Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need is termed a(n):

A) drive.
B) reflex.
C) incentive.
D) instinct.

Answer 1

drive.

Question 2

The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were:

A) the instinct approach and then the incentive approach.
B) the incentive approach and then the drive-reduction approach.
C) the drive-reduction approach and then the instinct approach.
D) the instinct approach and then the drive-reduction approach.

Answer 2

the instinct approach and then the drive-reduction approach.

Question 3

Dr.LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation.Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to cite to justify his skepticism?

A) Bungee jumping
B) Engaging in sexual intercourse
C) Eating a quick meal
D) Pursuing a stranger with a knife

Answer 3

Bungee jumping

Question 4

Drive-reduction approaches to motivation are:

A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts,expectations,and goal.

Question 5

Drive-reduction approaches first appeared in the psychology of motivation in the:

A) 1920s.
B) 1940s.
C) 1960s.
D) 1980s.

Question 6

Which approach to motivation is correctly paired with a behavior to which it is especially appropriate?

A) Drive-reduction-eating
B) Arousal-studying
C) Cognitive-riding roller coasters
D) Incentive-sleeping

Question 7

To which of the following behaviors is the drive-reduction approach least applicable?

A) Sleeping extra hours after having disturbed sleep the previous day
B) Drinking a cola on a hot day
C) Having a snack
D) Studying long hours

Question 8

With which of the following early psychologists is instinct theory most strongly associated?

A) James
B) Thorndike
C) McDougall
D) Watson

Question 9

When psychologists first tried to explain motivation,they turned to _____.

A) notions
B) instincts
C) incitements
D) stimulants

Question 10

When blood pH becomes overly acidic,respiration and kidney function change to bring the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4.What does this process best exemplify?

A) Metabolism
B) Acclimatization
C) Homeostasis
D) An opponent-process system

Question 11

Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined are called:

A) desires.
B) instincts.
C) notions.
D) motives.

Question 12

The arousal approach to motivation suggests that:

A) a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) if levels of stimulation and activity are too low,people will try to increase them by seeking stimulation.
C) motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) motivation is a product of people's thoughts,expectations,and goals.

Question 13

Why do drive-reduction approaches fail to offer a complete account of human motivation?

A) Homeostasis does not accurately describe the mechanism by which primary drives operate.
B) Drive-reduction approaches offer much better explanations of behaviors motivated by secondary drives than of behaviors motivated by primary drives.
C) People are sometimes motivated to increase rather than decrease their level of stimulation.
D) Drive-reduction approaches are vague about what,or even how many,primary drives exist.

Question 14

Declan,a Ph.D candidate,tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation.Declan is investigating:

A) the ability to generate new solutions to problems.
B) the way behavior changes as a result of experience.
C) the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
D) the processes whereby information is encoded,stored,and retrieved.

Question 15

Does the drive-reduction approach offer a comprehensive account of motivation? Which of the following explains it?

A) No.The drive-reduction approach explains how primary drives motivate behavior but fails to satisfactorily explain a behavior in which the goal is to increase arousal level.
B) No.The drive-reduction approach fails to account for many motives,including physiological ones.
C) Yes.The drive-reduction approach offers a satisfactory explanation of not only physiological motives,but also offers a satisfactory explanation for more psychologically oriented ones.
D) Yes.The drive-reduction approach has been empirically supported.

Question 16

Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology?

A) Instinct approaches to motivation are gaining strength in psychology,as they reflect the cutting-edge perspective of cognitive psychology.
B)Instinct approaches to motivation still play a role in certain theories,especially those based on evolutionary approaches that focus on our genetic inheritance.
C) Instinct approaches to motivation have been abandoned and are really of only historical interest in psychology.
D) Instinct approaches have always been influential in the psychology of motivation.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT among the shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation?

A) Instinct approaches can account only for physiological motivations,not psychological ones.
B) Instinct theorists identified too many different instincts for the theory to be useful.
C) Instinct theorists disagreed on the precise instincts guiding behavior.
D) Instinct theorists fail to explain why certain specific patterns of behavior have evolved in a given species.

Question 18

_____ refers to the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

A) Development
B) Intelligence
C) Cognition
D) Motivation

Question 19

What is homeostasis?

A) A theory of need reduction
B) The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state
C) The psychological representation of primary needs
D) The diffusion of fluids into a cell

Question 20

Dr.Schmidt studies the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.Dr.Schmidt studies:

A) personality.
B) intelligence.
C) cognition.
D) motivation.

