Deck 8: Extension A: Memory

Question 1

You are taking a psychology test and are trying to remember what you studied.The memory process being used when you try to remember the psychology material is

A)encoding.
B)feedback.
C)storage rehearsal.
D)retrieval.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Psychologists have identified three stages of memory in a model known as the

A)Atkinson-Schiffrin model.
B)Hobson-McCarley memory model.
C)Melzack-Wall stages.
D)Darley-Latané memory model.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Information to be stored in memory must first be

A)encoded.
B)retrieved.
C)decoded.
D)habituated.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

_____ involves receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information.

A)Priming
B)Suppression
C)Repression
D)Memory

Question 5

In order for a memory to be useful, it must be

A)filed.
B)episodic.
C)decoded as an image.
D)retrieved.

Question 6

If you are to remember all 9,856 new terms on your psychology final exam, you must successfully_____ the terms.

A)encode
B)store
C)retrieve
D)do all of these to

Question 7

Information is initially converted into a form that can be retained.This conversion part of the memory process is known as

A)encoding.
B)retrieval.
C)consolidation.
D)storage.

Question 8

Memory is often characterized as being similar to a computer because

A)long-term memories are exact copies, like files on a hard drive.
B)memories are encoded, stored, and later retrieved.
C)the space available for the storage of memory is finite.
D)computers and the human mind both process information in a serial fashion.

Question 9

The three stages of memory IN ORDER are

A)short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.
B)eidetic memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.
C)sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
D)short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory.

Question 10

Sensory, short-term, and long-term are the three stages of the

A)Atkinson-Schiffrin model of memory.
B)Hobson-McCarley memory model.
C)Melzack-Wall model of memory.
D)Darley-Latané memory model.

Question 11

The three basic processes of memory are

A)recognition, storage, retrieval.
B)encoding, storage, forgetting.
C)encoding, storage, retrieval.
D)maintenance, elaboration, forgetting.

Question 12

The process of holding information in memory is referred to as

A)retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)storage.
D)organization.

Question 13

Memory is an active system that

A)stores information.
B)encodes information.
C)alters information.
D)does all of these.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic processes of memory?

A)encoding
B)feedback
C)storage
D)retrieval

Question 15

To be stored for a long time, information must pass through all three stages of the

A)Atkinson-Schiffrin model.
B)Hobson-McCarley memory model.
C)Melzack-Wall stages.
D)Darley-Latané memory model.

Question 16

Regarding the memory processes, incoming information is first _____, then stored, and finally the memories must be _____, or taken out of storage to be useful.

A)retrieved; encoded
B)encoded; retrieved
C)organized; encoded
D)retrieved; organized

Question 17

Which of the following statements best characterizes the memory system?

A)an automatic and unchanging means of storing exact copies of experience
B)a vast storehouse from which specific facts can be retrieved when they are needed
C)a dusty archive in which interesting, but often irrelevant, relics are housed
D)an active system for manipulating information

Question 18

The first stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less is called

A)short-term memory.
B)working memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)engram memory.

Question 19

Sensory, short-term, and long-term are the three

A)types of amnesia.
B)levels of Alzheimer's disease.
C)types of interference that occur during the process of forgetting.
D)stages of memory.

Question 20

The three stages of memory include all of the following EXCEPT

A)short-term memory.
B)eidetic memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)long-term memory.

Question 21

The image that persists for about one-half second after being seen is an

A)engram.
B)echo.
C)icon.
D)illusion.

Question 22

The registering of a very brief, fleeting image and its icon describes the role of _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)working

Question 23

The persistence of icons and echoes is the basis for

A)sensory memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)working memory.

Question 24

Selective attention determines what information moves from _____ to short-term memory.

A)working memory
B)sensory memory
C)implicit memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 25

_____ memories are most often stored phonetically (by sound).

A)Eidetic
B)Short-term
C)Iconic
D)Procedural

Question 26

Things that are heard are held as a brief _____ in the sensory register.

A)echo
B)icon
C)image
D)engram

Question 27

Short-term memories are most often stored

A)phonetically.
B)visually.
C)iconically.
D)episodically.

Question 28

Which of the following would be an example of short-term memory?

A)remembering the letters of the alphabet
B)looking up a phone number and remembering it while you dial
C)remembering your name
D)remembering how to ride a bicycle

Question 29

Which of the following determines what information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory?

A)consolidation
B)constructive processing
C)priming
D)selective attention

Question 30

_____ memory prevents our minds from collecting useless names, dates, telephone numbers, and other trivia.

A)Sensory
B)Short-term
C)Long-term
D)Permanent

Question 31

A(n) _____ is a fleeting visual image that persists for about one-half second, while a(n) _____ is a brief flurry of activity in the auditory system that lasts for up to two seconds.

A)icon; echo
B)echo; icon
C)mnemonic illusion; auditory engram
D)illusionary engram; mnemonic audiogram

Question 32

Selective attention determines what information moves from

A)short-term memory to long-term memory.
B)sensory memory to short-term memory.
C)implicit memory to explicit memory.
D)episodic memory to semantic memory.

