California high desert areas. It was always located close to hot springs and other wet areas that supported salt grass, the host plant it depended on.

Recently, the populations went into a steep decline, and a last hold-out area was threatened by imminent construction of a freeway bypass. Biologists became alarmed and began an intensive search for populations in locations other than the spot designated for the freeway bypass. They began their search by identifying all known locations of hot springs, in hopes of finding small populations of the Carson Wandering Skipper close by.

As biologists searched for previously unknown populations of the Carson Wandering Skipper,biologists wondered if hot springs were absolutely essential to its survival.This phase of the investigation is ____.​

A) ​finding out what is known and asking a question
B) ​analyzing data and asking a question
C) ​asking a question and testing predictions
D) ​accepting their hypothesis and analyzing data
E) ​accepting their hypothesis and asking a question

Question 24

Scientific hypotheses and results that have not undergone the rigors of peer review,or that have been discarded as a result of peer review or additional research,are considered to be ____.​

A) ​limited but accurate
B) ​scientific laws
C) ​scientific theories
D) ​unreliable science
E) ​reliable science

Question 25

Matter is best described as ____.​

A) ​thermodynamic
B) ​something that has the capacity to do work
C) ​positively charged
D) ​something that can produce change
E) ​anything that has mass and takes up space

Question 26

A tiny, tawny colored butterfly called the Carson Wandering Skipper was always known for its small and very localized populations. Typically, it was found along the western Nevada and eastern California high desert areas. It was always located close to hot springs and other wet areas that supported salt grass, the host plant it depended on.

Recently, the populations went into a steep decline, and a last hold-out area was threatened by imminent construction of a freeway bypass. Biologists became alarmed and began an intensive search for populations in locations other than the spot designated for the freeway bypass. They began their search by identifying all known locations of hot springs, in hopes of finding small populations of the Carson Wandering Skipper close by.

The biologists' observations that the Carson Wandering Skipper populations had declined is an example of ____.​

A) ​reporting a conclusion
B) ​identifying a problem
C) ​performing an experiment
D) ​proposing a hypothesis
E) ​making testable predictions

Question 27

A classmate tells you that a statement heard on the news about an environmental process noted in a local ecosystem cannot be true because it has not been scientifically proven.You realize that ____.​

A) ​this classmate is misinformed because science cannot prove anything,but it can disprove events conclusively
B) ​this classmate is misinformed because science cannot prove or disprove anything absolutely
C) ​this classmate is misinformed because the environmental process in question actually has been proven scientifically
D) ​this classmate is correct
E) ​this classmate has confused scientific theories and scientific laws

Question 28

Which list of items contains only ions?

A) ​CO₂,H₂O,Na⁺,H^-
B) ​ Na⁺,H^-,Pb,Hg
C) ​Pb,Hg,CO₂,NaCl
D) ​Cl^-,Na⁺,Ca²⁺,NO₃^-
E) ​NaCl,NO,CO,NaOH

Question 29

Atomic theory,the idea that all elements are made of up atoms,____.​

A) ​is a scientific theory
B) ​is a scientific law
C) ​is tentative science
D) ​is no longer considered to be correct
E) ​violates the law of conservation of matter

Question 30

The atomic number of an element is the number of ____.​

A) ​atoms in a molecule
B) ​protons in an atom
C) ​nuclei in a molecule
D) ​electrons in an atom
E) ​protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 31

The most common form of the carbon atom is sometimes referred to as ¹²C.An isotope of this atom is called ¹⁴C.¹⁴C must have a different number of ____ than ¹²C.​

A) ​ions
B) ​protons
C) ​atoms
D) ​neutrons
E) ​electrons

Question 32

​Protons,neutrons,and electrons are all ____.

