Deck 8: Fromm: Humanistic Psychoanalysis

Question 1

Sullivan distinguished fear from anxiety in several ways.One difference is that

A)anxiety ordinarily facilitates learning.
B)anxiety is experienced more or less the same way by everyone, whereas fear is individualized.
C)the origin of fear is more difficult to determine.
D)anxiety is more likely to stem from an interpersonal situation.
E)fear is always disjunctive.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Sullivan, _______ incapacitates learning, blocks memory, and narrows perception.

A)tenderness
B)anxiety
C)lust
D)empathy
E)tensions of needs

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In Sullivan's personality theory, anxiety in an infant is induced through the process of

A)euphoria.
B)empathy.
C)personification.
D)parataxia.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Sullivan's belief in the therapeutic power of an intimate relationship during the preadolescent years

A)was based on his scientific observations of children and adolescents.
B)is true of male but not female relationships.
C)grew out of his psychiatric work with male schizophrenics.
D)appeared to grow out of his own childhood experiences.

Question 5

Sullivan believed that ______ was the chief disruptive force blocking interpersonal relations.

A)intimacy
B)anxiety
C)prototaxic cognition
D)syntaxic cognition

Question 6

Enumerate and discuss the basic Sullivanian epochs.

Question 7

To Sullivan, a 12-month-old infant boy who enjoys playing with his genitals would be

A)satisfying zonal needs.
B)satisfying general needs.
C)increasing anxiety.
D)experiencing the Oedipus complex.

Question 8

Which Sullivanian needs must be satisfied for the general well-being of the organism?

A)survival
B)dynamic
C)interpersonal
D)general
E)zonal

Question 9

As a child, Sullivan

A)twice was elected most popular boy in his class.
B)had few friends or acquaintances his age.
C)fought in religious wars in Ireland.
D)aspired to become a farmer and move to Kansas.
E)experienced a warm, intimate relationship with his father.

Question 10

Sullivan believed that people develop their personalities

A)independent of environmental influences.
B)through the clash of unconscious motives.
C)through the actualization of innate biological drives.
D)only within the context of the family.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 11

Sullivan believed anxiety was different from other tensions because an infant

A)associates it only with zonal needs.
B)always experiences it in relationship to general needs.
C)seldom experiences it with the mothering one.
D)has no capacity or means of reducing it.

Question 12

Sullivan, like Freud and Jung, saw personality as

A)having three levels of consciousness.
B)a result of childhood trauma.
C)a product of the collective unconscious.
D)fixed and unchanging.
E)an energy system.

Question 13

Sullivan postulated two kinds of experience:

A)tensions and energy transformations.
B)parataxic and syntaxic experiences.
C)real and therapeutic experiences.
D)mental and physical experiences.

Question 14

According to Sullivan, anxiety differs from tensions of needs in that anxiety is

A)unpleasant.
B)a product of the physiochemical system.
C)sometimes helpful.
D)disjunctive.

Question 15

The outstanding feature of Sullivan's theory of personality is its strong emphasis on

A)conscious thought.
B)interpersonal relationships.
C)environmental reinforcers.
D)unconscious cognition.

Question 16

To Sullivan, the most basic interpersonal need is

A)tenderness.
B)euphoria.
C)food.
D)lust.
E)intimacy.

Question 17

According to Sullivan, a potentiality for action that may or may not be conscious is called

A)a tension.
B)an energy transformation.
C)a personification.
D)a dynamism.
E)a self-system.

Question 18

Sullivan's Zodiac group served as

A)a discussion group of professionals interested in the social sciences.
B)a research group convened to investigate his interest in astrology.
C)a forum for training hospital attendants in the care of schizophrenics.
D)a source of financial support for his research on treating schizophrenia.

Question 19

In Sullivan's theory, tensions are of two kinds: needs and

A)metaneeds.
B)wants.
C)anxiety.
D)satisfaction.
E)tenderness.

Question 20

Distinguish between Sullivan's concepts of intimacy and lust.

Question 21

A Sullivanian dynamism that tends to evoke loving reactions from others and that decreases loneliness is

A)intimacy.
B)tenderness.
C)lust.
D)malevolence.
E)dissociation.

