Deck 9: The Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Mass activation is a property of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The sympathetic chain ganglia is found laterally on both sides of the spinal cord.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The autonomic nervous system

A)innervates skeletal muscle.
B)is not usually under conscious control.
C)is always excitatory.
D)has a single nerve extending from the spinal cord.

Question 5

Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate

A)smooth muscle.
B)skeletal muscle.
C)cardiac muscle.
D)glands.

Question 6

Damage to the grey rami communicantes would inhibit the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 7

Autonomic motor pathways utilize two neurons while somatic motor pathways utilize one neuron

Question 8

Somatic motor neurons have a direct connection between the CNS and their effector organs while ______________ motor neurons must synapse on with a peripheral neuron before reaching their effectors.

A)skeletal
B)sensory
C)autonomic
D)Both skeletal and autonomic are correct.

Question 9

Important visceral sensory information like blood pressure, plasma pH, and oxygen concentration are carried to the brain through cranial nerves XI and XII.

Question 10

Damage to the autonomic motor nerves would probably result in

A)no change in muscle tone.
B)muscle atrophy.
C)flaccid paralysis.
D)increased skeletal muscle contraction.

Question 11

Organs innervated by autonomic motor neurons are often under voluntary control.

Question 12

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system has limited range because only a few postganglionic neurons are stimulated.

Question 13

The ___________________________ are branches made from the myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that go from the spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglia chain.

A)dorsal rami
B)ventral rami
C)white rami communicantes
D)gray rami communicantes

Question 14

Somatic motor reflexes involve

A)the autonomic nervous system.
B)contraction of smooth muscle.
C)contraction of skeletal muscle.
D)the autonomic ganglia.

Question 15

The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system.

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
C)somatic
D)sensory

Question 16

____________ fibers have relatively slower nerve conduction because they are thin and unmyelinated.

A)Preganglionic autonomic sympathetic
B)Postganglionic autonomic sympathetic
C)Preganglionic somatic
D)Postganglionic somatic

Question 17

Many autonomic visceral effector organs can function without nervous innervation.

Question 18

Autonomic motor neurons leaving the spinal cord synapse once prior to synapsing on the target organ.

Question 19

Damage to an autonomic nerve makes the effector more sensitive to stimulation.

Question 20

Ablation of the celiac ganglia would inhibit sympathetic regulation of the adrenal glands.

Question 21

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are relatively long.

Question 22

Sympathetic stimulation of an organ ALWAYS opposes the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.

Question 23

The vagus nerve gives rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers involved in regulating most thoracic and abdominal organs.

Question 24

The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes epinephrine when stimulated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

Question 25

Salivary secretions are decreased and become thicker in response to sympathetic stimulation.

Question 26

Four of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves give rise to parasympathetic preganglionic nerves.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a splanchnic nerve?

A)superior mesenteric
B)hepatic
C)celiac
D)inferior mesenteric

Question 28

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A)has long postganglionic neurons.
B)has a single neuron arising from the spinal cord.
C)has relatively short preganglionic neurons.
D)has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors

Question 29

_____________ ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

A)Paravertebral
B)Terminal
C)Collateral
D)Basal

Question 30

Damage to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord would cause heart rate to be chronically increased compared to normal.

Question 31

The parasympathetic response to stimulation results in mass activation.

Question 32

Damage to the terminal ganglia would have the greatest effect on

A)somatic motor nerves.
B)sympathetic motor nerves.
C)parasympathetic motor nerves.
D)somatic reflex function.

Question 33

Neural crest cells form

A)the adrenal medulla.
B)spinal nerves.
C)the hypothalamus.
D)both the adrenal medulla and spinal nerves.

Question 34

Damage to the _____________ nerve would inhibit salivary production.

A)abducens
B)vagus
C)hypoglossal
D)facial

Question 35

Damage to the paravertebral ganglia would limit the body's ability to respond to stress.

Question 36

Over-stimulation of the iris by parasympathetic nerves stimulates pupillary constriction.

Question 37

The vagus nerve would innervate all of the following except

A)the heart.
B)the stomach.
C)the liver.
D)the iris.

Question 38

Heart rate is increased in response to sympathetic stimulation.

Question 39

The splanchnic nerves synapse in the

A)paravertebral ganglia.
B)collateral ganglia.
C)white rami communicantes.
D)gray rami communicantes.

Question 40

Damage to the midbrain would probably have a greater effect on the _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system.

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
C)somatic
D)sensory

Question 41

Postganglionic ____________ nerves release acetylcholine.

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
C)somatic
D)sensory

Question 42

Which division is dominant in an emergency situation?

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic

Question 43

Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons generally release different neurotransmitters to their smooth muscle effector cells which is why these neurons often have antagonistic effects.

Question 44

Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine.

Question 45

The division of the autonomic nervous system originating only from spinal nerves

A)is involved in mediating every day responses.
B)has adrenergic receptors on the postganglionic cell body.
C)releases acetylcholine from the postganglionic neuron.
D)mediates the body's response to stress.

