Deck 8: Extension B: Memory

Question 1

Regarding ways to test memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Recognition memory can be amazingly accurate for pictures and photographs.
B)Recall is usually superior to recognition.
C)Witnesses who disagree when they try to recall a suspect's height, weight, age, or eye color often agree completely when they merely need to recognize the person.
D)Most errors in recalling an ordered list occur with the middle items.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Tests of memory based upon relearning use _____ to demonstrate retention of previous learning.

A)recognition scores
B)the curve of forgetting
C)redintegration scores
D)savings scores

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Instances have occurred n which witnesses described a criminal as black, tall, or young; and then the lineup was held in which a suspect was the only African American among whites, the only tall suspect, or the only young person.Having situations like this would produce

A)the serial position effect.
B)a false positive.
C)proactive interference.
D)excellent recall memory.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If distractors are very similar to the correct item on a multiple choice test,

A)recognition memory may be poor.
B)a false sense of recognition may occur.
C)the serial position effect is likely to occur.
D)redintegration is likely to occur.

Question 5

The occurrence of false positives during police lineups can be minimized by

A)having all the distractors look like the person witnesses described.
B)warning witnesses that the culprit many not be present in the lineup.
C)a sequential lineup.
D)all of these.

Question 6

Sequential lineups in which one photo at a time is shown to the witness can reduce the occurrence of

A)false positives.
B)proactive interference.
C)the serial position effect.
D)consolidation.

Question 7

If only one choice looks like it could be correct among the other dissimilar distractors,

A)recognition memory may be poor.
B)a false sense of recognition may occur.
C)the serial position effect is likely to occur.
D)redintegration is likely to occur.

Question 8

On the reading comprehension test, a student reads a sentence and then the examiner turns the page and asks the student to select which picture out of four best illustrates what s/he read.This test is using _____ to measure the student's memory for what was read.

A)recall
B)relearning
C)recognition
D)redintegration

Question 9

Cory is a new teacher and has had very little experience writing multiple choice questions.So, on a question asking for the "father of psychology," he listed Wilhelm Wundt and three women psychologists as the possible responses.This type of question would most likely produce

A)the serial position effect.
B)a false positive.
C)proactive interference.
D)excellent recall memory.

Question 10

_____ occurs when you correctly identify previously learned information, while _____ involves learning something again that was previously learned.

A)Recall; relearning
B)Recognition; relearning
C)Relearning; recognition
D)Recognition; recall

Question 11

The false items that are included with the correct answer to be recognized are known as

A)trick responses.
B)false icons.
C)mnemonics.
D)distractors.

Question 12

The occurrence of _____ can be reduced when conducting a police lineup by having all the distractors look like the person witnesses described and by also warning witnesses that the culprit may not be present.

A)false positives
B)proactive interference
C)the serial position effect
D)consolidation

Question 13

In a classic experiment, a psychologist read a short passage in Greek to his son every day when the boy was between 15 months and 3 years of age.At age 8, he was asked to recall the passage, to recognize the passage, and later to memorize the original quotations and others of equal difficulty.Which of the following was the most sensitive measure of memory in this study?

A)recall
B)recognition
C)relearning
D)none of these

Question 14

Recognition is

A)always superior to recall.
B)superior to recall when the distractors used are dissimilar to the correct item.
C)superior to recall when the distractors used are similar to the correct item.
D)always inferior to recall.

Question 15

If you witnessed a crime and were asked to pick out the criminal from a lineup of six people, the other five people are called

A)savings.
B)distractors.
C)primers.
D)false positives.

Question 16

In relearning, the amount remembered is measured by the

A)number of items recalled.
B)savings score.
C)confidence level of the subject.
D)time it takes to recall all items.

Question 17

In a classic study on memory, the researcher showed people 2,560 photographs at a rate of one every ten seconds.Each person was then shown 280 pairs of photographs.Each pair included an "old" picture (from the first set of photos) and a similar "new" image.The subjects could tell _____ percent of the time which photgraph they had seen before.

A)only 5
B)15 to 25
C)45 to 55
D)85 to 95

Question 18

If distractors are very similar to the correct item on a multiple choice test, _____ tend(s) to occur, while if the distractors are very dissimilar, _____ tend(s) to occur.

