Deck 6: Early Childhood

Question 1

An important milestone achieved during Piaget's preoperational period is:

A)reversibility.
B)the acquisition of basic language skills.
C)the recognition that natural forces are not driven by humans.
D)the ability to see the world from another's point of view.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The part of the brain that shows the most dramatic growth in early childhood is the:

A)frontal lobe.
B)parietal lobe.
C)limbic system.
D)brain stem.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

If people are right-handed:

A)their left cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of their body and their speech.
B)their right cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of their body and their speech.
C)their left cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of their body and their right hemisphere controls their speech.
D)their right cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of their body and their left controls their speech.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a gross motor skill children have typically acquired by the age of 4?

A)Balancing on one foot
B)Pedaling a tricycle
C)Catching a small ball
D)Jumping rope

Question 5

Her mother is noticing indications that 3-year-old Tina is starting to favor her left hand over her right for eating and manipulating objects.This development of preference is referred to as:

A)handedness.
B)functionalization.
C)specialization.
D)lateralization.

Question 6

A six-year-old child has a longer attention span than a 3-year-old child.This is largely due to:

A)greater myelination in the brain of the older child.
B)more opportunities for parents to influence the six-year-old.
C)the effects of schooling.
D)a decrease in the tissue of the prefrontal cortex.

Question 7

Which of the following behaviours should a two-year-old child be able to complete successfully?

A)color in the lines
B)hold a crayon in a pincer grip
C)balance on one foot
D)turn pages in a book

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding brain development?

A)Brain development allows young children to construct new understandings.
B)Brain development occurs much faster in early childhood compared with infancy.
C)The formation of neural pathways in the frontal lobe slows significantly in early childhood
D)The number of connections the brain forms in early childhood varies depending on gender.

Question 9

Stress and anxiety in early childhood are associated with:

A)a predisposition to physical and mental disorders.
B)development of a resilient temperament.
C)children who have a weak genetic growth plan.
D)slow growth patterns.

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in early childhood?

A)Boys are heavier than girls because boys are shorter with more fatty tissue.
B)Girls are heavier than boys because girls are taller and have more muscle tissue.
C)Girls are shorter than boys but are heavier because they have more muscle tissue.
D)While girls are shorter than boys and have more fatty tissue,girls still tend to weigh less than boys.

Question 11

During early childhood:

A)girls and boys grow at about the same rate.
B)girls grow faster than boys.
C)boys grow faster than girls.
D)growth in both boys and girls is not predictable.

Question 12

__________ refers to abilities using small muscles in the hands and fingers that result from physical development.

A)Gross motor skills
B)Intermediate motor skills
C)Fine motor skills
D)Hemispheriation

Question 13

During early childhood,healthy children gain about __________ kilograms a year.

A)1.2
B)2.3
C)3.4
D)4.7

Question 14

Which of the following statements concerning socioeconomic class and childhood development is correct?

A)There seems to be no difference in developmental patterns based on socioeconomic status.
B)Children from the lower economic classes tend to be somewhat delayed than those from the higher classes.
C)Children from higher economic classes tend to be somewhat larger,but less robust than those from lower classes.
D)Children who grow up in more favorable economic conditions develop differently than those who grow up in less favorable conditions.

Question 15

Five-year-old Jack's frontal lobe has been growing dramatically.This means that he will:

A)have better perceptual capacities.
B)be more coordinated in balance and running.
C)be better at planning and organization.
D)understand more vocabulary when he hears the words.

Question 16

Which of the following is important regarding nutrition during early childhood?

A)Children should be allowed to eat what and when they want,as they are growing rapidly during this period.
B)Three meals a day are sufficient for children during this period,as growth has yet to increase remarkably.
C)A well-balanced diet with plenty of healthy snacks and limited sweets and soft drinks should be provided as the eating habits established now can last a lifetime.
D)Children,at this age,require extra energy at this point,but any nutritional shortfalls can be made up during adolescence.

Question 17

During early childhood,healthy children grow about __________ a year.

A)10 centimetres
B)20 centimetres
C)30 centimetres
D)40 centimetres

Question 18

During the early childhood years,brain growth is largely characterized by:

A)structural changes.
B)changes on a functional level.
C)changes on a neurochemical level.
D)changes on a neuronal level.

Question 19

__________ is Piaget's second stage of cognitive development,extending from about two to seven years.

A)The preoperational period
B)The sensorimotor period
C)Concrete operations
D)Formal operations

Question 20

During the preoperational period,children usually:

A)understand that inanimate objects are not alive.
B)can perform reverse operations.
C)learn to read.
D)are able to focus on more than one element of a problem.