Question 33

_____ involves focusing on a selected portion of sensory input and controls what information moves on to short-term memory.

A)Consolidation
B)Constructive processing
C)Priming
D)Selective attention

Question 34

Which stage of memory allows us to perceive motion pictures as seamless and connected images?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)contextual memory
D)sensory memory

Question 35

The memory system used to hold small amounts of information for relatively brief time periods of approximately a dozen seconds or so is called _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)tactile

Question 36

An icon is a fleeting visual image that persists for about _____ second(s), while an echo is a brief flurry of activity in the auditory system that lasts for up to _____ seconds.

A)one-half; two
B)two; six
C)four; eight
D)four; twelve

Question 37

Where is your "mental list" of daily errands stored?

A)sensory memory
B)long-term memory
C)short-term memory
D)permanent memory

Question 38

The types of sensory memory include

A)declarative memory and semantic memory.
B)skill memory and fact memory.
C)procedural memory and episodic memory.
D)iconic memory and echoic memory.

Question 39

You and a friend are seated in the large auditorium psychology class.There are two students seated right behind you talking about what they did last weekend.You have trouble concentrating on what the teacher is saying, but you picked up on a lot of campus gossip from the conversation going on behind you.At the end of class, you relate to your friend the latest gossip heard during class, but she does not remember hearing any gossip and is really worried about how she will complete the new assignment that the teacher discussed today.You think, "What new assignment?" This explains the difference in your and your friend's _____ during class.

A)short-term memory
B)redintegrative memory
C)selective attention
D)constructive processing

Question 40

As your friend reads her shopping list to you in her apartment, you are aware that the radio is playing in the background.The fact that you remember what your friend said and not what the announcer on the radio said can be attributed to

A)short-term memory.
B)redintegrative memory.
C)selective attention.
D)constructive processing.

Question 41

Regarding short-term memory (STM), which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)STM has a limited storage capacity.
B)Although information can be stored in STM in images, it is generally stored phonetically.
C)It is very difficult to do more than one task at a time in STM.
D)Once information is placed in STM, it is permanently stored.

Question 42

The critical factor determining whether information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory is its

A)length.
B)complexity.
C)meaning.
D)diversity.

Question 43

Your instructor is lecturing in class when security knocks on the door.The instructor does to the door, gets the note from security, and gives it to a student, who exits the classroom.The instructor looks at the class and asks, "Now where was I in the lecture notes?" This situation illustrates how _____ affects short-term memory.

A)encoding
B)priming
C)chunking
D)interference

Question 44

When STM is combined with other mental processes, it provides an area of

A)working memory.
B)eidetic memory.
C)procedural memory.
D)integrative memory.

Question 45

Short-term memory is similar to a

A)parking garage at an airline's long-term lot.
B)storage locker in front of the campus bookstore.
C)bank's vault.
D)museum's archives.

Question 46

Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem-solving is _____ memory.

A)working
B)eidetic
C)procedural
D)integrative

Question 47

Someone leaves a phone number on your answering machine.You repeat the number to yourself as you start to dial.Then, the doorbell rings, and you rush to see who is there.When you return to the phone, you have completely forgotten the number.This illustrates how interference affects _____ memory.

A)eidetic
B)sensory
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 48

Whenever you are doing mental arithmetic, planning a meal, or reading a book, you are using

A)procedural memory.
B)working memory.
C)eidetic memory.
D)implicit memory.

Question 49

Earlier in the day, you ate breakfast at The Pine Tree Cafe.You are trying to tell a friend about this restaurant, but you can't quite recall the name.You will most likely call the restaurant

A)The Oak Grove Cafe.
B)The Lime Tree Cafe.
C)The Fair Tree Cafe.
D)The Forest Tree Cafe.

Question 50

The meaning and importance of information has the strongest impact on _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)eidetic
C)long-term
D)procedural

Question 51

Information in long-term memory is generally stored on the basis of

A)visual images.
B)meaning.
C)how the words sound.
D)patterns of visual and auditory images.

Question 52

The storage capacity of long-term memory is best described as

A)a single item.
B)about seven items.
C)about seven volumes.
D)limitless.

Question 53

Regarding short-term memory (STM), which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)STM has an unlimited storage capacity.
B)STM deals with information for longer periods of time, usually for at least 30 minutes.
C)STM is seriously affected by any interruption or interference.
D)Once information is placed in STM, it is permanently stored.

Question 54

Working memory is a part of which memory system?

A)procedural memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)sensory memory

Question 55

You are introduced to Tim and Gina.Later when you see them, you cannot remember their names.If you try to guess their names, which of the following would most likely be your guess, considering how information is stored in short-term memory?

A)Thomas and Glenda
B)Tad and Gloria
C)Jim and Tina
D)George and Tanya

Question 56

Sydney would be described as having a wealth of knowledge.She is constantly reading about many diverse subjects.Heather has not read a book since her senior year in college and rarely watches the news to keep up with national or international events.Regarding research on memory, we would expect

A)Sydney will find it easier than Heather to add new information to memory.
B)Heather will find it easier than Sydney to add new information to memory.
C)both women to be able to add new information to memory equally well.
D)Sydney more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia.

