Deck 6: Extension D: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Dream actions of flying, floating, or falling are more frequent than the dream actions of running, sitting, or talking.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Some people can learn very complex tasks while asleep, such as learning a foreign language.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Dreamless slow-wave NREM sleep increases after physical exertion, while REM sleep increases with daytime emotional stresses.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Aaron is trying to go to sleep.So, he tries to keep his eyes open (in the dark) and stay awake as long as possible.This allows sleep to overtake him unexpectedly and lowers performance anxiety.This technique is known as the paradoxical intention.

Question 5

Most people dream about four or five times a night, spaced 90 minutes apart.

Question 6

As a sleep researcher is monitoring you, he notices that your brain waves are showing almost all delta waves.He awakens you at this point, and you awaken in a complete state of confusion.You are most likely in REM sleep.

Question 7

Eating starchy foods tends to decrease one's levels of tryptophan, thus, increasing one's tendency toward insomnia.

Question 8

Most people's major muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep.

Question 9

One thing that cocaine, "highway hypnosis," high fever, and meditation all have in common is that they produce ASCs.

Question 10

If you go without sleep for 32 hours, you will need to then sleep 32 hours straight to recover completely.

Question 11

Current research shows that the EEG patterns recorded during hypnosis are deep sleep patterns consisting of delta waves.

Question 12

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, the cortex of the brain combines random brain activity into stories and visual images that form your dreams.

Question 13

Everyone experiences some altered states of consciousness every day.

Question 14

Sleepwalkers have been known to play a musical instrument, drive a car, or cook while asleep.

Question 15

Night terrors and sleepwalking occur during REM sleep.

Question 16

Short bursts of brain activity in Stage 2 sleep are called sleep spindles.

Question 17

The safest sleep position for most infants in order to prevent SIDS is on their backs.

Question 18

Each of us will spend approximately 25 years of life asleep.

Question 19

Interest in hypnosis began in the 1700s with Franz Mesmer, who believed that he could cure diseases with magnets; he called his theory "animal magnetism."

Question 20

People with narcolepsy tend to fall directly into Stage 4 NREM sleep.

Question 21

Alcohol is classified as a stimulant, while nicotine is classified as a depressant.

Question 22

PET and fMRI scans reveal changes in the activity of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation.

Question 23

Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) has been shown to enhance the performance in skilled sports, such as gymnastics, tennis, basketball, and marksmanship.

Question 24

Stage hypnotists often create a simulation of hypnotic effects, not actual hypnosis.

Question 25

Using your bedroom for sleeping (instead of studying, paying bills, etc.) is an example of the use of ____________________ to combat insomnia.

Question 26

According to Freud, when several people, objects, or events are combined into a single dream image, the dream process of secondary elaboration has taken place.

Question 27

Sleep paralysis, which normally prevents us from moving during REM sleep, can also occur just as we are beginning to wake up.During these episodes, people sometimes have _____________________.

Question 28

During a(n) ____________________, changes occur in the quality and pattern of mental activity with distinct shifts in our perceptions, emotions, memories, time sense, thoughts, feelings of self-control, and suggestibility.

Question 29

The THC in marijuana can suppress the body's immune system, increasing the risk of disease.

Question 30

Sara tried marijuana because she was curious about what effects this drug would have on her.Sara's pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as situational.

Question 31

Arthur has been driving for almost ten hours straight, and he is tired and drowsy.He momentarily falls asleep for a few seconds.Arthur has experienced a(n) ____________________.

Question 32

LSD tends to decrease REM sleep slightly, while alcohol increases REM sleep.

Question 33

____________________ refers to excessive daytime sleepiness and can result from depression, insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and drug abuse.

Question 34

____________________ is a technique for eliminating nightmares that involves making the upsetting dream familiar while the person is awake as well as "mentally re-programming" future dream content.

Question 35

About an hour and a half after Ned's parents put Ned to bed, they find him in a total state of panic, screaming, and drenched in sweat.They change his pajamas and put him back to bed.The next morning they ask him about his "bad dream." Ned remembers very little about the night before.Ned was not having a nightmare; he was exhibiting the sleep disturbance known as ____________________.

Question 36

The pattern of EEG waves present when one is awake and alert is characterized by ____________________ waves.

Question 37

Sam is a long distance truck driver, who has been awake almost 60 hours.He is feeling confused, disoriented, and is beginning to "see" fleeting images that would best be described as hallucinations.Sam is experiencing a condition known as temporary ____________________.
or

Question 38

Concentrative meditation is more difficult to attain than mindfulness meditation.

