Deck 10: Extension C: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Sudden death can occur

A)due to a parasympathetic rebound in reasonably healthy people.
B)due to the sympathetic effect in older persons or those with heart problems.
C)when the blood pressure is lowered too much.
D)in all of these situations.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sudden death following a period of intense fear may occur when _____ slows the heart to a stop.

A)a sympathetic overload
B)a parasympathetic rebound
C)adrenaline poisoning
D)opponent-process feedback

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Feeling dizzy or fainting at the sight of a traumatic injury occurs as a result of

A)sympathetic underreaction that lowers blood pressure too much.
B)sympathetic underreaction that raises blood pressure too much.
C)parasympathetic overreaction that raises blood pressure too much.
D)parasympathetic overreaction that lowers blood pressure too much.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the parasympathetic to the sympathetic nervous system?

A)The parasympathetic system enhances the sympathetic response.
B)The parasympathetic system acts independently of the sympathetic system.
C)The parasympathetic system reverses the responses stimulated by the sympathetic system.
D)The parasympathetic system completely inhibits the sympathetic system.

Question 5

During her morning walk, Vicki has encountered a strange dog and fear has enveloped her.Just then the dog's owner appears, pets his dog, and introduces himself and his dog to Vicki.The dog begins to wag its tail, and Vicki even pets the dog as she breathes a sigh of relief.As she begins the rest of her walk, Vicki's heart rate begins to slow down and her formerly sweaty palms are now dry.Her calmer demeanor is due to the _____ nervous system.

A)somatic
B)central
C)sympathetic
D)parasympathetic

Question 6

The polygraph was invented in 1915 by psychologist _____, who also created the comic book character Wonderwoman.

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Joseph Wolpe
C)William Marston
D)Walter Cannon

Question 7

The polygraph or "lie detector" primarily measures which component of emotion?

A)attribution
B)emotional expression
C)physiological arousal
D)vocal modulation

Question 8

Regarding the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Its effects include muscular relaxation and decreased heart rate.
B)It is slower to respond than the sympathetic branch.
C)It acts to reverse emotional arousal after emergency situations.
D)All of these are characteristics of the parasympathetic branch.

Question 9

Intense fear may cause _____, resulting in sudden death.

A)sympathetic rebound
B)parasympathetic rebound
C)release of sugar into the blood stream
D)restricted adrenaline secretion

Question 10

Lie detectors, or polygraphs, measure all but one of the following.Which do they NOT measure?

A)GSR
B)blood pressure
C)breathing rate
D)EEG

Question 11

As discussed in the text, sudden deaths are probably the result of

A)an overreaction of the parasympathetic nervous system.
B)failure of the sympathetic nervous system to respond.
C)forces beyond the comprehension of scientists.
D)an overreaction of the somatic nervous system.

Question 12

The _____ is a device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response and is commonly called a "lie detector."

A)biofeedback method
B)polygraph
C)infrared face scan
D)fMRI

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the signs of emotional arousal recorded by a polygraph?

A)heart rate
B)blood pressure
C)pupil dilation
D)breathing rate

Question 14

The use of lie detectors to screen job applicants and check the honesty of employees is questionable because

A)it is a serious invasion of privacy.
B)it cannot discriminate between different emotions, such as lying and anxiety.
C)its accuracy is doubtful.
D)all of these occur.

Question 15

Lie detectors measure

A)general emotional arousal.
B)a physically unique "lie response."
C)feelings such as guilt and anger.
D)muscular responses.

Question 16

Regarding lies and the polygraph, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)As many as 25 percent of all wrongful convictions include false confessions as evidence.
B)Although the polygraph is popularly known as a lie detector because the police use it for that purpose, in reality, the polygraph is not a lie detector.
C)The polygraph was invented in 1950 by Joseph Wolpe, who also created the comic book character Batman.
D)The word polygraph means "many writings."

Question 17

In times of war, combat can be so savage that some soldiers literally die of fear caused by

A)a parasympathetic rebound.
B)a sympathetic overload.
C)adrenaline poisoning.
D)opponent-process feedback.

