Deck 7: Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory

Question 1

Discuss Fromm's five human,or existential,needs.

Answer 1

A.Our human dilemma cannot be satisfied by needs we have in common with other animals.Only our human,or existential,needs can move us toward a reunification with the natural world.
B.Relatedness is the human need of uniting with another person or persons.We can do this by (1) submission, (2) power,and (3) love.
C.Another existential need is transcendence,or the urge to rise above our passive and accidental existence.We can transcend our passive nature either by creating life or by destroying it.
D.A third human need is for rootedness,or the need to establish roots and to feel at home again in the world.We can either relate to the world creatively or become fixated and fail to move beyond our mother's care.
E.A fourth human need is for a sense of identity,or the capacity to be aware of ourselves as a separate entity.The productive component of this need is individuality; the nonproductive component is adjustment to the group.
F.The final existential need is a frame of orientation,or a road map to make our way through the world.The productive component of this need is rational goals; the nonproductive component is irrational goals.

Question 2

Fromm believed that killing members of one's species for reasons other than survival is peculiar to humans.He called such killings

A)transcendence.
B)malignant aggression.
C)the syndrome of decay.
D)existential identity.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

From J.J.Bachofen,Fromm borrowed the idea that

A)malignant aggression underlies all human motivation.
B)early societies were patriarchal.
C)the mother was the central figure in early societies.
D)a sense of identity and a sense of communion with other people result in the human dilemma.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Fromm held that our culture's current feelings of anxiety,isolation,and powerlessness stem from

A)the collective unconscious.
B)the rise of capitalism.
C)lack of religious values.
D)basic human nature.

Question 5

According to Fromm,existential needs

A)emerge during the evolution of human culture.
B)grow out of people's attempts to find answers to their existence.
C)represent attempts to avoid insanity.
D)all of these.
E)none of these.

Question 6

For Fromm,productive and caring creation reflects the need for

A)relatedness.
B)transcendence.
C)rootedness.
D)love.
E)a frame of orientation.

Question 7

Fromm called the need to feel at home again in the world

A)relatedness.
B)transcendence.
C)rootedness.
D)a sense of identity.
E)a frame of orientation.

Question 8

Fromm's view of human nature was influenced by

A)Jewish family life.
B)the suicide of a young woman.
C)the extreme nationalism of the German people.
D)all of these.
E)none of these.

Question 9

Fromm called our capacity to be aware of ourselves as a separate entity

A)self-awareness.
B)a sense of identity.
C)transcendence.
D)a frame of orientation.

Question 10

Fromm believed that a symbiotic relationship

A)is the ideal form of relatedness.
B)can be gratifying to the participants.
C)enhances growth towards integrity and psychological health.
D)none of these.
E)all of these.

Question 11

Fromm's most basic assumption is that personality must be understood in the light of

A)biology.
B)history.
C)geography.
D)literature.
E)determinism.

Question 12

Fromm called the urge to rise above one's passive and accidental existence

A)relatedness.
B)transcendence.
C)rootedness.
D)a sense of identity.
E)a frame of orientation.

Question 13

Fromm regarded his parents as

A)the ideal models.
B)individuals who were sinful.
C)having quite neurotic personalities.
D)burdened by too many children.
E)overly religious.

Question 14

Fromm's human dilemma includes the notion that

A)people have acquired reasoning ability yet have few animal instincts.
B)people have lost the ability to love,yet desperately continue to seek it.
C)people are unable to prevent war.
D)people are torn by the forces of an unrelenting unconscious.

Question 15

According to Fromm,submission,power,and love are the three basic modes of

A)relatedness.
B)transcendence.
C)existential dichotomies.
D)frame of orientation.

Question 16

For Fromm,the drive for union with another person or persons reflects the human need of

A)transcendence.
B)rootedness.
C)a sense of identity.
D)a frame of orientation.
E)none of these.

Question 17

Compared with Freud,Fromm placed more emphasis on

A)social influences upon personality.
B)biological sources of psychic conflict.
C)the influence of the Oedipal complex.
D)dream interpretations in therapy.

Question 18

Discuss Fromm's basic assumptions about personality and include his three existential dichotomies.

Question 19

List and discuss Fromm's nonproductive and productive character orientations.