Question 22

Sullivan believed that timidity, mischievousness, and cruelty could be ways of expressing

A)malevolence.
B)anxiety.
C)isolating dynamisms.
D)tensions of needs.

Question 23

According to Sullivan, dissociation

A)leads to the pursuit of satisfaction above all else.
B)is the primary form of selective inattention.
C)is a type of conjunctive dynamism.
D)leads to maintenance of interpersonal security.

Question 24

An energy transformation in Sullivanian theory can best be described as

A)a dynamism.
B)an action or behavior.
C)a trait or habit.
D)a tension.

Question 25

In Sullivan's terminology, _______ is UNLIKELY to mark a relationship between a young adolescent girl and her father.

A)love
B)tenderness
C)intimacy
D)anxiety
E)fear

Question 26

Sullivan referred to _______ as a close interpersonal relationship between two people of more or less equal status.

A)tenderness.
B)intimacy.
C)lust.
D)agape.

Question 27

According to Sullivan, the ______ is characterized by the feeling that one is living among one's enemies.

A)malevolent transformation
B)isolating dynamism
C)pseudo-intimacy dynamism
D)paranoid personification
E)schizoid self-system

Question 28

Sullivan believed that the self-system's ability to detect and protect against anxiety

A)brings about adaptive personality change.
B)is a transactional defense mechanism.
C)usually develops after the juvenile era.
D)complicates positive personality change.

Question 29

Sullivan categorized lust as

A)a parataxic distortion.
B)a tenderness need.
C)a conjunctive dynamism.
D)an isolating dynamism.

Question 30

According to Sullivan, when intimacy first develops, it typically involves

A)same-sex peers.
B)opposite-sex peers.
C)the same-sex parent.
D)an opposite-sex sibling.
E)an imaginary playmate.

Question 31

Sullivan's dynamism of intimacy grows out of which earlier need?

A)lust
B)security
C)tenderness
D)euphoria
E)malevolence

Question 32

15-year-old Carter has strong sexual feelings for Lynne, who does not return his interest.Sullivan would say that the term best describing Carter's feelings for Lynne is

A)love.
B)agape.
C)intimacy.
D)None of these is correct.

Question 33

Sullivan believed that intimacy should develop during

A)infancy.
B)childhood.
C)the juvenile era.
D)preadolescence.
E)early adolescence.

Question 34

Sullivan's self-system arises out of the interpersonal situation when an infant

A)is approximately 12 to 18 months of age.
B)has developed intimacy with the mothering one.
C)is exposed to the malevolent attitude of the mothering one.
D)has been successfully trained.

Question 35

Sullivan believed that personality is most likely to change

A)at the beginning of each developmental stage.
B)during the period of preadolescence.
C)during the development of tenderness.
D)between the middle and end of each developmental stage.

Question 36

The term Sullivan used to describe those behavioral patterns that consistently characterize a person throughout life is

A)personification.
B)dynamism.
C)prototaxic.
D)proprium.

Question 37

The most complex and inclusive of Sullivan's dynamisms is

A)malevolence.
B)intimacy.
C)lust.
D)euphoria.
E)the self-system.

Question 38

Sullivan called the control of focal awareness that involves a refusal to see those things one does not wish to see:

A)dissociation.
B)eidetic cognition.
C)personifications.
D)satisfactions.
E)selective inattention.

Question 39

Sullivan believed that people attempt to defend themselves against interpersonal tensions by means of

A)anxiety.
B)security operations.
C)intimacy.
D)personifications.
E)malevolence.

Question 40

Sullivan believed that

A)society prevents people from killing each other.
B)people are possessed of something wonderful called sadism.
C)the malevolent attitude is inherited.
D)malevolence can be traced to early childhood experiences.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 41

The beginning of Sullivan's juvenile era is marked by the

A)origin of syntaxic language.
B)development of the intimacy dynamism.
C)development of the lust dynamism.
D)need for playmates of equal status.