Question 18

Regarding deaths due to the action of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In 1994, five times more people than usual died of heart attacks the day of the major earthquake in Los Angeles.
B)In times of war, combat can be so savage that some soldiers literally die of fear.
C)There have been no cases of deaths due to parasympathetic rebound in everyday life, outside situations involving catastrophes and war.
D)More heart patients in Asia die on the fourth day of the month due to the patients' fear of the number four, which is considered unlucky.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the parasympathetic division of the nervous system being activated?

A)digestion increases
B)blood flow increases
C)pupils dilate
D)heart beat slows

Question 20

Vicki is taking her morning walk when a strange dog appears in her path and begins to growl at her.Vicki's heart begins to race, the hair on her arms stands on end, and her palms begin to sweat as fear envelops her.These symptoms that Vicki is experiencing are due to the reactions of her _____ nervous system.

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
C)somatic
D)central

Question 21

When a polygraph operator asks a subject, "Have you ever lied to your parents?", he or she is using

A)control questions.
B)irrelevant questions.
C)non-critical questions.
D)minor deception questions.

Question 22

Regarding lie detector tests, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)They are 99 percent accurate, regardless of the examiner.
B)It is basically impossible to cheat on a lie detector test.
C)They really do not detect lies.
D)The test's most common error is to label a guilty person innocent.

Question 23

When using a polygraph, the galvanic skin response is recorded from the _____ and measures _____.

A)forehead; tension
B)hand; sweating
C)trunk of the body; temperature
D)forearm; tension and temperature

Question 24

_____ skin response is a change in the electrical resistance of the skin, due to sweating.

A)Kinesic
B)Somatic
C)Galvanic
D)Intracellular

Question 25

When trying to detect a lie, the polygraph operator begins by asking _____ questions, such as, "Is your name (person's name)?" or "Did you eat lunch today?"

A)control
B)critical
C)relevant
D)irrelevant

Question 26

A skilled polygraph examiner asked a series of questions with critical items mixed among them.During this procedure, an innocent person

A)may respond emotionally to the whole procedure, while only a guilty person is supposed to respond more to relevant questions.
B)is supposed to respond emotionally to the relevant questions, while the guilty person will respond more to the whole procedure.
C)will not respond emotionally to any of the questions, while the guilty person is supposed to emotionally respond to all of the questions.
D)will respond to control questions but not irrelevant questions, while the guilty person responds to irrelevant questions but not control ones.

Question 27

Regarding the polygraph, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)The majority of studies show it to be at least 98 percent accurate, regardless of the examiner.
B)The polygraph cannot tell the difference between lying, fear, and anxiety.
C)The polygraph is much more likely to label a guilty person guilty than an innocent person guilty.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 28

A polygraph operator will ask questions, such as "Have you ever lied to your boss?" not to establish guilt, but to determine how the person typically reacts to doubt or misgivings.These types of questions are known as

A)control questions.
B)irrelevant questions.
C)non-critical questions.
D)minor deception questions.

Question 29

Neutral, non-emotional questions, such as "Do you work at (place of employment)?" are called _____ questions.

A)control
B)critical
C)irrelevant
D)relevant

Question 30

The National Academy of Sciences recently concluded that polygraph tests

A)are 98 percent accurate, regardless of the examiner.
B)are more likely to label the guilty innocent than the reverse.
C)should be used to screen employees and to aid law enforcement.
D)should not be used to screen employees.

Question 31

The question, "Is your address (person's address)?" asked during the administration of a lie detector test, is a(n) _____ question.

A)control
B)critical
C)relevant
D)irrelevant

Question 32

The question, "Did you rob the liquor store?" asked during the administration of a lie detector test, is a(n) _____ question.

A)control
B)deceptive
C)relevant
D)irrelevant

Question 33

Regarding the polygraph, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)The polygraph may be fooled by self-inflicted pain and tranquilizing drugs.
B)Many cases have been documented in which innocent people were jailed after being convicted on the basis of polygraph evidence.
C)The polygraph is much more likely to label an innocent person guilty than a guilty person innocent.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 34

When lie detectors are used in field studies, an average of approximately _____ is rated as guilty by the lie detector.

