Deck 4: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Anya pulled all-nighters both last night and the night before.Tonight,finally,she anticipates going to bed at her usual time.Which of the following alternatives most accurately describes and identifies what Anya is likely to experience?

A) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the REM stage.This phenomenon is called restoration.
B) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the REM stage.This phenomenon is called rebound.
C) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the NREM stages.This phenomenon is called restoration.
D) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the NREM stages.This phenomenon is called rebound.

Answer 1

Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the REM stage.This phenomenon is called rebound.

Question 2

Of the NREM sleep stages,stage _____ is the longest for people in their early 20s.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 3
D) 1

Answer 2

2

Question 3

In general terms,how do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep?

A) Their amplitude decreases.
B) Their frequency increases.
C) The brain waves become slower.
D) The brain waves become faster.

Answer 3

The brain waves become slower.

Question 4

_____ is characterized by a slower,more regular wave pattern than the previous stage,along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles."

A) REM
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 3 sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

Question 5

Adults spend about _____% of their sleep in stage 2,and approximately _____% is spent in REM sleep.

A) 25;20
B) 25;50
C) 50;20
D) 50;35

Question 6

_____ is the deepest stage of sleep,during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.

A) Stage 1 sleep
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 3 sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

Question 7

The onset of REM sleep _____ the release of neurotransmitters called _____.

A) increases;endorphins
B) decreases;endorphins
C) starts;monoamines
D) stops;monoamines

Question 8

REM sleep is paradoxical because:

A) the brain is active,but the major skeletal muscles appear to be paralyzed.
B) the skeletal muscles remain active,but the brain is inactive.
C) the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.
D) both the brain and the body are inactive.

Question 9

Most people today sleep between _____ hours each night.

A) 2-3
B) 10-11
C) 4-5
D) 7-8

Question 10

Which of the following early psychologists viewed the study of consciousness as central to psychology?

A) Skinner
B) Watson
C) James
D) Freud

Question 11

Which of the following is true of sleeping patterns of men and women?

A) Women typically fall asleep more quickly than men.
B) Women have fewer concerns about the amount of sleep they get than men.
C) Men sleep for longer periods and more deeply than women.
D) Men get up fewer times in the night than women.

Question 12

During _____,images sometimes appear,as if we were viewing still photos.

A) stage 1 sleep
B) stage 2 sleep
C) stage 3 sleep
D) stage 4 sleep

Question 13

How long is a typical sleep cycle,in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?

A) 1 hour
B) 90 minutes
C) 120 minutes
D) 5 hours

Question 14

Momentary interruptions of spiky waves called sleep spindles are characteristic of _____ sleep.

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 2
D) stage 4

Question 15

Which of the following is true of people who participate in sleep deprivation experiments?

A) Most people suffer permanent consequences of temporary sleep deprivation experiment.
B) They are more alert than people who do not take part in such experiments.
C) Their creativity levels remain unchanged.
D) They show a decline in logical reasoning ability.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is TRUE of dreams occurring in REM sleep and NREM sleep?

A) Dreams occur only in REM sleep.
B) Dreams are equally likely to occur in REM and NREM sleep.
C) Dreams occur in NREM sleep,but less frequently than in REM sleep;NREM dreams are also less vivid than dreams in REM sleep.
D) Dreams occur in NREM sleep,but less frequently than in REM sleep;however,NREM dreams are more vivid than dreams in REM sleep.

Question 17

_____ is the awareness of the sensations,thoughts,and feelings we experience at a given moment.

A) Perception
B) Intelligence
C) Speculation
D) Consciousness

Question 18

Which of the following statements is TRUE of REM sleep and dreaming?

A) It is the only sleep stage in which dreaming occurs.
B) The major muscles of the body appear to be paralyzed during REM sleep.
C) It is in this stage that dreams are least vivid.
D) Dreams that occur in this stage can rarely be remembered.

Question 19

_____ is the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep,characterized by relatively rapid,low-amplitude brain waves.

A) Stage 1 sleep
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 3 sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

Question 20

All of the following statements regarding REM sleep are true EXCEPT:

A) heart rate increases and becomes irregular during REM sleep.
B) breathing rate increases during REM sleep.
C) vivid dreams occur during REM sleep.
D) the activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep.

