Deck 6: Extension B: States of Consciousness

Question 1

A premature baby who breathes mainly through an open mouth and who engages in snoring, breath-holding, or frequent night awakenings should be monitored to prevent

A)narcolepsy.
B)insomnia.
C)pneumonia.
D)SIDS.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

_____ may occur because the brain stop sending signals to the diaphragm to maintain breathing or because there is blockage in the upper air passages.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Narcolepsy
C)Cataplexy
D)Somnambulism

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following has NOT been found helpful in eliminating nightmares?

A)writing down the nightmare
B)changing the dream the way you wish
C)mentally rehearsing the dream you want
D)decreasing your amount of sleep time

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The use of a CPAP mask is an effective treatment for

A)sleep apnea.
B)narcolepsy.
C)cataplexy.
D)somnambulism.

Question 5

Sleep apnea refers to

A)vivid recurrent nightmares.
B)a breathing problem during sleep.
C)excessive daytime sleepiness.
D)sudden sleep attacks.

Question 6

Kyanna sometimes stops breathing for more than 20 seconds while sleeping.This can happen hundreds of times per night.She has

A)a sleep terror disorder.
B)narcolepsy.
C)sleep apnea.
D)a nightmare disorder.

Question 7

Nat is a middle-aged man who stops breathing in his sleep, awakens slightly to gulp in air, then goes back to sleep.This cycle is repeated throughout the night.Nat is suffering from

A)narcolepsy.
B)sleep apnea.
C)somnambulism.
D)REM behavior disorder.

Question 8

According to your text, if you want to eliminate a nightmare, you should

A)decrease sleeping time.
B)increase sleeping time.
C)mentally rehearse the dream you want.
D)change eating habits.

Question 9

Sleep terror disorder involves the repeated occurrence of

A)nightmares.
B)narcolepsy episodes.
C)sleep apnea episodes.
D)none of these.

Question 10

A sleep disturbance characterized by snoring, short silences, and gasps is called

A)sleep apnea.
B)narcolepsy.
C)somnambulism.
D)insomnia.

Question 11

Four-year-old Terrence awakened the whole household last night.He sat up in bed, kicking and screaming, while he was still asleep.When his parents got to him, he was in a state of panic, mumbling about the "monsters all around the room." It took his parents about 20 minutes to console Terrence, and his mother had to change his pajamas because he was covered in sweat.The next morning, his older sister told Terrence that he really scared her when he screamed the night before, but Terrence does not remember anything, except his mother helping him change his pajamas.Terrence most likely experienced

A)a nightmare.
B)a night terror.
C)sleep apnea.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 12

Imagery rehearsal

A)involves mentally rehearsing a changed dream before you fall asleep again.
B)makes upsetting dreams familiar while the person is awake and feeling safe.
C)involves mentally "re-programming" future dream content.
D)is characterized by all of these.

Question 13

Regarding night terrors, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)They occur during REM or dream sleep.
B)A night terror may last 15 to 20 minutes.
C)During a night terror, the person may sit up, scream, or run around the room.
D)Night terrors are most common in childhood, but plague about two out of every 100 adults.

Question 14

_____ is a technique for eliminating nightmares by involves making the upsetting dream familiar while the person is awake as well as "mentally re-programming" future dream content.

A)Imagery rehearsal
B)Stimulus control
C)The paradoxical intention
D)Activation-synthesis

Question 15

Imagery rehearsal is a

A)technique to alter consciousness.
B)state of REM sleep.
C)technique for eliminating nightmares.
D)technique for avoiding sleep attacks.

Question 16

Some researchers believe that SIDS or crib death may be caused by the sleep disorder known as

A)REM rebound.
B)somnambulism.
C)narcolepsy.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 17

The most effective treatments for sleep apnea include all of the following EXCEPT

A)weight loss.
B)the use of stimulant drugs.
C)the use of a CPAP mask.
D)surgery for breathing obstructions.

Question 18

People who have a night terror

A)have them during REM sleep in the middle of the night.
B)are usually middle-age to older adults.
C)are displaying REM rebound.
D)rarely remember in the morning that they even had them.

Question 19

During a Stage 4 _____, a person suffers total panic for up to 20 minutes and may hallucinate frightening dream images into the bedroom, will awaken drenched in sweat, and will only vaguely remember the episode in the morning.

A)lucid nightmare
B)night terror
C)REM rebound episode
D)somnambulism episode

Question 20

Regarding sleep apnea, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Sleep apnea victims are extremely sleepy during the day due to the hundreds of apnea episodes that occur during the night.
B)Sleep apnea may occur because the brain stop sending signals to the diaphragm to maintain breathing.
C)Sleep apnea may be caused by the blockage of the upper air passages.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 21

The drug sodium oxybate is used to treat which rare, hereditary sleep disorder?

A)sleep apnea
B)narcolepsy
C)somnambulism
D)REM behavior disorder

Question 22

Jorge and Sietta's three-month-old baby is very small and has a high-pitched cry.The baby has been showing signs of a cold and cough, has been breathing through his mouth, and has been waking up frequently during the night.Jorge and Sietta's baby should be monitored to prevent

A)narcolepsy.
B)night terrors.
C)cataplexy.
D)SIDS.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a danger signal for SIDS?

A)The baby breathes through its mouth and has frequent awakenings.
B)The baby is 13 months old.
C)The baby's bed contains soft objects, like comforters and pillows.
D)The baby is placed on its stomach to sleep.

Question 24

_____ is a sudden, irresistible urge to sleep, which lasts a few minutes to half an hour with victims falling asleep while standing, talking, or even driving.