A)1 innocent person in 5
B)1 innocent person in 20
C)1 innocent person in 50
D)1 innocent person in 100

Question 35

Regarding the polygraph, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The National Academy of Sciences recently concluded that polygraph tests should not be used to screen employees.
B)An average of one innocent person in five was rated as guilty by the lie detector.
C)Many cases have been documented in which innocent people were jailed after being convicted on the basis of polygraph evidence.
D)Polygraph readings cannot be thrown off by the person self-inflicting pain or using tranquilizing drugs during the testing.

Question 36

You are being given a polygraph test as a condition of being employed at your company.The best advice would be for you to

A)not worry since polygraphs are 99 percent accurate, regardless of the examiner.
B)think about upsetting past events to render the testing inconclusive.
C)remain calm and then actively challenge the results if the machine wrongly questions your honesty.
D)refuse to take the polygraph and immediately sue the company.

Question 37

The lie detector is an unreliable instrument because

A)its accuracy depends on the manner in which questions are asked.
B)just being questioned causes one to be nervous and emotional.
C)it can be "fooled" at times by thinking upsetting thoughts during irrelevant questions.
D)all of these occur.

Question 38

The question, "Did you murder Hensley?" asked during the administration of a lie detector test is a(n) _____ question.

A)control
B)deceptive
C)relevant
D)irrelevant

Question 39

Regarding polygraph testing, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Irrelevant questions are used to establish a "baseline" for normal emotional responses.
B)To minimize the effects of anxiety caused by the questioning process, skilled polygraph examiners ask a series of questions with critical items mixed among them.
C)Control questions are designed to make almost anyone anxious.
D)The galvanic skin response component of polygraph testing measures the rise in body temperature when a person is lying.

Question 40

_____ questions show how a person reacts to doubt or misgivings because such questions are very difficult to answer truthfully with an unqualified "no."

A)Control
B)Irrelevant
C)Non-critical
D)Minor deception

Question 41

Regarding emotional expressions, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Children born blind display basic emotional expressions in the same way as sighted people do.
B)Children born blind often learn emotional expressions from others.
C)The facial expression of sticking out one's tongue is interpreted the same way in every country.
D)Expressing anger in public is universally expected and accepted in all cultures.

Question 42

Regarding facial expressions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The facial expression of surprise is the most universal and easily recognized emotional expression.
B)Some facial expressions are shaped by learning.
C)Some facial expressions are found only in specific cultures.
D)Children who are born blind display basic expressions in the same way as sighted people do.

Question 43

Psychologist Daniel Langleben theorizes that a liar must inhibit telling the truth in order to lie; therefore, an fMRI brain image of the person's brain would show

A)extra brain areas that have been activated.
B)a decrease of brain activity in the frontal lobes.
C)more right hemisphere activity than left hemisphere activity.
D)a decrease in the activity of the limbic system.

Question 44

In a recent study that appears to verify Darwin's view of emotions, people were able to detect _____ faces faster than any other facial expression.

A)happy
B)sad
C)angry
D)neutral

Question 45

The most universally recognized facial expression is

A)pursed lips.
B)smiling.
C)sticking out your tongue.
D)raising your eyebrows.

Question 46

In the future, airport security may use _____ and _____ when questioning passengers in order to detect stress among those who may be carrying explosive devices.

A)GSR detectors; polygraphs
B)infrared face scans; fMRI brain images
C)fMRI brain images; GSR detectors
D)polygraphs; voice modulation detectors

Question 47

You are looking at a painting of a person whose eyes, eyebrows, and forehead seem to reveal anger, but the person's mouth is turned downward in a sad frown.Regarding this painting, which of the following statements is most likely TRUE?

A)The person in the painting is exhibiting a facial blend.
B)This is an impossible expression because a real person cannot display more than one emotion on his or her face.
C)The facial expression is really one of anger; and you have just misinterpreted the expression.
D)The facial expression is really one of sadness, and you have just misinterpreted the expression.