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?

A) An athlete practices for long hours because she loves to run.
B) A doctor sees more patients to make more money.
C) A social worker spends more time with the elderly because she likes to be with them.
D) A student reads many books on religion because she is very interested in religious studies.

Question 22

Which of the following is true of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

A) Intrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money,a grade,or some other concrete,tangible reward.
B) Extrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete,tangible reward that it will bring us.
C) In some cases,providing rewards for desirable behavior actually may decrease intrinsic motivation.
D) We are more apt to persevere,work harder,and produce work of higher quality when motivation for a task is extrinsic rather than intrinsic.

Question 23

Which approach to motivation is correctly matched with one or more psychologists?

A) Instinct theory-Horney
B) Drive-reduction approach-Maslow
C) Hierarchy of needs-Hull
D) Self-determination theory- Deci and Ryan

Question 24

Which approach to motivation is incorrectly paired with its description?

A) Drive-reduction-Motivation reflects the lack of basic biological necessity.
B) Arousal-Motivation reflects the attempt to maintain a certain level of stimulation.
C) Incentive-Motivation reflects the desire to attain external rewards.
D) Cognitive-Motivation reflects the role of instincts.

Question 25

Of the following individuals,whose behavior may most easily be explained using the arousal approach to motivation?

A) Artie,who loves to bungee jump
B) Barry,who buys an expensive watch he can't resist
C) Callista,who studies long hours to earn good grades
D) Brooke,who sleeps extra hours after having had a tiring week at work

Question 26

According to the self-determination theory,_____ is the need to produce desired outcomes.

A) development
B) autonomy
C) relatedness
D) competence

Question 27

Dr.Fiore conducts a study in which two groups of participants work on challenging puzzles: one group is extrinsically motivated whereas the other is intrinsically motivated.Thus,one group is paid for its participation,while the other is not.Dr.Fiore records the length of time each participant spent working on the puzzle and how enjoyable each participant rated the puzzle.Based on the theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation,what might you expect?

A) The paid group would work harder on the puzzle but enjoy it less than the unpaid group.
B) The paid group would not work as hard on the puzzle and enjoy it less than the unpaid group.
C) The paid group would work harder on the puzzle and enjoy it more than the unpaid group.
D) The paid group would not work as hard on the puzzle but enjoy it more than the unpaid group.

Question 28

"Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable;also,people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is most likely that of a proponent of the _____ theory of motivation.

A) instinct
B) incentive
C) arousal
D) cognitive

Question 29

In _____ approaches to motivation,the desirable properties of external stimuli account for a person's motivation.

A) drive-reduction
B) arousal
C) incentive
D) cognitive

Question 30

Cognitive approaches to motivation are:

A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts,beliefs,expectations,and goals.

Question 31

Motivation theorists refer to external rewards people seek to obtain as:

A) stimulants.
B) incentives.
C) drives.
D) reinforcers.

Question 32

Which of the following refers to the cause that pushes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us?

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) External factors
D) Observable factors

Question 33

Incentive approaches to motivation are:

A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards.
D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts,expectations,and goals.

Question 34

How do arousal approaches to motivation differ from drive-reduction approaches?

A) Arousal approaches suggest that if our stimulation and activity levels become too low,we try to increase them.
B) Arousal approaches suggest that if our stimulation and activity levels become too high,we try to reduce them by seeking stimulation.
C) Arousal approaches emphasize the desirable qualities of internal stimuli to a greater extent than do drive-reduction approaches.
D) Arousal theories place greater emphasis on physiological needs than do drive theories.

Question 35

Shellie takes college courses that interest her and enjoys learning for its own sake.Tori takes courses in which she is fairly certain she'll do well and studies mainly to ensure good grades.Shellie is _____ motivated,whereas Tori is _____ motivated.

A) intrinsically;extrinsically
B) internally;externally
C) extrinsically;intrinsically
D) externally;internally

Question 36

Which of the following sequences best expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow's pyramid must be fulfilled from the first to the last?

A) Physiological,safety,love and belongingness,esteem,and self-actualization
B) Physiological and safety,esteem,love and belongingness,self-actualization
C) Self-actualization,esteem,love and belongingness,and physiological and safety
D) Self-actualization,love and belongingness,esteem,and physiological and safety

Question 37

According to Maslow,our highest-level need is the need for:

A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-love.
D) self-actualization.