Question 21

The manifest content of a dream:

A) consists of symbols.
B) is the dream you remember having.
C) is the underlying meaning of a dream.
D) is hidden by more obvious subjects.

Question 22

Which sleep disturbance is correctly matched with its description?

A) Sleep apnea-difficulty breathing during sleep
B) Narcolepsy-sudden awakenings accompanied by extreme fear,panic,and strong physiological arousal
C) Night terrors-sudden sleep during waking consciousness
D) Insomnia-temporary paralysis of the body before or after sleep

Question 23

Based on your reading of the text,_____ may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

A) sleep apnea
B) narcolepsy
C) bruxism
D) insomnia

Question 24

In the _____,dreams represent concerns about our daily lives,illustrating our uncertainties,indecisions,ideas,and desires.

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
C) dreams-for-survival theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

Question 25

Dr.Gremillion argues that dreams function to focus on and consolidate memories.They represent concerns about our daily lives,illustrating our uncertainties,indecisions,ideas,and desires.Dr.Gremillion subscribes to the _____ theory of the function of dreams.

A) wish-fulfillment
B) dreams-for-survival
C) activation-synthesis
D) symbolic-meaning

Question 26

Esther dreams that she is flying in an airplane.Esther's psychoanalyst suggests that such a dream represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse.Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Flying is a symbol.
B) Flying is the latent content.
C) Flying is the manifest content.
D) Flying is the true subject of the dream.

Question 27

Which of the following psychologists is correctly matched with a theory of the function of dreams?

A) Freud-unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) Hobson-dreams-for-survival theory
C) Hobson-expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
D) Freud-activation-synthesis theory

Question 28

_____ are unusually frightening dreams that occur fairly often.

A) Lucid dreams
B) Nightmares
C) Precognitive dreams
D) Breakdown dreams

Question 29

According to Freud,the _____ content of dreams is the disguised meanings of dreams,hidden by more obvious subjects.

A) evident
B) manifest
C) latent
D) apparent

Question 30

Which figure best approximates the proportion of people afflicted by insomnia?

A) 1/5
B) 1/4
C) 1/3
D) 1/2

Question 31

According to activation information modulation (AIM)theory,dreams are initiated in the brain's:

A) pons.
B) medulla.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdale.

Question 32

_____ is a condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping.

A) Bruxism
B) Narcolepsy
C) Night terror
D) Sleep apnea

Question 33

_____ is/are sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep that is accompanied by extreme fear,panic,and strong physiological arousal.

A) Bruxism
B) Narcolepsy
C) Night terrors
D) Sleep apnea

Question 34

Which of the following alternatives best expresses the relationship between the activation information modulation (AIM)and activation-synthesis theories of dreaming?

A) Activation information modulation (AIM)theory is a competitor to activation-synthesis theory.
B) Activation-synthesis theory is part of the activation information modulation (AIM)theory.
C) Activation-synthesis theory has been refined by the activation information modulation (AIM)theory.
D) Activation information modulation (AIM)theory was replaced by activation-synthesis theory.

Question 35

Four-year-old DeMarcus falls asleep shortly after his 8:30 p.m.bedtime.At about 9:45 p.m.,he suddenly sits up in bed,breathing rapidly,and appearing to be in a state of sheer panic.DeMarcus is experiencing:

A) bruxism.
B) a narcoleptic attack.
C) night terrors.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 36

According to Freud,the _____ content of dreams refers to the apparent story line of dreams.

A) dormant
B) manifest
C) latent
D) vestigial

Question 37

According to the _____,dreams permit us to reconsider and reprocess during sleep information that is critical for our daily survival.

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
C) dreams-for-survival theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

Question 38

Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious desires that dreamers want to see fulfilled is known as _____.

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
C) dreams-for-survival theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

Question 39

The _____ focuses on the random electrical energy that the brain produces during REM sleep,possibly as a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters.

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
C) dreams-for-survival theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

Question 40

Night terrors occur during _____ sleep.

A) stage 4
B) REM
C) stage 2
D) stage 1

Question 41

Which of the following is the first step in the hypnosis process?

A) The hypnotist explains what is going to happen.
B) The hypnotist tells the person to concentrate on a specific object or image.
C) A person is made comfortable in a quiet environment.
D) The subject is brought to a highly relaxed state,when the hypnotist may make suggestions that the person interprets as being produced by hypnosis.