Question 48

Pleasantness-unpleasantness, attention-rejection, and activation (arousal) are the three basic dimensions of

A)body posture.
B)voice inflection.
C)facial expressions.
D)gestures.

Question 49

Masks that are meant to be frightening or threatening are strikingly similar around the world.The ability of people from different cultures to "read" the mask's emotional message suggests that basic emotional expressions

A)have universal biological roots.
B)are learned at an early age.
C)are culturally-derived.
D)are neither lasting nor innate.

Question 50

The arrangement of the face into a combination of two or more facial expressions is called a(n)

A)emotional tone.
B)facial blend.
C)differentiated expression.
D)mood.

Question 51

Charles Darwin and psychologists have stated that emotional expressions

A)were a product of evolution.
B)aid survival because they communicate our feelings to others.
C)can be observed in all species, such as angry tigers, monkeys, dogs, and humans all baring their teeth in the same way when they are angry.
D)are characterized by all of these.

Question 52

Researchers are certain that the facial expression of ____ is recognized by people of all cultures, but they are not so certain that the facial expression of ____ is universal.

A)interest; fear
B)sadness; contempt
C)contempt; anger
D)surprise; happiness

Question 53

Facial expressions can be reduced to dimensions of pleasantness-unpleasantness, attention-rejection, and

A)rage-joy.
B)excitement.
C)activation.
D)acceptance.

Question 54

Which of the following emotions are recognized around the world?

A)fear and anger
B)sadness and happiness
C)disgust
D)all of these

Question 55

Darwin and psychologist consider human emotional expressions

A)an adaptive means of communicating one's feelings to others.
B)to be learned through classical conditioning.
C)outside of the determining forces of evolution.
D)totally unique and different than the expressions exhibited by other species.

Question 56

Regarding facial blends and emotional messages, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Your face can produce some 20,000 different expressions.
B)The face is the most expressive part of the body.
C)By smiling when you give a friend a hard time adds an emotional message of acceptance to the verbal insult, which changes its meaning.
D)All of these are true statements.

Question 57

When traveling outside of one's homeland where a different language is spoken and the cultural values are much different, it is best to ____ in order to communicate happiness to members of different cultures.

A)shrug
B)smile
C)nod
D)maintain eye contact

Question 58

Which of the following results would support the conclusion that emotional expression is universal?

A)Sticking out one's tongue in China as a gesture of surprise, not teasing.
B)Children born blind show the same emotional expressions as sighted children.
C)Facial expressions of basic emotions are different from those listed by Plutchik as primary.
D)All of these would support the conclusion that emotional expressions are universal.

Question 59

Regarding the techniques that may be used in airport security to detect lies, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)When a person lies, extra brain areas have to be activated and these can be seen in fMRI brain images.
B)Infrared face scans are at least as accurate as polygraphs at detecting lying.
C)Many of the new techniques will look directly at brain activity rather than measuring indirect signs of emotional arousal.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 60

In a recent study, people were able to detect _____ faces faster than other expressions, presumably because we are especially sensitive to _____.

A)happy; positive emotions
B)sad; distress in others
C)angry and scheming; threats of possible harm
D)neutral; ambiguity

Question 61

_____ involve lifting just the corners of the mouth and do NOT involve crinkles in the outside corner of the eyes.

A)Social smiles
B)Authentic smiles
C)Duchenne smiles
D)Sweet smiles indicating happiness and enjoyment

Question 62

Duchenne smiling

A)is forced, intentional, social smiling.
B)leads to isolation and depression..
C)involves only the corners of the mouth turning upward.
D)was named for a French scientist who studied facial muscles.

Question 63

Western cultures tend to express the emotion of anger more than other cultures because Western cultures tend to emphasize

A)a respect for self and others.
B)personal independence and free expression.
C)the need for closeness with others.
D)group membership.