A)poor recognition memory; false positives
B)false positives; poor recognition memory
C)the serial position effect; redintegration
D)redintegration; the serial position effect

Question 19

In a classic experiment, a psychologist read a short passage in Greek to his son every day when the boy was between 15 months and 3 years of age.At age 8, he was asked to recall the passage, to recognize the passage, and later to memorize the original quotations and others of equal difficulty.The results of the experiment showed that

A)the boy exhibited no recall of the passage.
B)the boy lacked recognition of the passage when presented with the original passage and other Greek passages.
C)the boy memorized the original passage 25 percent faster than other Greek passages, showing evidence of relearning.
D)all of these were occurred.

Question 20

A subject learns a list of words.The next day, she is given a long list of words and asked to underline the ones she learned the day before.This type of task illustrates

A)serial recall.
B)recognition.
C)paired-associate learning.
D)free recall.

Question 21

Activating implicit memories by providing partial information that has been previously linked with them is known as

A)priming.
B)chunking.
C)constructive processing.
D)eidetic imagery.

Question 22

The savings that occur during _____ are a good reason for studying a wide range of subjects in high school and in college.

A)recognition
B)relearning
C)recall
D)redintegration

Question 23

Marisa reads a short vignette about a deer wandering through a forest in her English class.Later that day, she was working the puzzle in the newspaper in which she was to unscramble the letters TARIL to form a word.The first answer that pops into her head was the word trail.Marisa's experience illustrates the power of

A)chunking.
B)priming.
C)sensory memory.
D)eidetic imagery.

Question 24

When persons are able to recall apparently forgotten memories after being given several letters or a partial figure, _____ has occurred.

A)priming
B)chunking
C)convergence
D)eidetic imagery

Question 25

_____ memory is one that a person is aware of having and that is consciously retrieved.

A)Iconic
B)Explicit
C)Implicit
D)Eidetic

Question 26

While studying memory loss caused by brain injuries, psychologists found that the patients, who could not explicitly recall words presented earlier would actually say these words unconsciously when asked to say any word that begins with a certain letter.Being able to tap into memories that the patients were unaware they had by giving them the first letter of a word illustrates the use of

A)eidetic imaging.
B)recoding.
C)internal imaging.
D)priming.

Question 27

Priming is most often used to reveal _____ memories.

A)semantic
B)episodic
C)eidetic
D)implicit

Question 28

Which of the following measures of memory would provide the greatest evidence of learning years after a student has completed a course?

A)redintegration
B)recognition
C)recall
D)relearning

Question 29

Which type of memory would be used to answer this question?

A)implicit
B)explicit
C)episodic
D)contextual

Question 30

You are taking a math exam, and you are actively searching through the information stored in your memory to come up with the formulas to answer the questions.You are using your _____ memory.

A)explicit
B)implicit
C)episodic
D)contextual

Question 31

_____ memories are those that a person does not know exists and which are retrieved unconsciously.

A)Explicit
B)Implicit
C)Priming
D)Short-long term

Question 32

A saving score is an important part of which memory task?

A)recognition
B)relearning
C)recall
D)redintegration

Question 33

Although it would be difficult for you to list in order the letters on the computer keyboard, you have no difficulty in typing any letter called out by the teacher.This illustrates _____ memory.

A)eidetic
B)implicit
C)explicit
D)redintegrative

Question 34

When students who go to graduate school have to brush up on a foreign language they learned before, they find it easier the second time around.This illustrates

A)redintegration.
B)recognition.
C)recall.
D)relearning.

Question 35

You worked for ten years after high school and have now decided to go back to college.One of the courses you will be taking first semester is World Civilization.You had World History when you were in tenth grade.However, as you go through your college history class, you realize that you are learning this material very quickly because you must have retained memories from your high school history class.This story illustrates

A)recall.
B)constructive processing.
C)recognition.
D)relearning.

Question 36

If someone asks you to name all the teachers that you had in elementary school and you are able to remember their names, you have just exhibited

A)implicit memory.
B)semantic memory.
C)contextual memory.
D)explicit memory.

Question 37

You are taking a psychology course on-line.It takes you two hours to successfully pass the module on classical conditioning concepts.However, you have to withdraw from the class due to work responsibilities.The next semester, you take the psychology course on-line again, but this time it only takes one hour to go through the module on classical conditioning.This one-hour difference is referred to as

A)recognition scores
B)the curve of forgetting
C)redintegration scores
D)savings scores

Question 38

Regarding the measure of memory being sensitive, which of the following is the correct order from most sensitive memory measure to the least sensitive?

A)relearning, recognition, recall
B)relearning, recall, recognition
C)recognition, recall, relearning
D)recall, relearning, recognition

Question 39

Recall, recognition, and the tests you take in school rely on _____ memories.

A)primed
B)implicit
C)explicit
D)eidetic

Question 40

Which of the following is the most sensitive test of memory?