Question 21

Piaget assumed that symbolic play served which of the following purposes?

A)It provides a way for children to imitate the adults in their world.
B)It provides children a means of relating aspects of reality that are difficult to understand back to themselves.
C)It provides an avenue for children to learn how to socialize among themselves.
D)It serves no purpose other than being an outlet for natural childhood curiosity.

Question 22

Piaget stated that the major accomplishment of the preoperational period is developing the cognitive ability to:

A)use reverse logic.
B)think in terms of representation.
C)use conservation.
D)defer imitation.

Question 23

Which of the following concepts would a preoperational child understand?

A)3 + 2 = 5 is the same as 5 - 3 = 2
B)a flower may be yellow and a rose,but a rose doesn't have to be yellow
C)a glass that is short and wide may hold the same amount of milk as a tall,skinny glass
D)"candy" is a word for a delicious food

Question 24

__________ is the understanding that an object retains certain properties even though surface features change.

A)Reversibility
B)Conservation
C)Classification
D)Centration

Question 25

__________ is the range of ability a child possesses on a given task,from working independently to working with assistance from adults or older children.

A)The zone of proximal development
B)The area of scaffolding
C)The boundary of behaviour
D)The circle of instruction

Question 26

__________ is a child's application of abstract thinking during the preoperational period.

A)Imagination
B)Depiction
C)Representation
D)Portrayal

Question 27

The zone of proximal development emphasizes:

A)the independent nature of learning.
B)the importance of letting preoperational children work out problems themselves.
C)how children learn more efficiently if adults model tasks for them initially.
D)that children's learning involves interaction with adults playing a supporting role.

Question 28

Layla is 5 years old.Her mother has given both her brother and her each a piece of cake.Layla's is bigger than her brother's piece.He cuts his small piece in half and asks Layla if she wants to trade.What will Layla do?

A)She will trade because she will think that two pieces are better than one,as she will centre on the number rather than the sizes.
B)She will keep her piece,because she knows it is bigger than his two pieces.
C)She will keep her piece,because she can't understand the concept of trading.
D)She will tell her mother that her brother is trying to take her cake.

Question 29

__________ is the idea that children create,organize,and transform knowledge through active engagement in their environment.

A)Connectionism
B)Classification
C)Constructivism
D)Compilation

Question 30

While visiting her aunt's house,5-year-old Tabitha saw her 16-year-old cousin getting ready to go out on a date.At home the next evening,Tabitha came downstairs wearing one of her mother's dresses and carrying her mother's purse,and made the announcement that she was going out.This is an example of:

A)deferred imitation.
B)representation.
C)artificialism.
D)egocentrism.

Question 31

Children in the preoperational phase cannot recognize that other viewpoints exist.This is called:

A)centration.
B)egocentrism.
C)classification.
D)selfism.

Question 32

When 4-year-old Sally tells her mother that her doll cannot come and play,because she is sick and has to stay in bed,she is exhibiting:

A)animism.
B)artificialism.
C)egocentrism.
D)realism.

Question 33

For Vygotsky,__________ was a key component in a child's learning process.

A)independence
B)modeling
C)instruction
D)reinforcement

Question 34

Four year old Zoe is playing a board game with her older friend,Sydney.When it was Sydney's turn to move,she asked Zoe to move her game piece for her because it was hard to reach the other side of the board.Instead,Zoe moved her own piece.What is going on with Zoe?

A)Zoe wants to win the game,so she will take any turn she can get.
B)Sydney wasn't clear in her request,so Zoe moved the wrong game piece.
C)Zoe is egocentric and so can't see the board from Sydney's point of view.
D)Zoe is pretending she didn't understand Sydney,because she thinks it's funny.

Question 35

If a preoperational child can place items in a group based on traits they share,then the child has the fundamental concept of:

A)centration.
B)classification.
C)reversibility.
D)symbolism.

Question 36

Carter and his younger brother,Owen,are having lemonade.Carter first pours the lemonade into two identical glasses,but then he notices one glass is cracked.Carter then pours the lemonade from that glass into another taller glass.Owen immediately wants the second glass,because he is sure there is more lemonade in it.Clearly,Owen:

A)is egocentric.
B)lacks reversibility.
C)lacks classification.
D)lacks conservation.