Question 39

From 1886 until 1906, Coca-Cola contained small amounts of cocaine, which were later replaced with caffeine.

Question 40

____________________ consists of all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any instant.

Question 41

During ____________________, the dreamer wakes within the dream and feels capable of normal thought and action.

Question 42

Maria has been abusing cocaine and now suffers from an inability to feel pleasure.This condition is called ____________________.

Question 43

____________________ is drug made by mixing degreasing solvent and drain cleaner.

Question 44

Psychologists have explored the possible benefits of ____________________ by using small isolation tanks in which a participant floats in shallow, body-temperature water containing hundreds of pounds of Epsom salts.
or
or
or

Question 45

The dream theorist ____________________ believed that dreams are based on wish fulfillment with these unconscious desires and conflicts being disguised as dream symbols.
or

Question 46

____________________ theory proposes that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.

Question 47

Jana has an argument with her husband and then dreams that she accidentally backs into his motorcycle, damaging it slightly.According to Freud, this is an example of the dream process ____________________.

Question 48

Marijuana, LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are classified as ____________________.

Question 49

The dream theorist ____________________ believed that most dreams are special messages about what's missing in our lives, what we tend to avoid doing, or feeling that need to be "re-owned."
or

Question 50

____________________ is an altered state of consciousness, characterized by narrowed attention and an openness to suggestion.

Question 51

The dream theorist ____________________ thought of dreams as plays and the dreamer as the playwright.
or

Question 52

The reduction in the body's response to a drug which may accompany drug use is called ____________________.

Question 53

Some physicians believe that SIDS, or crib death, may be caused by the sleep disorder known as ____________________.

Question 54

You tie a short length of string to a small ring and hold this ring at eye level, about a foot from your face.By focusing on the ring, you are able to make the ring swing back and forth.You are surprised by this automatic movement.You most likely have experienced a(n)____________________.

Question 55

While meditating, Bradley tries to achieve a total non-judgmental awareness of the world.Bradley is using ____________________ meditation.

Question 56

The tendency to dream more than usual after a period of deprivation of REM sleep is called ____________________.

Question 57

The sleep researcher ____________________ awakened volunteers each time they entered REM sleep.When the volunteers were finally allowed to sleep undisturbed, they dreamed extra amounts.
or

Question 58

A(n) ____________________ is a smooth word, like "om" that is often used as the focus of attention in concentrative meditation.

Question 59

____________________ is defined as downing five or more drinks in a short period of time for men and four or more in a short period of time for women.

Question 60

Abby seems to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation.She has even suffered one of these sleep attacks while standing.She is likely to suffer form the sleep disturbance referred to as ____________________.

Question 61

Your sister and her daughter are visiting you.On the first night of their visit, your preschool niece awakens everyone by sitting up in bed screaming.She is still screaming when you and your sister get to her.As you try to console her, you realize that she is sweating profusely and is not really awake.The next morning, you ask her what caused her to scream, "Was it a bad dream?" Your niece does not seem to know what you are talking about.Then, you remember what the problem could be.Describe the sleep disturbance your niece is experiencing, and explain why it is not a bad dream.

Question 62

You have graduated from college and have a new job.At several of the events related to your job, alcohol is being served.According to this chapter, it is possible to pace your drinking so that you will not get drunk and embarrass yourself in front of your boss and colleagues.List these guidelines for paced drinking.

Question 63

Describe the characteristics of the two major forms of meditation

Question 64

Describe REST, how it works, and its uses.

Question 65

Concerning altered states of consciousness, (a) describe characteristics of an altered state of consciousness, (b) describe some everyday situations in which people experience these altered states, and (c) describe the intentional uses and meanings of the altered states within another culture.

Question 66

Contrast Hilgard's state theory of hypnosis to the non-state theory of hypnosis.

Question 67

Your college roommate is experiencing insomnia.Explain some changes she could make in her life as well as some techniques she could use to get a "good night's sleep."

Question 68

Explain the difference among stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens, and list three drugs that fit in each category.

Question 69

Describe Sigmund Freud's four dream processes and give an example of each.

Question 70

Your psychology instructor mentioned that during a night of sleep, a person goes through cycles of light and deep sleep, while also experiencing bodily changes.Using the characteristics of the stages of NREM and REM, describe a night of sleep, including the type of brain waves present.