Question 42

Which of the following is TRUE of daydreams?

A) They are under one's control to a greater extent than dreams that occur during sleep.
B) They are less tied to the immediate environment than dreams that occur during sleep.
C) They primarily include sexual content.
D) The brain is inactive during daydreaming.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a recommended solution if one has trouble sleeping?

A) Drinking warm milk
B) Taking sleeping pills
C) Exercising during the day
D) Avoiding caffeine

Question 44

_____ refers to uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake.

A) Bruxism
B) Narcolepsy
C) Night terror
D) Sleep apnea

Question 45

To which of the following traits does an individual's susceptibility to hypnosis seem related?

A) The tendency to defer to others' wishes
B) The tendency to seek out new experiences
C) The tendency to become absorbed in one's activities
D) The tendency toward low self-confidence

Question 46

Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are termed as:

A) biorhythms.
B) diurnal rhythms.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) primal rhythms.

Question 47

Which of the following statements reflects a difference between waking consciousness and hypnosis?

A) The brain's electrical activity differs between waking and hypnotic states of consciousness.
B) Many physiological differences distinguish the hypnotic state from waking consciousness.
C) Memory of childhood events is much more accurate under hypnosis than in the waking state.
D) There is an increased ability to construct images under hypnosis than in the waking state.

Question 48

According to famed hypnosis researcher _____.

A) Hilgard,hypnosis causes a division of consciousness
B) Hilgard,hypnosis is really no different than waking consciousness
C) Hobson,hypnosis causes a division of consciousness
D) Hobson,hypnosis is really no different than waking consciousness

Question 49

Which of the following notions regarding hypnosis is FALSE?

A) People do not engage in self-destructive acts when hypnotized.
B) People are capable of lying when hypnotized.
C) People cannot be induced to perform antisocial behaviors when hypnotized.
D) People lose all will of their own.

Question 50

Irv can't sleep,so he makes himself a cup of warm milk.Will this work?

A) No.He should instead buy some sleeping pills from the drug store.
B) No.It is just a myth that milk induces sleep.
C) Yes.Milk contains tryptophan,which promotes sleep.
D) Yes,but it will disrupt his sleep cycle.

Question 51

Sleepwalking and sleep talking both occur during _____ of sleep.

A) stage 4
B) stage 3
C) stage 2
D) stage 1

Question 52

Hypnosis can help you:

A) relive experiences you had as a very small child.
B) improve athletic performance.
C) recall memories you've long forgotten.
D) stop drug and alcohol abuse.

Question 53

The brain's _____ nucleus regulates the body's circadian rhythms.

A) suprachiasmatic
B) intralaminar
C) ventromedial
D) lateral geniculate

Question 54

According to hypnosis researcher Ernest Hilgard,hypnosis brings about a dissociation of consciousness into two simultaneous components.This is known as _____.

A) divided consciousness
B) complementary consciousness
C) simultaneous consciousness
D) binary consciousness

Question 55

Approximately what percentage of the population cannot be hypnotized at all?

A) 5%-20%
B) 70%-90%
C) 30%-40%
D) 50%-80%

Question 56

Empirical research reveals that on average,people spend about _____ of their time daydreaming.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 50%

Question 57

Which of the following solutions will help overcome insomnia?

A) Trying to sleep even when one is not tired
B) Taking sleeping pills
C) Exercising during the day
D) Drinking caffeine after lunch

Question 58

_____ is a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others.

A) Animal magnetism
B) Spiritualism
C) Hypnosis
D) Paralysis

Question 59

Which of the following notions regarding hypnosis is TRUE?

A) People may be induced to engage in self-destructive acts when hypnotized.
B) People cannot be hypnotized against their will.
C) People may be induced to perform antisocial behaviors when hypnotized.
D) People always tell the truth when they are hypnotized.

Question 60

Approximately what percentage of the population can be very easily hypnotized?

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 30%
D) 50%

Question 61

Based on your reading of the text,the D.A.R.E.program is used in approximately _____ of the school districts in the United States.

A) 80%
B) 60%
C) 50%
D) 40%

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a psychoactive drug?