Question 37

When a child understands that the word "car" refers to the vehicle that sits in her driveway,she has achieved:

A)egocentrism.
B)deferred imitation.
C)reversibility.
D)representation.

Question 38

Piaget asserted children in the preoperational stage lacked the ability to conserve,but more recent research indicates that children as young as __________ years of age can be taught conservation skills.

A)7
B)5
C)4
D)3

Question 39

Jason,who is 4½ years old,is unable to understand that he cannot go to his friend Tommy's house,because Tommy has the measles and that the measles are contagious.All Jason understands is that he cannot play with Tommy.This is an example of:

A)classification.
B)artificialism.
C)centration.
D)negation.

Question 40

__________ is the concept that children build knowledge through social interactions.

A)Social constructivism
B)Sociobiology
C)Social instruction
D)Scaffolding

Question 41

Which of the following illustrates scaffolding?

A)Connor is watching his son attempt to tie his shoes.
B)Arianna holds the bowl while her daughter mixes the cake and then shows her the next ingredient to add.
C)Zachary gives his son a quarter every time he makes his bed without being reminded.
D)Carolina helps her daughter climb into the swing before pushing her.

Question 42

__________ refers to the periods of development marked by readiness to learn.

A)Sensitive periods
B)Critical eras
C)Responsive periods
D)Receptivity cycles

Question 43

The educators of Reggio Emilio viewed children as:

A)blank slates waiting to be written upon.
B)vessels into which knowledge should be poured.
C)curious citizens with rights and valuable contributions.
D)native thinkers who have a genetic potential to be fulfilled.

Question 44

According to Gardner,which of the following is a critical consideration in any preschool program?

A)Assumptions about the minds of children
B)Understanding of how society affects cognition
C)Visions about the kind of society we desire
D)both assumptions about the minds of children and visions about the kinds of society we desire

Question 45

In constructivist approach to learning,which of the following would be found in the classroom?

A)desks in rows
B)activity centers for hands-on learning
C)worksheets for practice of multiplication tables
D)lists of words to be mastered for reading

Question 46

Theory of mind in developmental research looks into the:

A)relationship between children's age and their maturational levels.
B)relationship between children's growing awareness of their own thoughts and how this affects their behaviour.
C)observable behaviours exhibited by children.
D)the environmental influences on children's development.

Question 47

The __________ approach to early childhood education views children as curious and competent and presents a curriculum based on children's emerging interests and their desire to build relationships with others.

A)Montessori
B)Reggio Emilia
C)Head Start
D)Piagetian

Question 48

In __________,children are encouraged to be active participants in building knowledge and learn by interacting with their environment.

A)the constructivist approach
B)the behavioural model
C)operant conditioning
D)the analytical technique

Question 49

Which of the following developmentalists asserted that children pass through different physical and mental growth phases that alternate with periods of transition?

A)Jean Piaget
B)Lev Vygotsky
C)Richard Lerner
D)Maria Montessori

Question 50

In the development of a theory of mind,a major milestone for children who are four to five years old is:

A)expression of more complex emotions such as cravings.
B)volume conservation.
C)the recognition of false beliefs.
D)reversibility.

Question 51

In which of the following educational models would group work be emphasized?

A)The constructivist approach
B)Behaviourism
C)Operant conditioning
D)The Rush Initiative

Question 52

What would a typical classroom look like in the Reggio Emilia model of education?

A)Minimal decoration and soft colors so as not to distract from the educational process
B)Carrels with various activities set up for individual exploration
C)Large windows and views into other classrooms,each of which is filled with various materials for interaction
D)Desks replaced by tables with assigned seating so that children will be sure to be exposed to others of various backgrounds

Question 53

Which of the following refers to the act of reciting information in order to enhance learning?

A)Rehearsal
B)Recall
C)Retrieval
D)Organization

Question 54

__________ is a broad theory that provides an explanation for how children's thinking develops when they are confronted with large amounts of data.

A)Constructivism
B)Social constructivism
C)Behavioursim
D)Information processing

Question 55

Montessori proposed the concept of __________ to indicate a child's heightened readiness to learn a set type of information at a particular time.

A)prepared environment
B)absorbent mind
C)sensitive periods
D)critical juncture

Question 56

Which of the following individuals provided the inspiration for many of the current education programs that are based on developmental theory?

A)Jean Piaget and Lev Vygostky
B)Paul McGhee and Jerome Kagan
C)Erik Erikson and Alfred Adler
D)Karen Horney and Harry Stack Sullivan

Question 57

Which of the following is true regarding changes in information processing?