A)recall
B)relearning
C)recognition
D)redintegration

Question 41

Which of the following psychologists pioneered the scientific study of forgetting using nonsense syllables and plotted the curve of forgetting?

A)Herman Ebbinghaus
B)Elizabeth Loftus
C)Karl Lashley
D)George Sperling

Question 42

If you can't remember whose picture is on a U.S.ten dollar bill, the most likely reason is

A)encoding failure.
B)proactive interference.
C)disuse.
D)retroactive interference.

Question 43

In the "Card Magic" demonstration, after you focused on one card out of the six, you were then shown six more cards, and your card seemed to disappear.What had actually occurred?

A)Most people tend to focus on the middle card, and this one was the one that seemed to disappear.
B)Most people tend to focus on the second card, and this one was the one that seemed to disappear.
C)Most people focus so intently on their choice that they did not notice that all five cards in the second presentation were new.
D)A quick loss of memory has occurred verifying Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting.

Question 44

After a long flight, a very tired Mark rented a car at the airport and drove to a nearby motel.The next morning, when he went to the parking lot, he could not remember what make, model, or color car he had rented.Mark's forgetting illustrates

A)encoding failure.
B)disuse.
C)decay.
D)repression.

Question 45

In the "Card Magic" demonstration in your textbook, your card appeared to disappear due to which type of forgetting?

A)encoding failure
B)disuse
C)retroactive interference
D)proactive interference

Question 46

According to the curve of forgetting, the greatest decline in the amount recalled occurs during the

A)first hour.
B)second day.
C)third to sixth days.
D)retroactive period.

Question 47

In his studies of memory, Ebbinghaus wanted to be sure he would not be swayed by prior learning, so he used

A)common everyday words.
B)nonsense syllables.
C)short, easily pronounced words.
D)individual letters.

Question 48

Ten days after taking a psychology exam, Michael took a second exam on the same material (without reviewing) and scored only half as high as he did on the original exam.If he were tested yet again ten days later, the curve of forgetting suggests his score would be about

A)the same as on the second exam.
B)one third of his score on the first exam.
C)20 percent of his score on the first exam.
D)one half of his score on the second exam.

Question 49

Regarding the forgetting of information, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)A short delay between studying and taking a test does not minimize forgetting.
B)Most students make the error of only cramming for a test.
C)If you cram for a test, you may not learn enough in the first place.
D)It is better to use short, daily study sessions and then review intensely before a test rather than cramming only.

Question 50

The difference between learning nonsense syllables and meaningful information is

A)that nonsense syllables are remembered longer because of their distinctiveness.
B)that meaningful information is remembered longer because it is more organized.
C)that learning nonsense syllables is easier because there is no proactive inhibition.
D)so minimal that both types of information are remembered for virtually the same length of time.

Question 51

Regarding the forgetting of information, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)The forgetting of nonsense syllables during testing is rapid at first and is then followed by a slow decline.
B)Forgetting of meaningful information occurs rapidly at first and is then followed by a slow decline but with the forgetting curve stretched over a longer time.
C)Recent events are recalled more accurately than those from the remote past.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 52

Three years after learning meaningful information, one should expect to be able to remember about _____ percent of the material.

A)70
B)50
C)30
D)20

Question 53

The type of forgetting that results from a useful memory never being formed in the first place is known as

A)proactive interference.
B)retroactive interference.
C)repression.
D)encoding failure.

Question 54

Most forgetting tends to occur _____ after memorization.

A)immediately
B)two days to five days
C)one to two weeks
D)six months to one year

Question 55

The graphic that shows the amount of memorized information remembered after varying lengths of time is called the

A)scatter plot of memory loss.
B)misinformation curve.
C)curve of memory interference.
D)curve of forgetting.

Question 56

Failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory is known as

A)proactive interference.
B)retroactive interference.
C)repression.
D)encoding failure.

Question 57

According to Ebbinghaus, forgetting is

A)almost complete within two days with 90 percent of the information totally forgotten.
B)rapid at first and then followed by a slow decline.
C)slow at first and is followed by a rapid decline within 30 days.
D)characterized by a slow, steady decline from the moment the information is encountered.

Question 58

On a TV game show, you are asked which way Lincoln's head faces on a penny.You are unable to answer correctly, and you lose a large prize.Your memory failure is most likely a result of

A)the serial position effect.
B)repression.
C)encoding failure.
D)priming.

Question 59

One should be able to remember about _____ percent of meaningful material after three years, and about _____ percent after 20 years.