A) ​forms of energy
B) ​equal in mass
C) ​subatomic particles
D) ​negative ions
E) ​charged particles

Question 33

An acidic solution would have ____.​

A) ​more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions and a pH greater than 7
B) ​more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions and a pH greater than 7
C) ​more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions and a pH less than 7
D) ​more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions and a pH of 7
E) ​more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions and a pH less than 7

Question 34

An element ____.​

A) ​can combine with protons to make an atom
B) ​is made up of compounds
C) ​can combine with one or more other elements to make a compound
D) ​is defined by the number of electrons it has
E) ​can only be organic

Question 35

Critical thinking includes ____.​

A) ​knowing that everything you read or hear is wrong
B) ​only looking for information that supports your opinions
C) ​learning how to argue persuasively that you are right
D) ​knowing what the right answer should be,and finding an explanation for any results that disagree
E) ​identifying and evaluating your personal assumptions,biases,and beliefs,being careful to distinguish between facts and opinions

Question 36

An atom's mass number is equal to the total number of ____.​

A) ​neutrons and isotopes
B) ​neutrons and electrons
C) ​neutrons and protons
D) ​protons,neutrons,and electrons
E) ​protons only

Question 37

Which list describes the sequence scientists typically follow in the beginning stages of their investigations about how nature works?​

A) ​analyze data → search literature → perform experiment → identify a problem → ask a question
B) ​ask a question → search literature → perform experiment → analyze data → identify a problem
C) ​search literature → ask a question → identify a problem → analyze data → perform experiment
D) ​identify a problem → search literature → ask a question → perform experiment → analyze data
E) ​ask a question → search literature → identify a problem → perform experiment → analyze data

Question 38

The compound represented by the formula CH₄ is ____.​

A) ​calcium carbonate
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​methane,a hydrocarbon
D) ​sodium chloride
E) ​glucose,a simple carbohydrate

Question 39

Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have ____.​

A) ​gained or lost electrons
B) ​gained or lost protons
C) ​gained or lost neutrons
D) ​undergone radioactive decay
E) ​different numbers of protons and neutrons in the same atom

Question 40

Because there is often no way to measure every instance of a phenomenon around the entire world,scientists ____.​

A) ​can do little more than guess at what's happening
B) ​do not even attempt to do so
C) ​pick one instance and assume it's perfectly representative
D) ​use statistical sampling and mathematical models to make estimates
E) ​use computer simulations instead

Question 41

A thermostat set to 62 °F turns on the furnace when a house cools below that temperature,and shuts the furnace off when a house warms above that temperature.This is an example of a simple ____.​

A) ​positive feedback loop
B) ​negative feedback loop
C) ​system loop
D) ​tipping point
E) ​thermodynamic loop

Question 42

Most living systems can be described as having inputs,____,and outputs.​

A) ​thermodynamics
B) ​positive transfers
C) ​throughputs
D) ​kinetics
E) ​creations

Question 43

Simple organic molecules called monomers can be linked together by chemical bonds to form ____.​

A) ​chromosomes
B) ​lipids
C) ​polymers
D) ​hydrocarbons
E) ​elements

Question 44

If a carbon atom combines with oxygen atoms to form CO₂,this would be described as ____.​

A) ​a physical change
B) ​a chemical change
C) ​both a physical and chemical change
D) ​first a physical change,but then it becomes a chemical change
E) ​neither a physical change or a chemical change,but a scientific change

Question 45

Energy can be formally defined as the ____.​

A) ​velocity of any moving object
B) ​heat generated by atoms losing electrons
C) ​capacity to do work
D) ​displacement of heat from the sun to the earth
E) ​process of moving objects

Question 46

The law of conservation of matter states that whenever matter undergoes a physical or chemical change,____.​

A) ​atoms can be created
B) ​atoms can be destroyed
C) ​atoms cannot be created or destroyed
D) ​atoms can be destroyed if we compost them
E) ​atoms can be created by reactions between organic compounds

Question 47

A form of kinetic energy that travels in the form of a wave as a result of changes in electrical and magnetic fields is ____.​

A) ​wind
B) ​electromagnetic radiation
C) ​waterfalls
D) ​electricity
E) heat energy

Question 48

A positive feedback loop ____.​

A) ​increases a change to a system
B) ​always results in a beneficial change to a system
C) ​decreases a change to a system
D) ​never results in a beneficial change to a system
E) ​stabilizes a system