Question 38

According to Abraham Maslow,a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is having:

A) all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled.
B) a major altruistic streak.
C) a very selfless nature.
D) suffered in the past so one can truly appreciate the good aspects of life.

Question 39

"Dance like no one's watching.Work like you don't need the money.Love like you've never been hurt," exhorts a sign on Dr.Elliott's office door.This sign underscores the importance of _____ motivation.

A) explicit
B) intrinsic
C) implicit
D) external

Question 40

A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way is known as _____ in Maslow's model.

A) self-reliance
B) self-actualization
C) self-efficacy
D) self-regulation

Question 41

In the United States,about _____ of the population is overweight;more than _____ are obese.

A) one-thirds;half
B) two-thirds;half
C) one-thirds;a quarter
D) two-thirds;a quarter

Question 42

Which of the following biological hunger regulators is correctly identified and described?

A) Ghrelin-communicates hunger to the brain
B) Glucose-works to excite the CNS
C) Insulin-regulates feelings of hunger
D) Endorphin-stored in the body as fat

Question 43

_____ is the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body.

A) Neutralization
B) Phagocytosis
C) Metabolism
D) Emulsification

Question 44

When does one's body start storing fat either by increasing the number of fat cells or by increasing the size of existing fat cells?

A) Starts at birth
B) During the first year of life
C) During adulthood
D) Starts by the end of adolescence

Question 45

Which of the following brain structures has been implicated in monitoring glucose levels and food intake?

A) The amygdala
B) The hypothalamus
C) The hippocampus
D) The thalamus

Question 46

People with a body mass index (BMI)greater than 30 are considered:

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) normal.
D) underweight.

Question 47

Which figure best approximates the number of women in the United States who suffer from an eating disorder?

A) 100,000
B) 1 million
C) 5 million
D) 10 million

Question 48

Carrie's body rapidly converts food into energy.Mandy's body converts food into energy more slowly.Carrie and Mandy have different:

A) metabolic rates.
B) eating disorders.
C) homeostatic ratios.
D) g factors.

Question 49

The hormone _____ appears to be designed,from an evolutionary standpoint,to protect the body against weight loss.

A) oxytocin
B) leptin
C) ghrelin
D) glucose

Question 50

Dr.DeRidder lesions,or damages,the ventromedial hypothalamus in one group of rats and the lateral hypothalamus in another group.What effect might he expect on the eating behavior of each group of rats?

A) Both groups should stop eating and perhaps eventually starve to death.
B) Both groups should begin overeating and become grossly obese.
C) Rats with ventromedial lesions should stop eating;rats with lateral lesions should begin overeating.
D) Rats with ventromedial lesions should begin overeating;rats with lateral lesions should stop eating.

Question 51

According to the self-determination theory,_____ is the perception that we have control over our own lives.

A) reliance
B) autonomy
C) relatedness
D) competence

Question 52

Natalie's body mass index (BMI)is 26.She is best described as:

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) normal.
D) underweight.

Question 53

Charlotte meets Will,an old high school friend,at a party and is startled to learn his weight increased from 150 to 280 pounds in the year since his automobile accident.Damage to which of the following might account for his weight gain?

A) Mediotemporal hypothalmus
B) Hypermedial hypothalmus
C) Ventromedial hypothalmus
D) Lateral hypothalmus

Question 54

People with a body mass index (BMI)between 25 and 30 are considered:

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) normal.
D) underweight.

Question 55

According to the self-determination theory,_____ is the need to be involved in close,warm relationships with others.

A) significance
B) autonomy
C) relatedness
D) competence

Question 56

Which figure best approximates the number of people in the United States who are overweight?

A) 50 million
B) 100 million
C) 150 million
D) 200 million

Question 57

Misty's body mass index (BMI)is 27 and Marnie's is 31.Misty is considered _____.Marnie is _____.

A) overweight;overweight as well
B) overweight;obese
C) obese;obese as well
D) normal weight;overweight

Question 58

People's perceptions of what an ideal body looks like:

A) have always emphasized thinness.
B) vary from one culture to another.
C) have remained constant over time.
D) emphasize the perfect ratio of height and weight.

Question 59

Which of the following is TRUE about approaches to motivation?

A) A large number of approaches are contradictory rather than complementary.
B) Employing more than one approach to motivation in a given situation can prevent us from understanding motivation in a particular instance.
C) Even specific behaviors like the need for food can be drawn on several approaches for the fullest account of what motivates one's behavior.
D) A maximum of two approaches should be used to study any behavior.

