Deck 10: Rogers: Person-Centered Theory

Question 1

Maslow claimed that safety needs are most likely to be strong motivators for

A)hungry people.
B)children.
C)self-actualizing people.
D)people who are having trouble making friends.
E)coal miners.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

List and explain five assumptions Maslow made about motivation.

Answer 2

Maslow's theory of personality is largely a theory about motivation.His first assumption was that the whole person (holistic)-not separate parts-is motivated.
Second, Maslow assumed that motivation is usually complex and stems from several needs at the same time.In addition, some needs are at least partially unconscious so that people are not always aware of why they behave as they do.
Maslow also assumed that one need or another continually motivates everyone.As one need is satisfied, another need gains ascendancy and replaces the first need.
Fourth, people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs.Although the manner in which people in different cultures express their needs may differ, the fundamental needs for food, safety, friendship, esteem, and self-actualization are the same for everyone.
Lastly, all of the above needs can be arranged on a hierarchy, meaning that the more basic needs must be obtain/achieved before a person can realize such higher-order needs as esteem and self-actualization.

Question 3

Each ascending step in Maslow's hierarchy of needs represents

A)a lower need, but one less basic to survival.
B)a higher need, but one more basic to survival.
C)a lower need, but one more basic to survival .
D)a higher need, but one less basic to survival.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Maslow adopted the ______ approach to motivation.

A)dualistic
B)homeostatic
C)philosophical
D)deterministic
E)holistic

Question 5

Maslow criticized both psychoanalysis and behaviorism for their

A)overemphasis on unconscious motivation.
B)inability to successfully treat neurosis.
C)unscientific viewpoints on personality
D)limited view of humanity.

Question 6

The most basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy are

A)self-actualization needs.
B)cognitive needs.
C)physiological needs.
D)love and belongingness needs.

Question 7

As a college student, Maslow experienced which fortuitous event that changed his life?

A)He kissed his first cousin Bertha Goodman.
B)He came close to death after being stoned by an anti-Semitic gang of men.
C)He met Karen Horney at an APA convention.
D)He converted to Catholicism.

Question 8

The destruction wrought by World War II moved Maslow to devote his life to the study of the

A)best in human beings.
B)prevention of war.
C)most effective psychological treatments for veterans.
D)biological sources of human aggression.

Question 9

As a student at Wisconsin, Maslow worked closely with

A)Carl Rogers.
B)Raymond Cattell.
C)Harry Harlow.
D)Julian Rotter.
E)Gordon Allport.

Question 10

Maslow was one of the first theorists to emphasize

A)early childhood development.
B)self-actualization.
C)the influence of defense mechanisms o personality development.
D)psychological health.
E)b and d

Question 11

According to Maslow, a woman whose physiological needs are inadequately satisfied will be motivated to

A)satisfy physiological needs.
B)satisfy safety needs.
C)find companionship.
D)satisfy esteem needs.
E)become self-actualizing.

Question 12

If Maslow is one of the fathers of the third force in psychology, then the first two forces are

A)Jung and Freud.
B)Freud and Adler.
C)psychoanalysis and Freud.
D)behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
E)the hierarchy of needs and self-actualization.

Question 13

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs concept,

A)lower level needs have prepotency over higher level needs.
B)higher level needs have prepotency over lower level needs.
C)esteem needs must be satisfied before love and belongingness needs become motivators.
D)aesthetic needs must be satisfied before cognitive needs become motivators.

Question 14

Discuss Maslow's concept of conative, aesthetic, cognitive, and neurotic needs.

Question 15

List and explain the five needs in Maslow's hierarchy.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an assumption underlying Maslow's theory of motivation?

A)People are continually motivated by one need or another.
B)Unconscious forces lie behind much surface motivation.
C)People in different cultures have different basic needs.
D)Human needs can be arranged on a hierarchy.
E)The whole person is motivated as a unit.

Question 17

Maslow assumed that

A)motivation is usually complex.
B)people are continually motivated by one need or another.
C)people in different cultures are motivated by the same basic needs or desires.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 18

Maslow's feelings toward his mother were marked by

A)hatred and animosity.
B)affection and respect.
C)a clinging dependence.
D)indifference.
E)B-love.