Question 20

In Fromm's productive strategy of attaining rootedness,people

A)are weaned from the protective orbit of the mother or mother substitute.
B)establish strong and lifelong ties with their mother or mother substitute.
C)see their spouse as a new mother or mother substitute.
D)crave the security of a mother or mother substitute.

Question 21

Fromm believed that people relate to the world in two basic ways:

A)love and hate.
B)the receptive and the exploitative.
C)passively and actively.
D)assimilation and socialization.

Question 22

Fromm believed that humans,as the only animal to possess self-awareness,imagination,and reason,are the

A)masters of the universe.
B)real animal.
C)freaks of the universe.
D)children of destiny.

Question 23

Fromm held that the twin components of positive freedom are

A)hope and charity.
B)love and work.
C)duty and desire.
D)faith and spirituality.
E)productivity and marketing.

Question 24

In Fromm's view,the burden of freedom results in

A)primal guilt.
B)narcissistic shame.
C)rootedness.
D)basic anxiety.

Question 25

Fromm contended that people can break the cycle of conformity and powerlessness only by

A)political revolution against authority.
B)rejecting existential needs.
C)adopting the receptive orientation.
D)achieving positive freedom.

Question 26

For Fromm,basic anxiety is a feeling of

A)malignant aggression.
B)being alone in the world.
C)being judged by others.
D)being unable to achieve one's goals.

Question 27

Which did Fromm NOT list as a sadistic tendency?

A)the need to accept criticism from others
B)the need to gain power over others
C)the need to exploit and use others
D)the desire to see others suffer
E)none of these

Question 28

According to Fromm,to keep one from going insane,one's frame of orientation must include

A)consistent information.
B)inconsistent information.
C)a final goal.
D)a simple structure.

Question 29

Adrianna's frame of orientation is constantly challenged by inconsistent information.Fromm would predict that Adrianna will

A)force the information into an organization that she can understand.
B)make a major revision in her philosophy of life.
C)judge any information inconsistent with her life's philosophy as common sense.
D)lose her sense of identity.

Question 30

Fromm believed that the lack of satisfaction of existential needs

A)has little effect on modern individuals.
B)leads to the development of willpower.
C)is unimportant in the post-capitalistic world.
D)can only be helped by psychotherapy.
E)eventuates in insanity for the individual.

Question 31

Nell is careful with her money and rarely shares her thoughts or emotions with others.Her behavior illustrates Fromm's ______ orientation.

A)marketing
B)hoarding
C)receptive
D)exploitative

Question 32

Fromm asserted that as people gained more economic and political freedom,they felt more

A)isolation.
B)dominance.
C)transcendence.
D)malignant aggression.

Question 33

Fromm believed that _______ is the successful solution to the human dilemma of being part of the natural world and yet separate from it.

A)conformity
B)positive freedom
C)authenticity
D)receptive awareness
E)political revolution

Question 34

Fromm believed that authoritarianism takes two forms:

A)normal and neurotic.
B)fear and anxiety.
C)masochism and sadism.
D)obsessive and compulsive.

Question 35

According to Fromm,the exploitative character,like the receptive character,

A)is a productive orientation.
B)achieves positive freedom.
C)seeks to preserve that which has already been obtained.
D)is an outgrowth of modern capitalism.
E)sees the source of good as outside himself or herself.

Question 36

Fromm referred to our human need for a guide or map to make our way through the world as a need for a

A)feeling of rootedness.
B)frame of orientation.
C)sense of relatedness.
D)sense of transcendence.

Question 37

Fromm believed that people who use conformity as a mechanism of escape

A)lack authenticity and individuality.
B)often behave in a stiff,predictable manner.
C)lose their identity as a unique person.
D)all of these.

Question 38

For Fromm,the relatively permanent way in which people relate to themselves and to the world is called

A)character.
B)transcendence.
C)personality.
D)reception.

Question 39

According to Fromm,both masochism and sadism aim at

A)increasing basic anxiety through unity with others.
B)decreasing basic anxiety through destruction of others.
C)increasing basic anxiety through destruction of others.
D)decreasing basic anxiety through unity with others.

Question 40

For Fromm,positive freedom consists of

A)conforming to society's rules.
B)choosing to accept authoritarianism.
C)doing what one wishes and with no regard for others.
D)seeking safety and security within the social structure.
E)spontaneously expressing emotional potentialities.