A)Selective attention skills increase during the early childhood years,but memory and organization skills decrease.
B)Selective attention and memory skills increase during the early childhood years,but organization skills decrease.
C)Memory and organization skills increase during the early childhood years,but selective attention skills decrease.
D)Selective attention,memory,and organization skills all increase during the early childhood years.

Question 58

__________ is the memory strategy that entails discovering and imposing an easy-to-remember structure on information to be memorized.

A)Recall
B)Constructivism
C)Organization
D)Reconstruction

Question 59

According to Montessori,a child's entry into a sensitive period was:

A)sharp and distinctive as is they had been born into a new understanding.
B)gradual,with understanding accumulating over time.
C)based on accommodating new information into existing schemas.
D)difficult to identify,but the exit from each period was obvious.

Question 60

Montessori referred to ___________ as a series of "new births."

A)mental milestones
B)developmental tasks
C)biopsychosocial crises
D)sensitive periods

Question 61

Self-representations refer to how individuals:

A)feel the world views them.
B)feel they are.
C)behave in a social setting.
D)behave in a private setting.

Question 62

Rules of __________ describe how language is used in social contexts.

A)phonology
B)grammar
C)pragmatics
D)semantics

Question 63

__________ is a government-supported early childhood program that provides educational,health,nutrition,social,and other services to First Nations children and their families.

A)The Montessori School
B)The Abecedarian project
C)Upward Bound
D)Head Start

Question 64

When asked to describe himself,Hao says he has dark hair and dark eyes and big feet.Hao is:

A)at least twelve years of age.
B)at beginning to be self conscious.
C)able to define himself without social comparisons.
D)the early stage of self-development.

Question 65

Which language rule governs how to take part in a conversation?

A)Syntax
B)Semantics
C)Phonology
D)Pragmatics

Question 66

The development of self in children is dependent upon:

A)improvement in representational thinking.
B)identification of tangible characteristics such as hair color or freckles.
C)independence from the opinion of others.
D)receptive language.

Question 67

__________ language is the ability of the child to understand written and spoken communication.

A)Grammatical
B)Syntactical
C)Expressive
D)Receptive

Question 68

Rules of __________ describe how to interpret the meanings of words.

A)semantics
B)syntax
C)pragmatics
D)phonology

Question 69

If a child knows that "through" and "threw" sound the same but have different meanings,then they have a good grasp of:

A)phonology.
B)pragmatics.
C)semantics.
D)grammar.

Question 70

If a child understands the difference between "Where doggie go?" and "Doggie go home," then they have mastered the rules of:

A)phonology.
B)pragmatics.
C)syntax.
D)semantics.

Question 71

Evan is chanting rhymes as he puts together a puzzle.His mother smiles as she hears him practice with the sounds of the words.Evan is perfecting his use of:

A)pragmatics.
B)phonology.
C)morphemes.
D)semantics.

Question 72

A typical first-grader has a vocabulary of approximately:

A)3,000 words.
B)5,000 words
C)10,000 words.
D)50,000 words.

Question 73

In the latter part of early childhood,ages 5 and on,children are usually beginning to assess themselves based on:

A)their physical characteristics.
B)the tangible objects around them.
C)their family interactions.
D)self-evaluations based on the input of others.

Question 74

Play-based learning is central to the full-day kindergarten program in:

A)Saskatchewan
B)Ontario
C)Alberta
D)PEI

Question 75

What language rule describes how to put sounds together to form words?

A)Phonology
B)Semantics
C)Syntax
D)Pragmatics

Question 76

As children mature,when they define themselves,they tend to:

A)rely on factors such as height and weight.
B)understand abstract concepts such as intelligence and generosity.
C)compare their performances to others.
D)use the same self-descriptions as their parents.

Question 77

Maxime,who doesn't know the past tense of "come" is "came," says "Daddy comed home." This is an example of:

A)overregularities.
B)telegraphic speech.
C)holophrastic speech.
D)overextension.

Question 78

A child's tendency to use a word in a broader context than it is intended for is called:

A)overregularities.
B)overgeneralization.
C)overextension.
D)telegraphic speech.

Question 79

In early childhood,children identify themselves mostly by:

A)the associations around them such as family.
B)input from others.
C)their activities.
D)their physical characteristics.

Question 80

Rules of __________ determine sentence structure and word order.

A)syntax
B)pragmatics
C)phonology
D)semantics