Question 19

Maslow held that physiological needs differ from other needs in that they

A)can be completely satisfied.
B)can be overly satisfied.
C)have a recurring nature.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 20

As a child, Maslow

A)felt ugly, inferior, and depressed.
B)felt closer to his mother than to his father.
C)was deeply religious and aspired to become a rabbi.
D)was both athletic and popular.

Question 21

Maslow said that when cognitive needs are not satisfied, a person will become

A)motivated by conative needs.
B)motivated by love and belongingness needs.
C)pathological.
D)self-actualizing.
E)a college professor.

Question 22

Maslow claimed that when people who have satisfied their esteem needs are criticized or deprecated by others

A)they revert to the level of love and belongingness needs.
B)their safety needs become prepotent.
C)their neurotic needs are activated.
D)they cannot satisfy needs for self-actualization.
E)they retain their sense of self-worth.

Question 23

According to Maslow, a person surrounded by beauty and order would ordinarily satisfy

A)cognitive needs.
B)aesthetic needs.
C)conative needs.
D)esteem needs.
E)physiological needs.

Question 24

Maslow found that self-actualization needs become potent when

A)love and belongingness needs have been met.
B)B-values are embraced.
C)neurotic needs are satisfied.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 25

Maslow believed that most behavior

A)has several causes.
B)is aimed at satisfying self-actualization needs.
C)is consciously motivated.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 26

Maslow contended that people who have never received love

A)suffer from basic anxiety.
B)revert to satisfying more prepotent needs.
C)seek it to the exclusion of all other needs.
D)substitute it with aesthetic needs.
E)may eventually devalue it.

Question 27

According to Maslow, ______ behavior is usually unlearned, spontaneous, and determined by forces within the person rather than by the environment.

A)expressive
B)neurotic
C)coping
D)actualizing
E)Taoistic

Question 28

Maslow classified the needs for law, order, and structure as ______ needs.

A)physiological
B)safety
C)neurotic
D)meta
E)transcendent

Question 29

Maslow included the needs for self-respect, confidence, competence, and the respect of others as

A)safety needs.
B)love and belongingness needs.
C)esteem needs.
D)neurotic needs.

Question 30

The needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs are ______ needs.

A)cognitive
B)conative
C)neurotic
D)aesthetic

Question 31

Maslow claimed that safety needs differ from physiological needs in that they

A)are the most prepotent set of needs.
B)represent B-values.
C)cannot be overly satiated.
D)are metamotivated.
E)b and d.

Question 32

Maslow claimed that love and belongingness needs are strongest in people who have

A)never experienced love and belongingness.
B)partially experienced love and belongingness.
C)their love and belongingness needs satisfied.
D)their self-actualization needs satisfied.

Question 33

According to Maslow, an individual's inability to satisfy safety needs results in

A)metamotivation.
B)basic anxiety.
C)peak experiences.
D)autonomy.
E)expressive behavior.

Question 34

According to Maslow, when people's esteem needs are relatively well satisfied, they will

A)become motivated by physiological needs.
B)automatically become motivated by self-actualization needs.
C)become motivated by B-love.
D)seek a D-love relationship with at least one other person.
E)None of the above is correct.

Question 35

In Maslow's theory of needs, people become neurotic

A)when they satisfy their neurotic needs.
B)when they do not satisfy their neurotic needs.
C)regardless of whether they satisfy their neurotic needs.
D)after they have reached self-actualization.

Question 36

According to Maslow, neurotic needs

A)decrease as they are satisfied.
B)cannot be fully satiated.
C)can be self-actualizing.
D)foster health when satisfied.
E)a and d

Question 37

Maslow believed that all behavior

A)is motivated.
B)has a cause.
C)is motivated and has a cause.
D)is neither motivated nor has a cause.

Question 38

Martyrs who sacrifice physical needs and personal safety for their beliefs, and heroes who risk their lives to save others illustrate Maslow's notion of

A)B-values.
B)metamotivation.
C)reversed order of needs.
D)self-actualization.
E)neurotic needs.

Question 39

Maslow hypothesized that

A)the order of needs may be reversed in certain cases.
B)love and belongingness needs must be satisfied more fully than physiological needs.
C)the satisfaction of neurotic needs leads to psychological health.
D)people must satisfy one need completely before any other need can become a motivator.
E)cognitive needs must be satisfied before conative needs become motivators.

Question 40

Maslow classified behavior that is always motivated and that serves the purpose of satisfying a need as ______ behavior.