Question 46

Fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers.

Question 47

The swellings on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitter are called

A)synaptic bulbs.
B)axon terminals.
C)varicosities.
D)neuromuscular junctions.

Question 48

Cocaine is a(an) ___________________ drug, meaning that it promotes sympathetic nerve effects.

A)cholinergic
B)adrenergic
C)sympathomimetic
D)parasympathomimetic

Question 49

Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation?

A)the adrenal medulla
B)arrector pili muscles in the skin
C)most blood vessels
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 50

Parasympathetic stimulation increases the rate of passage of material in the small intestine.

Question 51

"Synapses en passant" refers to the fact that postganglionic autonomic neurons release neurotransmitter

A)from the axon terminal.
B)only when receptors pass over the axon.
C)along the length of the axon.
D)from the soma.

Question 52

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are all molecules of the catecholamine family.

Question 53

Compared to norepinephrine, epinephrine has one less methyl group.

Question 54

The neurotransmitter released by terminal ganglia is

A)acetylcholine.
B)dopamine.
C)epinephrine.
D)norepinephrine.

Question 55

Cocaine acts as a sympathomimetic drug because it blocks the reuptake of

A)glucose.
B)insulin.
C)acetylcholine.
D)norepinephrine.

Question 56

Which division is dominant in normal body functions such as digestion?

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic

Question 57

Bright light would stimulate regulation of pupil diameter through _____________ nerves.

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
C)somatic
D)sensory

Question 58

_____________ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves.

A)Acetylcholine
B)Epinephrine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Dopamine

Question 59

Which of the following is a catecholamine?

A)norepinephrine
B)acetylcholine
C)nitric oxide
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 60

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A)utilizes norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter.
B)has a relatively short preganglionic neuron.
C)utilizes acetylcholine as a preganglionic neurotransmitter.
D)includes the adrenal medulla.

Question 61

Intracellular Ca²⁺ is elevated if norepinephrine binds to a(n) _____________ receptor.

A)alpha-1 adrenergic
B)alpha-2 adrenergic
C)beta-1 adrenergic
D)beta-2 adrenergic

Question 62

Atropine would

A)block the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
B)block constriction of the pupil.
C)stimulate skeletal muscle contraction.
D)facilitate near vision.

Question 63

The _____________ has both a₁ and b₁ receptors and responds to sympathoadrenal stimulation with glycogenolysis and secretion of glucose.

A)liver
B)pancreas
C)adrenal cortex
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 64

The second messenger mediating the effects of norepinephrine on the heart would be

A)increased intracellular Ca²⁺.
B)decreased Ca²⁺.
C)increased cyclic AMP.
D)decreased intracellular cyclic AMP.

Question 65

Blocking b₂-adrenergic receptors prevents airway

A)constriction.
B)dilation.

Question 66

Nicotinic agonists would bind cholinergic receptors on preganglionic autonomic neurons.

Question 67

Alpha-adrenergic receptors on presynaptic axon terminals, when stimulated, cause

A)increased release of norepinephrine.
B)decreased release of epinephrine.
C)increased release of epinephrine.
D)decreased release of norepinephrine.

Question 68

Phenylephrine functions as a _______ because it promotes vasodilation in nasal mucosa.

A)a₁ agonist.
B)a₁ antagonist.
C)b₁ agonist.
D)b₁ antagonist.

Question 69

Epinephrine is a

A)sympathetic neurotransmitter.
B)parasympathetic neurotransmitter.
C)sympathomimetic hormone.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 70

M₂ receptors in the heart

A)decrease heart rate.
B)increase heart rate.
C)cause increased cytosolic Ca²⁺ in heart cells.
D)cause increased spontaneous depolarization in the heart.

Question 71

___________ selectively stimulates a₂ receptors in brain neurons thereby suppressing sympathoadrenal activation and lowering blood pressure.

A)Clonidine
B)Atropine
C)Acetylcholine
D)Bradykinin

Question 72

Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors are mediated by

A)cAMP.
B)Ca²⁺.
C)K⁺.
D)Na⁺.

Question 73

Blood flow to skeletal muscle would be _____________ in response to muscarinic antagonists.

A)increased
B)decreased
C)not changed

Question 74

The collateral ganglia contain

A)a-adrenergic receptors.
B)b-adrenergic receptors.
C)muscarinic receptors.
D)nicotinic receptors.

Question 75

_____________ is a muscarinic antagonist derived from the nightshade plant.

A)Clonidine
B)Nicotine
C)Atropine
D)Bradykinin

Question 76

Goose bumps would occur in response to

A)an adrenergic antagonist.
B)an adrenergic agonist.
C)a cholinergic antagonist.
D)a cholinergic agonist.

Question 77

Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called adrenergic fibers.

Question 78

Adrenergic receptors are found on the surface of postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Question 79

All adrenergic receptors act via

A)ligand-gated channels.
B)sodium-potassium pump.
C)H-proteins.
D)G-proteins.

Question 80

Beta-adrenergic receptors stimulate the production of cAMP.