A) Caffeine
B) Nicotine
C) Antibiotics
D) Amphetamines

Question 63

_____ drugs are drugs that influence a person's emotions,perceptions,and behavior.

A) Psychoactive
B) Antiarrhythmic agent
C) Interferon
D) Antianginal

Question 64

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding potential cross-cultural variation in the attempt to alter consciousness?

A) The attempt to alter consciousness appears in some cultures but not in others;among those cultures in which it appears,though,the means to alter consciousness are much the same.
B) The attempt to alter consciousness appears to be universal,but the particular means to do so vary from culture to culture.
C) The attempt to alter consciousness appears to be universal,as are the particular means to do so.
D) The attempt to alter consciousness appears in some cultures but not in others;among those cultures in which it appears,the means to alter consciousness vary dramatically.

Question 65

In which of the following applications has hypnosis proven to be least successful?

A) Stopping alcohol and drug abuse
B) Treating psychological disorders
C) Improving athletic performance
D) Relieving pain

Question 66

_____ is a learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.

A) Mysticism
B) Hypnosis
C) Mesmerism
D) Meditation

Question 67

When traditional practitioners of the ancient Eastern religion of Zen Buddhism want to achieve greater spiritual insight,they turn to a technique that has been used for centuries to alter their state of consciousness.This technique is called _____.

A) meditation
B) hypnosis
C) mysticism
D) mesmerism

Question 68

Which of the following is TRUE about alcohol consumption in the general population since the 1970s?

A) It has increased by about 10%.
B) It has increased by nearly 33.33%.
C) It has decreased by about 25%.
D) It has stayed fairly steady.

Question 69

If you have ever had a cup of coffee or sipped a beer,you have taken a _____ drug.

A) psychoactive
B) Antiarrhythmic agent
C) Interferon
D) Antianginal

Question 70

Assessment of the D.A.R.E. program has revealed that:

A) the program is highly successful in reducing drug use over the longer term.
B) the program is not popular with school officials, parents, and politicians.
C) D.A.R.E. graduates were more likely to use marijuana than was a comparison group of nongraduates.
D) D.A.R.E. is the only drug reduction program whose effectiveness has not been questioned.

Question 71

_____ drugs are drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that,in some cases,may be nearly irresistible.

A) Antibiotic
B) Interferon
C) Addictive
D) Therapeutic

Question 72

Which of the following is TRUE about drugs?

A) Psychoactive drugs are not common in most of our lives.
B) In psychological dependence,the body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of a drug that it cannot function without it.
C) In physiological dependence,people believe that they need the drug to respond to the stresses of daily living.
D) Addictive drugs produce a physiological or psychological dependence (or both)in the user.

Question 73

Which of the following figures most closely approximates the percentage of high school seniors who have tried an illegal drug during the past year?

A) 15%
B) 23%
C) 41%
D) 67%

Question 74

According to a survey of 14,000 high school seniors across the United States,which of the following substances have high school seniors LEAST indulged in?

A) Marijuana
B) Alcohol
C) Cigarettes
D) Steroids

Question 75

How often and for how long should meditation be practiced to realize its benefits?

A) Twice weekly,for 20 minutes at a time
B) Twice daily,for 20 minutes at a time
C) Daily,for several hours at a stretch
D) Once a month for two hours

Question 76

Since the 1970s,the number of young adolescents who begin drinking alcohol by the time they are in the 8^th grade has:

A) increased by about 10%.
B) increased by nearly 33.33%.
C) decreased by about 25%.
D) remained fairly constant.

Question 77

In _____ dependence,people believe that they need the drug to respond to the stresses of daily living.

A) behavioral
B) pathological
C) psychological
D) physiological

Question 78

Which of the following is true of altered state of consciousness?

A) People start thinking logically.
B) People feel a sense of ineffability.
C) People gain self-control.
D) People's sense of time becomes more distinct.

Question 79

According to a survey of 14,000 high school seniors across the United States,which of the following substances have high school seniors used the most?

A) Marijuana
B) Alcohol
C) Cigarettes
D) Steroids

Question 80

Which of the following statements best encapsulates the text's argument with respect to potential cultural influences on the experience of consciousness?

A) Consciousness shows some basic similarities across cultures.
B) The fundamental experience of consciousness varies across cultures.
C) There are no cross-cultural differences in the experience of consciousness.
D) There are dramatic differences between cultures in the experience of consciousness.