A)30; 30
B)50; 30
C)70; 30
D)70; 70

Question 60

The graphic representation of the results of Ebbinghaus' research is known as the

A)scatter plot of memory loss.
B)misinformation curve.
C)curve of memory interference.
D)curve of forgetting.

Question 61

Regarding forgetting, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)There is evidence that memories not retrieved and "used" or rehearsed bcome weaker over time.
B)Redintegration, relearning, and priming can recover seemingly forgotten memories.
C)The disuse theory provides only a partial explanation for long-term memoy forgetting.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 62

The fact that a majority of elderly persons have excellent long-term memories tends to cast doubt on _____ as a reason for forgetting.

A)problems with sensory memory
B)consolidation
C)disuse
D)encoding failure

Question 63

You tell your mother that you have to memorize a particular poem for English.She says, "Oh, I had to learn that poem when I was in high school." Your mother spontaneously begins reciting the poem.Your mother's ability to recite a poem from her past is a good indication that the _____ theory of forgetting lacks validity.

A)disuse
B)decay
C)repression
D)suppression

Question 64

The decay theory only seems to explain forgetting for

A)episodic memories.
B)semantic memories.
C)sensory memory and short-term memories.
D)eidetic memory and internal images.

Question 65

Disuse theory alone cannot explain forgetting because

A)some unused memories persist for a lifetime.
B)redintegration, relearning, and priming can recover seemingly forgotten memories.
C)elderly persons often have vivid memories of trivial and long forgotten events.
D)all of these occurrences cast doubt on the disuse theory.

Question 66

Actively thinking about information to be learned, or _____ encoding is a good way to prevent encoding failure.

A)elaborative
B)implicit
C)constructive
D)redintegrative

Question 67

If you tend to be absentminded, which theory of forgetting is probably to blame?

A)disuse
B)decay
C)encoding failure
D)repression

Question 68

_____ occurs because the stimuli associated with the memory are missing when the time comes to retrieve the information.

A)Memory decay
B)Cue-dependent forgetting
C)Repression
D)Suppression

Question 69

_____ are physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that take place when memories are stored.

A)Memory traces
B)Biodata
C)Morphemes
D)Cross-stimulation

Question 70

The fading or weakening of a memory trace due to a passage of time is called

A)redintegration.
B)decay.
C)interference.
D)repression.

Question 71

Memories currently stored in memory are considered _____, while memories currently stored in memory which can be retrieved are also _____.

A)available; accessible
B)temporary; permanent
C)short-term; long-term
D)explicit; implicit

Question 72

_____ is the theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved.

A)Suppression
B)Disuse
C)Consolidation
D)Encoding failure

Question 73

Encoding failure can happen when _____ memory is disrupted by distractions.

A)eidetic
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)implicit

Question 74

You are trying to remember a short list of letters, numbers, or words after seeing or hearing them once.If it takes you more than four to six seconds to repeat the list, you will forget some of the items due to

A)decay.
B)disuse.
C)consolidation.
D)suppression.

Question 75

An experiment was conducted in which a person is talking to a young adult stranger and two workers carrying a door pass between this person and the young man.Another young man is switched with the original stranger.Only half that were tested this way noticed the switch.What were the conclusions regarding this experiment?

A)More college students did not notice the switch because they were in a hurry and thinking about getting to their next class.
B)More older persons did not notice the switch because their brains are beginning to be damaged by the onset of senility.
C)More older persons did not notice because they encoded both young men in very general terms as a "college student."
D)More older persons did not notice the switch because of poor visual acuity.

Question 76

If you like studying while watching television or instant messaging, beware.Dividing your attention like that often leads to

A)forgetting due to disuse.
B)forgetting due to decay.
C)encoding failure.
D)proactive interference.

Question 77

Even if you encode and store the information, _____ can still be a cause of forgetting.

A)decay
B)disuse
C)retrieval
D)redintegration

Question 78

Regarding our memories for people, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Encoding failures affect our memories of people.
B)We all tend to categorize strangers in general terms.
C)People's inclinations to act as if members of other ethnic groups "all look alike" tends to disappear when they learn more about one another as individuals.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 79

Eyewitnesses tend to be better at identifying members of their own ethnic group than person from other groups.This phenomenon is best explained by

A)memory decay.
B)the disuse theory of forgetting.
C)the tendency to categorize strangers in general terms.
D)the tendency to repress traumatic encounters.

Question 80

The _____ theory of forgetting only seems to explain forgetting for sensory memory and short-term memory.

A)decay
B)disuse
C)repression
D)suppression