Question 60

_____ leads the body to store excess sugar in the blood as fats and carbohydrates.

A) Cortisol
B) Serotonin
C) Insulin
D) Estrogen

Question 61

Anorexia nervosa is among the _____ most frequent causes of disability in young women.

A) three
B) five
C) ten
D) two

Question 62

Male sex hormones secreted by the testes at puberty are known as _____.

A) estrogen
B) genitals
C) androgens
D) progesterone

Question 63

As many as _____ of women suffer from bulimia at some point in their lives.

A) 50%
B) 35%
C) 5%
D) 10%

Question 64

_____ is a disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food,followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Compulsive eating
C) Bulimia
D) Binge-eating disorder

Question 65

What is TRUE of brain scans of people with bulimia?

A) They show that those with bulimia have the same level of connectivity in those areas of the brain associated with eating behaviors when compared to those of healthy individuals.
B) They show that those with bulimia have a lower level of connectivity in those areas of the brain associated with eating behaviors when compared to those of healthy individuals.
C) They show that those with bulimia do not process information about food when compared to healthy individuals.
D) They show that those with bulimia process information about food differently from healthy individuals.

Question 66

Which of the following statements is true of the production of androgen and estrogen?

A) Androgen is produced by testes,and estrogen is produced by ovaries.
B) The production of androgen follows a cyclical pattern,whereas the production of estrogen follows a noncyclical pattern.
C) Androgen is produced from birth,whereas estrogen is produced after menopause.
D) In nonhumans,the production of androgens decreases the male sex drive,whereas the production of estrogens increases the female sex drive.

Question 67

Which of the following is true of sexual patterns of women?

A) The production of sex hormones in females follows a cyclical pattern.
B) The level of estrogen and progesterone production in females is consistent.
C) In humans,the period around ovulation is the only time the female is receptive to sex,whereas nonhumans are different.
D) In females,all areas of the body automatically produce sexual arousal when touched.

Question 68

Which figure best approximates the percentage of Americans who say they want to lose weight?

A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 75%

Question 69

_____ is a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance-which can become skeleton-like-are unusual.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Compulsive eating
C) Bulimia
D) Binge eating

Question 70

The _____ is a stable,learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and meeting challenging goals.

A) need for achievement
B) need for survival
C) need for affiliation
D) need for power

Question 71

Meghan is bulimic.Which of the following statements is most likely to be accurate?

A) Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
B) Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be underweight.
C) Meghan is neither more nor less likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
D) Meghan is probably seriously underweight.

Question 72

The male and female sex organs are known as _____.

A) genitals
B) androgens
C) progesterone
D) estrogen

Question 73

Which of the following is TRUE of anorexia nervosa?

A) People suffering from this eating disorder binge on large quantities of food.
B) This mainly afflicts females between the ages of 12 and 40.
C) The weight of the person suffering from this disorder remains normal.
D) People suffering from this eating disorder induce vomiting or take laxatives to rid themselves of the food.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of anorexia nervosa?

A) Eating a large amount of food in a single setting
B) An interest in cooking for others
C) Serious dieting which somehow gets out of control
D) Going shopping for food frequently

Question 75

The testes produce _____,and the ovaries produce _____.

A) progesterone;androgen
B) estrogen;progesterone
C) progesterone;estrogen
D) androgen;estrogen

Question 76

When women reach maturity at puberty,the two ovaries begin to produce _____ and progesterone,the female sex hormones.

A) androgen
B) estrogen
C) genitals
D) ovaries

Question 77

Each semester,during advising week,Dylan asks his faculty advisor to identify the easiest courses and teachers that would satisfy his degree requirements.Dylan's need for achievement is probably:

A) high.
B) moderately high.
C) medium.
D) low.

Question 78

Men are capable of sexual activities without any regard to biological cycles because:

A) they are able to develop an erection even during the refractory period of sexual responsiveness.
B) all areas of their body automatically produce sexual arousal when touched.
C) they have the ability to cycle back to the orgasm phase and experience repeated orgasms.
D) the level of androgen production by the testes is fairly constant.

Question 79

How often should you exercise?

A) At least 30 consecutive minutes three times each week
B) At least seven hours a week
C) At least 100 minutes every other day
D) At least two hours every day

Question 80

Approximately _____ of those who suffer from anorexia nervosa literally starve themselves to death.

A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 15%