Question 42

The Sullivanian stage characterized by the beginning of syntaxic language and the learning of dramatizations and preoccupations is called:

A)infancy.
B)childhood.
C)juvenile era.
D)preadolescence.
E)adulthood.

Question 43

According to Sullivan, the not-me personification is

A)eidetic.
B)the primary basis of syntaxic cognition.
C)from an infantile experience of sudden severe anxiety.
D)based upon the infantile experience of the bad-nipple.

Question 44

Mandy is married to an abusive husband, but she refuses to admit that he has a serious problem.Sullivan would refer to this process as

A)dissociation.
B)syntaxic distortion.
C)selective inattention.
D)masochism.

Question 45

Sullivan believed that awe, horror, loathing, or a "chilly crawling" sensation are manifestations of

A)uncanny emotion.
B)lust.
C)malevolence.
D)loneliness.

Question 46

Sullivan regarded apathy and somnolent detachment as

A)disjunctive dynamisms.
B)natural reactions to need fulfillment.
C)protections against anxiety or terror.
D)mechanisms of escape from euphoria.

Question 47

Sullivan called the image a person has of self or others a

A)dynamism.
B)syntaxic distortion.
C)malevolent transformation.
D)personification.
E)projection.

Question 48

Sullivan said that an infant's experiences with reward and approval lead to

A)the good-me personification.
B)uncanny emotion.
C)the malevolent transformation.
D)a pampered style of life.

Question 49

During the Sullivanian stage of childhood, the child

A)develops a dual personification of his or her mother.
B)retains personifications of the mother on a parataxic level.
C)Both of these are correct.
D)Neither of these is correct.

Question 50

The Sullivanian period beginning at birth and continuing until the development of articulate speech is the ______ stage.

A)infancy
B)childhood
C)basic trust
D)bonding
E)babbling

Question 51

The earliest experiences in life are undifferentiated, momentary states that are incommunicable.Sullivan called these primitive kinds of experiences

A)syntaxic.
B)parataxic.
C)prototaxic.
D)None of these is correct.

Question 52

Sullivan referred to ways of perceiving, imagining, and conceiving experience as

A)uncanny emotions.
B)modes of cognition.
C)security operations.
D)selective attention.
E)dynamisms.

Question 53

The process of seeing a cause-and effect-relationship between two events in close temporal proximity is what Sullivan called a

A)parataxic distortion.
B)security operation.
C)prototaxic event.
D)syntaxic slip.
E)consensual validation.

Question 54

During transitional periods between Sullivanian stages of development, previously dissociated or selectively inattended experiences

A)are consensually validated with peers.
B)lead to the malevolent transformation.
C)result in completely new not-me or bad-me personifications.
D)may be permitted into the self-system.

Question 55

Sullivan called personalized language at the parataxic level

A)prototaxic distortions.
B)syntaxic language.
C)syntaxic distortions.
D)autistic language.

Question 56

When words and concepts begin having the same meaning for a child that they do for others, the child's primary mode of cognition, according to Sullivan, is

A)prototaxic.
B)parataxic.
C)syntaxic.
D)None of these is correct.

Question 57

During childhood, a child may invent playmates.Sullivan called these imaginary playmates

A)sublimations.
B)juveniles.
C)ghosts.
D)eidetic.
E)actors.

Question 58

Sullivan called private perceptions that cannot be accurately communicated to others

A)prototaxic thoughts.
B)parataxic distortions.
C)unconscious archetypes.
D)syntaxic episodes.

Question 59

Sullivan labeled a child's attempts to act or sound like significant authority figures, especially the mother or father,

A)dramatizations.
B)imitation.
C)modeling.
D)identification.
E)preoccupations.

Question 60

In Sullivanian theory, an infant's experience of her mother's punishment and disapproval leads to the development of the _______ personification.

A)not-me.
B)good-me.
C)bad-me.
D)good-mother.
E)bad-mother.

Question 61

Sullivan believed that the critical turning point in personality development is

A)childhood.
B)the juvenile era.
C)preadolescence.
D)infancy.

Question 62

Which of these statements represents the most valid criticism of current Sullivanian theory?

A)It is too narrow.
B)It is not currently generating much research.
C)It lacks internal consistency.
D)Its stages of development defy common sense.