A)expressive
B)coping
C)neurotic
D)actualizing
E)Taoistic

Question 41

According to Maslow, self-actualizing people are

A)relatively well satisfied in their basic needs.
B)more likely to be men than women.
C)more likely to be young than old.
D)motivated by deficiency needs.

Question 42

Maslow believed that self-actualizers

A)are frequently self-critical.
B)hold extremely high standards of personal conduct for themselves and others.
C)are not burdened by undue anxiety or shame.
D)have a need to instruct, inform, and convert others.

Question 43

Maslow believed that esteem and self-actualization needs

A)are instinctoid.
B)are biological.
C)are later on the evolutionary scale than physiological needs.
D)result in pathology when frustrated.
E)All the above are correct.

Question 44

If deprivation of a need leads to pathology, then Maslow would say that this need is

A)learned.
B)physiological.
C)instinctoid.
D)neurotic.
E)unrealistic.

Question 45

According to Maslow, instinctoid needs

A)result in pathology when frustrated.
B)are common among all mammals.
C)can be altered through learning.
D)All the above are correct.
E)Only a and c are correct.

Question 46

Metamotivation, according to Maslow,

A)is characterized by coping behavior rather than expressive behavior.
B)is associated with deficiency needs
C)differentiates self-actualizers from non-self-actualizers.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 47

For Maslow, B-values

A)are indicators of psychological health.
B)motivate people who have conquered the A-values.
C)motivate children more frequently than adults.
D)are indicators of psychopathology.

Question 48

According to Maslow, metamotivation is

A)a characteristic of psychotic individuals.
B)the need for friendship and acceptance by others.
C)a drive to do one's best and to achieve fame.
D)the motivation of self-actualizing people.

Question 49

According to Maslow, self-actualizing people are characterized by

A)a strong desire to achieve self-actualization.
B)spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness.
C)a self-centered approach to life's problems.
D)an intolerance of ambiguity.
E)defensiveness, seriousness, and extraversion.

Question 50

Maslow suggested that self-actualizers and some neurotic and psychotic individuals may have which of the following characteristics in common?

A)a heightened sense of reality
B)mystical experiences
C)detachment from others
D)All the above are correct.
E)None of the above is correct.

Question 51

Instinctoid needs, Maslow said,

A)cannot be modified by learning.
B)are learned via secondary reinforcement.
C)are usually temporary.
D)are often weaker than cultural forces.
E)need not be satisfied in order for a person to attain psychological health.

Question 52

According to Maslow, the 14 B-values

A)distinguish self-actualizing people from those healthy people who do not reach self-actualization.
B)are so highly interrelated that they probably represent a single factor.
C)will probably become 20 or 25 in number as people become more self-actualizing.
D)a and b

Question 53

For Maslow, coping behavior is usually

A)learned.
B)conscious.
C)effortful.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 54

Maslow believed that metapathology results from

A)modification of expressive behavior.
B)satiation of self-actualization needs.
C)deprivation of self-actualization needs.
D)adopting a Taoistic attitude.
E)transcending peak experiences.

Question 55

In Maslow's theory, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualizing people?

A)self-acceptance
B)people-centered rather than problem-centered
C)autonomy
D)philosophical sense of humor
E)resistance to enculturation

Question 56

Which of the following was NOT used by Maslow as a criterion for self-actualization?

A)absence of psychopathology
B)freedom from personal problems
C)gratification of lower level needs
D)acceptance of the B-values

Question 57

Maslow would say that the autonomy of self-actualizers is seen in their

A)strong desire to lead others.
B)inability to get along with others.
C)indifference to criticism or flattery.
D)lack of close friends.

Question 58

Maslow listed four criteria for reaching self-actualization, including

A)having complete freedom from any type of psychopathology.
B)achieving total satisfaction of all lower needs.
C)being motivated by the B-values.
D)having solved all interpersonal problems.

Question 59

Maslow believed that self-actualizers

A)frequently engage in wishful thinking.
B)are relatively indifferent to external reality.
C)are poor observers of others.
D)have little tolerance for ambiguity.
E)None of the above is correct.

Question 60

According to Maslow, people who do not embrace the B-values suffer from

A)metapathology.
B)individuation.
C)basic anxiety.
D)lack of self-esteem.