Question 57

You have gone for the first time to one of the campus computer labs to work on your psychology assignments.However, you forgot your first-day handout, which has the psychology website listed.You spot a person from your class, and he tells you the website.You walk back to your computer and type in the website.In the process of working through the assignment, you accidentally exit completely out of the system.You cannot remember the psychology website.This illustrates how _____ operates.

A)sensory memory
B)iconic memory
C)short-term memory
D)procedural memory

Question 58

The more information you learn, the easier it becomes

A)to add new information to memory.
B)to forget previously learned information.
C)for interference and retrieval failure to occur.
D)for a person to develop Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia.

Question 59

Your roommate calls out ten items for you to get at the grocery store on your way back from class.Regarding how short-term memories are encoded, if you were asked to get ham and soap, you are most likely to mistakenly bring back

A)jam and soup.
B)roast beef and stew.
C)hot dogs and buns.
D)bologna and detergent.

Question 60

The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information is called _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)eidetic

Question 61

The saying "seven plus or minus two" refers to the space capacity of

A)STM.
B)LTM.
C)sensory memory.
D)iconic memory.

Question 62

Information in long-term memory can be retained up to

A)30 seconds.
B)one hour.
C)many years.
D)two seconds.

Question 63

Because of the way in which information is encoded in long-term memory, if you are attempting to recall the word bed from a memorized list, which word are you most likely to mistakenly say?

A)red
B)table
C)bread
D)sleep

Question 64

According to your textbook, the Maasai of East Africa are able to store detailed information about cattle because their culture

A)views cattle as sacred animals.
B)views cattle as important indicators of wealth.
C)lack a complex verbal language, so they must retain memory as visual images.
D)has developed a more naturalistic view of the world.

Question 65

Although sensory memory is involved every time we store information, we are more likely to notice _____ in carrying out our everyday chores.

A)STM and LTM
B)chunking and constructive processing
C)eidetic and flashbulb memories
D)procedural and eidetic memories

Question 66

Although all of these memories are used in our everyday lives, which of the following are we most likely to notice as we carry out our daily chores?

A)short-term memory
B)sensory memory
C)eidetic memory
D)iconic memory

Question 67

When European-American and Chinese adults were asked to recall 20 memories from any time in their lives, the memories of _____ were self-centered, while _____ remembered important social or historical events.

A)neither group of adults; both groups of adults
B)both groups of adults; neither group of adults
C)the American adults; the Chinese adults
D)the Chinese adults; the American adults

Question 68

The role that culture plays in memory is illustrated by

A)the tendency for the personal memories of Americans to be about individual "self."
B)the tendency for the personal memories of the Chinese to be about family and other group interactions.
C)the ability of the Maasai of East Africa to store detailed information about cattle better than the average American.
D)all of these.

Question 69

Meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases are known as information _____.

A)icons
B)bits
C)episodes
D)engrams

Question 70

You are being assessed by a psychologist.On one of the tests, you are asked to correctly repeat a list of numbers that the psychologist calls out to you.You are being administered the _____ test.

A)eidetic memory
B)phonetic-space
C)implicit memory
D)digit-span

Question 71

When European-American and Chinese adults were asked to recall 20 memories from any time in their lives, the memories of the American adults tended to be focused on _____, while the Chinese adults remembered _____.

A)more recent events; events from their childhood
B)events from their childhood; more recent events
C)individual, self-centered memories; important social or historical events
D)important social and historical events; individual, self-centered memories

Question 72

The role that _____ plays in memory is illustrated by the ability of the Maasai of East Africa to store detailed information about cattle better than the average American.

A)the naturalistic view of the world
B)the collectivist view of the world
C)culture
D)innate intelligence

Question 73

The role that culture plays in memory is due our tendency to store long-term memories based on

A)their phonetic sounds.
B)surprising visual images.
C)meaning and importance.
D)location and spatial orientation.

Question 74

Long-term memory

A)has an unlimited storage capacity.
B)is often referred to as working memory.
C)retains information in a phonetic code.
D)is considered eidetic for most people.

Question 75

George Miller's "magic number" _____ represents the average number of "bits" of information that short-term memory can usually handle.

A)three
B)six
C)seven
D)nine

Question 76

When discussing the relationship between STM and LTM, the authors of your textbook use the analogy of short-term memory being like a(n) _____, while long-term memory could be considered a _____.

A)laptop; projector
B)desk; warehouse
C)filing cabinet; computer
D)encyclopedia; dictionary

Question 77

When we want to use knowledge from long-term memory to answer a question, the information is returned to _____ memory.

A)episodic
B)eidetic
C)short-term
D)sensory

Question 78

A(n) _____ test is a common measure of attention and short-term memory.

A)eidetic memory
B)phonetic-space
C)implicit memory
D)digit-span

Question 79

The digit-span test is a common measure of

A)attention and short-term memory.
B)phonetic-space and sensory memory.
C)implicit and explicit memory.
D)episodic and semantic memory.

Question 80

Because of the way in which information is encoded in long-term memory, if you were attempting to recall the word barn from a memorized list, which word are you most likely to mistakenly say?

A)darn
B)shed
C)yarn
D)house