Question 41

Fromm believed that the ______ orientation is an outgrowth of modern commerce.

A)productive
B)receptive
C)exploitative
D)marketing
E)hoarding

Question 42

Fromm's concept of humanity includes the notion that

A)people are basically evil.
B)people are the freaks of nature.
C)most people achieve positive freedom.
D)personality is shaped largely by experiences during childhood and preadolescence.

Question 43

Fromm used the term "necrophilia" to refer to

A)a sexual perversion involving contact with animals.
B)a sexual perversion involving contact with feces.
C)a sexual perversion involving contact with a corpse.
D)an irrational desire to die.
E)any attraction to death.

Question 44

Fromm believed that the therapist should try to understand the patient by using

A)a scientific attitude.
B)objective psychological tests.
C)projective tests.
D)an attitude of relatedness.

Question 45

For Fromm,healthy people value work as

A)an end in itself rather than a means.
B)a source of money.
C)a source of anxiety.
D)a means of creative self-expression.

Question 46

Fromm believed that healthy people's survival is dependent on

A)the productive orientation.
B)one productive and one nonproductive orientation.
C)all four unproductive orientations.
D)some combination of all character orientations.

Question 47

Fromm's syndrome of decay consists of all the following EXCEPT

A)malignant aggression.
B)malignant narcissism.
C)necrophilia.
D)incestuous symbiosis.

Question 48

Fromm regarded Adolf Hitler as the world's most conspicuous example of a person suffering from

A)psychoses.
B)moral hypochondriasis.
C)the existential dilemma.
D)a receptive orientation.
E)the syndrome of decay.

Question 49

Fromm suggested that Hitler's obsession with "superiority" of the German people reflects his

A)incestuous symbiosis.
B)receptive orientation.
C)malignant narcissism.
D)necrophilic orientation.

Question 50

Lorilee,a college junior,is extremely dependent on her mother to make both major and minor decisions for her.According to Fromm,Lorilee's behavior is characterized by

A)necrophilia.
B)moral hypochondriasis.
C)incestuous symbiosis.
D)the syndrome of decay.
E)symbiotic nurturing.

Question 51

Tracy perceives everything that belongs to her as valuable and everything that belongs to others as having little value.Fromm would say Tracy is suffering from

A)necrophilia.
B)malignant narcissism.
C)incestuous symbiosis.
D)moral hypochondriasis.
E)existential dilemma.

Question 52

For Fromm,psychologically disturbed people

A)received too much love from their mothers.
B)have failed to establish union with others.
C)have failed to resolve their normal Oedipus complex.
D)none of these.
E)all of these.

Question 53

From her salary as an elementary school teacher,Jennifer has accumulated a very large bank account.In addition,she has seldom thrown away any teaching aids.It thus appears that Jennifer has Fromm's ______ orientation.

A)receiving
B)hoarding
C)marketing
D)exploiting

Question 54

Omar is preoccupied with guilt about previous transgressions.Fromm would say that Omar is suffering from

A)hypochondriasis.
B)moral hypochondriasis.
C)incestuous symbiosis.
D)necrophilia.
E)malignant aggression.

Question 55

What was the most common character type found in Fromm's research on social character in a Mexican village?

A)productive-marketing
B)nonproductive-receptive
C)productive-hoarding
D)unproductive-exploitative
E)productive-exploitative

Question 56

Fromm called the healthy individual's passionate love of life and all living things

A)libido.
B)eros.
C)biophilia.
D)megaphilia.
E)life lust.

Question 57

As a scientific theory,Erich Fromm's humanistic psychoanalysis rates

A)high on falsifiability.
B)low as a generator of empirical research.
C)high as a guide to parents and teachers.
D)high in parsimony.

Question 58

Fromm's hoarding character is similar to Freud's _______ character.

A)hysterical.
B)oral.
C)anal.
D)phallic.

Question 59

In Fromm's view,the marketing character's personal value is dependent upon the ability to

A)drive a hard bargain.
B)earn a profit.
C)sell themselves to others.
D)preserve their possessions.
E)cash a check.

Question 60

According to Fromm,Hitler's neurotic need to annihilate his enemies shows his

A)incestuous symbiosis.
B)receptive orientation.
C)malignant narcissism.
D)necrophilic orientation.