Question 64

In a recent study, women who had Duchenne smiles in their college yearbook photos were contacted 6, 22, and 31 years later.According to the results, the Duchenne smiles were associated with

A)depression in later life for all of the year intervals.
B)positive emotions and a greater sense of competence at all of the year intervals.
C)more socialization at the six-year interval, but more relationship problems in the later years.
D)more introversion at the six-year interval, but more socialization in the later years.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic dimensions of facial expressions?

A)pleasantness-unpleasantness
B)attention-rejection
C)relaxation-tension
D)activation (arousal)

Question 66

The emotional expression of anger is more common in

A)the United States.
B)China.
C)Japan.
D)Korea.

Question 67

An art instructor wants to teach students how to portray emotions when drawing faces.The instructor would be wise to concentrate on

A)pleasantness-unpleasantness, attention-rejection, and activation.
B)subjective feelings and physiological reactions.
C)indicators of emotion measured by the polygraph.
D)the size of the pupils and parasympathetic reactions.

Question 68

If you are interacting with a person from another culture, which of the following would NOT be good advice?

A)It is wise to remember that you may easily misunderstand this person's emotional expressions.
B)It is important to realize that the vast majority of facial expressions are universal and shown the same way around the world.
C)Knowing the social context in which an expression occurs helps clarify its meaning.
D)It is important to realize that verbal messages can be modified by the addition of a facial expression, such as a smile.

Question 69

Your boss has just announced your promotion at the weekly staff meeting.Everyone in the room appears to be smiling.However, to tell which people are genuinely happy for you and not just social smiling, you would look at

A)the corners of their mouth.
B)the corners of their eyes.
C)the color in their cheeks.
D)their arms to see if they are crossed.

Question 70

Duchenne smiles

A)are authentic smiles.
B)make crow's-feet or crinkles in the outside corners of the eyes.
C)signal genuine happiness and enjoyment.
D)are characterized by all of these.

Question 71

A _____ smile is an authentic smile that signals genuine happiness and enjoyment.

A)social
B)forced
C)kinesic
D)Duchenne

Question 72

_____ smiles are types of smiles that are given just to be polite or because of embarrassment or sometimes to deceive.

A)Social
B)Authentic
C)Duchenne
D)All of these

Question 73

Duchenne smiles

A)are authentic smiles.
B)are intentional and forced.
C)involve only a lifting of the corners of the mouth.
D)are characterized by all of these.

Question 74

Duchenne smiling

A)is associated with more positive emotions and a greater sense of competence.
B)signals that a person is helpful or nurturing.
C)leads to more supportive social relationships and, in a self-fulfilling manner, to greater happiness.
D)is characterized by all of these.

Question 75

You are watching a beauty pageant on television, and they have just announced the winner and first-runner-up.Both women are smiling, but the winner appears to have little "crow's feet" or crinkles in the outside corners of her eyes, while the first runner-up does not.The winner is displaying a _____ smile, while the runner-up is displaying a _____ smile.

A)social; forced
B)Duchenne; social
C)social; Duchenne
D)forced; social

Question 76

Compared with people in North America, people in Asian cultures are LESS likely to express which emotion?

A)anger
B)happiness
C)curiosity
D)fear

Question 77

A(n) _____ smile involves not only the mouth, but also the small muscles around the eyes.

A)forced
B)social
C)authentic
D)intentional

Question 78

Asian cultures tend to express the emotion of anger less and regard it as less "natural" because Asian cultures emphasize

A)personal independence.
B)free expression of feelings.
C)the role of individuals.
D)that anger separates people.

Question 79

Marilyn has just entered the room.Anna and Larrita both smile at Marilyn, as evidenced by the corners of their mouth.However, Larrita also makes crinkles or crow's feet in the outside corners of her eyes when she smiles.Anna's smile is a(n) _____ smile; Larrita's smile is a(n) _____ smile.

A)social; forced
B)Duchenne; social
C)authentic; Duchenne
D)forced; authentic

Question 80

Differences in emotional expression between North Americans and Asians would most likely revolve around the emotion of _____.

A)sadness
B)happiness
C)anger
D)disgust