Question 49

Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength?​

A) ​infrared radiation
B) ​radio waves
C) ​visible light
D) ​ultraviolet (UV)radiation
E) ​microwaves

Question 50

____ are the fundamental structural and functional units of life.​

A) ​Ions
B) ​Atoms
C) ​Compounds
D) ​Molecules
E) ​Cells

Question 51

Which of the following energy forms is low-quality?​

A) ​the energy released by burning coal
B) ​the heat dispersed in the ocean
C) ​concentrated sunlight
D) ​high-speed wind
E) ​the energy released by burning wood

Question 52

An example of potential energy is ____.​

A) ​electricity flowing through a wire
B) ​the chemical energy in a candy bar
C) ​a bullet fired at high velocity
D) ​the falling of a leaf from a tree
E) ​the flowing of water

Question 53

The second law of thermodynamics says that whenever energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change,____.​

A) ​more energy will be present in the second form
B) ​heat is absorbed
C) ​light is produced
D) ​we end up with lower-quality or less useable energy than we started with
E) ​the second form of energy will always be kinetic

Question 54

Which of the following contains all of the others?​

A) ​chromosomes
B) ​genes
C) ​cells
D) ​DNA molecules
E) ​cell nuclei

Question 55

Wind farms are viable options for supplying more of our energy needs in the future because ____.​

A) ​high-speed wind is a form of medium-quality energy
B) ​high-speed wind is a form of high-quality energy
C) ​high-speed wind is a form of low-quality energy
D) ​wind continuously moves at great speeds around the globe
E) ​wind is potential energy

Question 56

​Most forms of energy can be classified as either ____.

A) ​chemical or physical
B) kinetic or mechanical
C) ​potential or mechanical
D) ​chemical or kinetic
E) ​potential or kinetic

Question 57

Kinetic energy is energy associated with ____.​

A) ​chemical reactions
B) ​motion
C) ​food
D) ​coal
E) ​elevation differences

Question 58

Genes are composed of sequences of ____.​

A) ​ions
B) ​chromosomes
C) ​cells
D) ​nucleotides
E) ​proteins

Question 59

____ is a measure of the amount of energy available to do useful work.​

A) ​Energy quality
B) ​Energy effectiveness
C) ​Energy conservation
D) ​Energy efficiency
E) ​Energy radiation

Question 60

Which statement best describes the first law of thermodynamics?​

A) ​Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
B) ​Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
C) ​Heat is a form of kinetic energy.
D) ​Solar energy is converted into chemical energy in living systems.
E) ​When energy is used up,it's gone.

Question 61

​Matter that is near the earth's surface,that is highly concentrated,and that has great potential for use as a resource,is referred to as ____________________.

Question 62

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
The ammonium ion​

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 63

A(n)____________________ is a type of matter that has a unique set of properties and that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Question 64

A chemical that is a combination of two or more different elements is called a(n)____________________.

Question 65

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
The scale used to measure acidity​

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 66

​A well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group of related hypotheses is called a(n)____________________.

Question 67

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
Subatomic particle with a negative charge​

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 68

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds​

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 69

The pH of a solution is a measure of ____________________ ions and ____________________ ions in that solution.

Question 70

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
A subatomic particle with no net electrical charge​

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 71

The ____________________ ion,studied by Bormann and Likens,is an essential nutrient for plant growth.

Question 72

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
The chemical symbol for the element calcium​

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 73

In a scientific investigation,one of the groups involved in the investigation has a chosen variable changed in a known way.This group is designated as the ____________________group.

Question 74

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
The chemical formula for glucose

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 75

A possible and testable explanation that needs further investigation is called a(n)____________________.

Question 76

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
The nitrate ion​

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 77

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
Subatomic particle with a positive charge​

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 78

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
The chemical symbol for the element phosphorus​

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 79

Match items with their appropriate chemical description.
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus​

A)NH₄⁺
B)molecule
C)electron
D)proton
E)neutron
F)pH
G)Ca
H)P
I)mass number
J)NO^3-
K)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 80

​An atom or group of atoms with one or more net positive or negative charges is called a(n)____________________.