Question 61

Research linking age with levels of psychological health suggest:

A)most people reach the peak of psychological adjustment when they reach middle age.
B)older adults measured higher in ego-development and well being than younger people due to intrinsic life goals.
C)younger adults measured higher in ego-development and well being than older people due to the declines associated with aging.
D)there is no clear association between age and personality growth.

Question 62

Maslow suggested that people tend to avoid growth and self-fulfillment due to

A)physical limitations of the body.
B)the necessity for humility.
C)the Jonah complex.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 63

Maslow believed that self-actualizers are relatively unaware of superficial differences among people of different ages, genders, or social classes.This lack of awareness reflects their

A)efficient perception of reality.
B)conative needs.
C)discrimination between means and ends.
D)peak experiences.
E)democratic character structure.

Question 64

The term ______ refers to the rejection of traditional psychology that has resulted in a model of humanity as lacking the potential to move beyond pathology.

A)positive psychology
B)holism
C)self-actualization
D)intrinsic psychology

Question 65

Maslow found that self-actualizing people

A)have a wider circle of friends than other people.
B)do not enjoy food or sex as much as other people.
C)are more likely than other people to have peak experiences.
D)tend to be quite similar to each other.

Question 66

For Maslow, the peak experience

A)is achieved by all self-actualizers.
B)can be attained by an act of will.
C)may occur at unexpected, ordinary moments.
D)a and b
E)b and c

Question 67

According to Maslow, the humor of self-actualizers is

A)intrinsic to the situation.
B)well planned.
C)hostile.
D)All the above are correct.
E)Only a and c are correct.

Question 68

According to Maslow, most people who seek therapy probably have the most trouble satisfying their _______ needs.

A)safety
B)love and belongingness
C)esteem
D)self-actualization
E)aesthetic

Question 69

Maslow claimed that self-actualizers' ability to detach from their surroundings and to transcend any particular society is characteristic of their

A)resistance to enculturation.
B)metapathology.
C)peak experiences.
D)philosophical sense of humor.

Question 70

Maslow found that self-actualizers were characterized by

A)limited but intense close friendships.
B)extensive but superficial friendships.
C)a great number of deep, intimate relationships.
D)extensive personal friendships with neurotic individuals.

Question 71

In Maslow's terminology, D-love is _____ love.

A)defeated
B)destructive
C)determined
D)deficiency
E)delightful

Question 72

Which of these items on the Personal Orientation Inventory is most likely to be endorsed by a self-actualizing person?

A)"I feel uncomfortable with anything less than a perfect performance."
B)"My moral values are self-determined."
C)"Two people will get along best if each concentrates on pleasing the other."
D)"I believe the Federal Government is conspiring against me."

Question 73

Maslow contended that scientists should ______ science.

A)desacralize
B)resacralize
C)ignore
D)venerate

Question 74

Self-actualizers' identification with humanity and genuine interest in helping others reflects their

A)basic anxiety.
B)needs for love and belongingness.
C)social interest.
D)Taoistic attitude.
E)peak experiences.

Question 75

Maslow believed that the impulse toward growth and self-actualization

A)is characteristic of animals as well as humans.
B)is the result of courage and determination.
C)is a natural characteristic of humans.
D)is usually thwarted by the satisfaction of metaneeds.

Question 76

For Maslow, B-love is

A)a result of peak experiences.
B)unmotivated, expressive behavior.
C)motivated by the desire to possess another.
D)a source of anxiety.

Question 77

Maslow held that a self-actualizing person is likely to

A)feel comfortable when alone.
B)demand complexity and variety in life.
C)depend on others for the satisfaction of esteem needs.
D)value means rather than ends.

Question 78

Maslow's Jonah complex is characterized by

A)the fear of being one's best.
B)self-love and narcissism.
C)many peak experiences.
D)an exaggerated striving for superiority.
E)an insatiable desire for seafood.

Question 79

Several studies have found that when people were instructed to "fake good" or "make a favorable impression" when filling out the Personal Orientation Inventory they scored

A)in the high range of self-actualization.
B)in the direction away from self-actualization.
C)in the neurotic and psychotic range.
D)within the normal range; the instructions had no effects on their responses.

Question 80

Maslow believed that time and space disorientation, a decrease in self and ego-consciousness, and the transcendence of everyday polarities frequently occur during

A)self-actualization.
B)peak experiences.
C)metapathology.
D)desacralization.