Question 63

During Sullivan's juvenile stage, a child should learn

A)consensus, compromise, and chumship.
B)cooperation, communication, and chumship.
C)competition, compromise, cooperation.
D)conspiracy, competition, and chumship.

Question 64

The outstanding characteristic of Sullivan's ______ stage is the beginning of the capacity to love.

A)infancy
B)childhood
C)juvenile era
D)preadolescence
E)late adolescence

Question 65

While doing therapy, Sullivan saw his role as that of a

A)participant observer.
B)best friend.
C)detached adviser.
D)father surrogate.

Question 66

According to Sullivan, _______ is the most critical epoch because errors made earlier can be corrected at this time.

A)childhood
B)late adolescence
C)juvenile
D)early adolescence
E)preadolescence

Question 67

According to Sullivan, what is the relationship between lust and intimacy in normal, healthy development?

A)Lust and intimacy are combined in early adolescence.
B)Lust develops following the development of intimacy.
C)Lust develops during preadolescence, intimacy during the juvenile era.
D)Lust and intimacy are separate during late adolescence and adulthood.

Question 68

The Sullivanian stage of early adolescence is marked by

A)sexual maturation and mature love.
B)development of same-sex chumships.
C)the need for the satisfaction of lust.
D)the learning of cooperation and compromise.

Question 69

When lust and intimacy are directed toward the same person, which of Sullivan's stages has been reached?

A)preadolescence
B)early adolescence
C)late adolescence
D)the juvenile stage

Question 70

According to Sullivan, the development of an orientation toward living

A)decreases zonal needs.
B)blocks the development of tenderness needs.
C)results in the physical survival of the individual.
D)readies an individual for deeper relationships.

Question 71

Sullivan's one-genus hypothesis states:

A)"Once upon a time, everything was lovely, but that was before I had to deal with people."
B)"Differences among people are more important than their similarities."
C)"To be human is to love; to love is to be human."
D)"Everyone is much more simply human than otherwise."

Question 72

Sullivan's concept of humanity includes the notion that

A)people become humans through their interpersonal relations.
B)people are driven by animal instincts from which they cannot escape.
C)differences among humans are more important than their similarities.
D)people are doomed to develop malevolent transformations to feel as though they were living among their enemies.

Question 73

The end of Sullivan's juvenile era is marked by the

A)development of a consensually validated language.
B)onset of puberty.
C)complete integration of the self-system.
D)beginning of intimacy with a single chum.

Question 74

Sullivan's stages of development differ from Freud's in that Sullivan placed more emphasis on what Freud called

A)infancy.
B)the Oedipal stage.
C)the latency period.
D)the prenatal period.
E)the sadistic-anal period.

Question 75

Sullivan believed that most psychological disorders stem from

A)interpersonal relationships.
B)a bad-mother personification.
C)lack of security operations.
D)brain damage.
E)toxic chemicals.

Question 76

Sullivan claimed that late adolescence ends with the

A)establishment of a lasting love relationship.
B)suppression of lust and elevation of tenderness.
C)enhancement of security through decreases in intimacy.
D)finding of a permanent occupation or profession.
E)graduation from high school.

Question 77

According to Sullivan, lust interferes with security because

A)lust can be successfully dissociated.
B)one cannot selectively inattend to zonal needs.
C)the energy of lust is directly transformed into anxiety.
D)genital activity is related to guilt, shame, and anxiety.

Question 78

Sullivan's early therapeutic work was largely with

A)psychopathic deviates.
B)manic-depressive patients.
C)schizophrenic patients.
D)college students.
E)delinquent preadolescents.

Question 79

Sullivan had little to say about adulthood because he believed that

A)personality development is complete by late adolescence.
B)psychotherapy with adults is useless.
C)adults outgrow the need for having same-sex peers.
D)this stage is beyond the scope of interpersonal psychiatry.

Question 80

Research suggests that children with imaginary playmates, compared with those who report not having imaginary playmates, were more likely to

A)develop schizophrenic tendencies.
B)be boys.
C)have high levels of imagination.
D)be lonely.