A)Narcolepsy
B)Hypersomnia
C)Sleep apnea
D)Somnambulism

Question 25

Regarding narcolepsy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Maintaining a high level of emotional excitement, such as laughing, tends to prevent the occurrence of narcoleptic episodes.
B)People with narcolepsy tend to fall directly into REM sleep.
C)There is no known cure for narcolepsy, but a drug named sodium oxybate reduces the frequency and intensity of the attacks.
D)The hereditary basis for narcolepsy has been confirmed by the breeding of several generations of narcoleptic dogs.

Question 26

A teenager gives birth to a premature infant.This infant snores and holds its breath while it sleeps.The infant also tends to remain passive when its face rolls into a pillow or blanket with the mother having to quickly move the infant's face away from the object.His mother should be warned that her infant is at risk for

A)SIDS.
B)night terrors.
C)somnambulism.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 27

Ashley seems to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation.She has even suffered one of these sleep attacks while standing.She is likely to suffer from the sleep disturbance referred to as

A)hypersomnia.
B)insomnia.
C)narcolepsy.
D)somnambulism.

Question 28

Regarding the length of most REM dreams, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Most REM dreams occur in an instantaneous flash, but are perceived as lasting a long time.
B)The first REM dream lasts about 30 minutes.
C)The last dream of the night only averages about ten minutes in length.
D)None of these statements are true.

Question 29

A sudden temporary paralysis of the muscles leading to complete body collapse describes

A)sleep apnea.
B)insomnia.
C)hypersomnia.
D)cataplexy.

Question 30

Regarding narcolepsy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Emotional excitement, especially laughter, commonly triggers narcolepsy.
B)More than half of all victims of narcolepsy also suffer from cataplexy.
C)People with narcolepsy tend to fall directly into Stage 4 NREM sleep.
D)Narcolepsy is rare, but runs in families, which suggests that it is hereditary

Question 31

Narcolepsy refers to

A)sudden sleep attacks.
B)excessive daytime sleepiness.
C)vivid, recurrent nightmares.
D)a breathing problem during sleep.

Question 32

In order to prevent SIDS, healthy babies should be

A)placed face down to sleep.
B)placed on their backs to sleep.
C)propped up on a small pillow to sleep.
D)covered with a down comforter to prevent developing a chill while sleeping.

Question 33

Regarding SIDS, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)SIDS babies seem to have a weak arousal reflex that prevents them from changing positions and resuming breathing after an episode of apnea.
B)A special monitor for SIDS may be used that sounds an alarm when a baby's pulse or breathing becomes weak.
C)SIDS rarely occurs after an infant is three-months old.
D)Each year 2500 babies are victims of SIDS.

Question 34

Jimmy is about to eat supper when suddenly he has an irresistible, sudden attack of sleepiness, which is accompanied by several minutes of muscle paralysis.When Jimmy awakens, he finds that he has fallen face first into his large plate of spaghetti.Jimmy's "nap attack" is characteristic of which sleep disorder?

A)insomnia
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep apnea
D)night terrors

Question 35

More than half of all individuals with narcolepsy also suffer from _____, which is a sudden temporary paralysis of the muscles, leading to complete body collapse.

A)sleep apnea
B)somnambulism
C)hypersomnia
D)cataplexy

Question 36

People dream

A)about 15 minutes twice during the night.
B)about four or five times a night, spaced 90 minutes apart.
C)more often in NREM sleep than in REM sleep.
D)only during the third cycle of sleep before they awaken in the morning.

Question 37

Josh tells his roommate that he does not dream.His roommate, who is a psychology major should tell Josh that

A)if he does not dream, he will go "crazy."
B)most people dream four or five times a night.
C)dreams occur in such a "flash" that he was not aware of the dreams.
D)all of these statements are true.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a danger signal for SIDS?

A)Infant snores and holds its breath.
B)The baby is premature and has a shrill, high-pitched cry.
C)The baby is placed on its back to sleep.
D)Baby remains passive when its face rolls into a pillow or blanket.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning dreaming?

A)Dreams are usually spaced about 90 minutes apart.
B)Your first dream of the night occurs in a flash, lasting a few seconds.
C)Most people dream four to five times a night.
D)Your last dream of the night lasts an average of 30 minutes, but may run as long as 50 minutes.

Question 40

If parents have a premature baby who has respiratory problems and vomits often, they should

A)have the infant sleeping with the parents.
B)place the baby on its back.
C)prop the baby up on a small pillow.
D)ask a pediatrician for guidance regarding the sleeping position for this baby.

Question 41

The sleep researcher William Dement awakened volunteers each time they entered REM sleep.He found

A)that by the fifth night, many of the volunteers had to be awakened 20 to 30 times to prevent REM sleep.
B)that during their waking hours, the volunteers who were deprived of REM sleep complained of memory lapses, poor concentration, and anxiety.
C)that when the volunteers were finally allowed to sleep undisturbed, they dreamed extra amounts.
D)all of these to be true.

Question 42

Which dream theorist believed that dreams are based on wish fulfillment with these unconscious desires and conflicts being disguised as dream symbols?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Calvin Hall
C)Rosalind Cartwright
D)Stephen LaBerge

Question 43

Subjects deprived of REM sleep

A)attempt to dream less frequently after several nights.
B)show a REM rebound effect when allowed to sleep normally.
C)show no signs of distress during the day.
D)do not dream for two or three nights.

Question 44

Although Dement's studies disproved this myth, it was once thought that people deprived of REM sleep were

A)more likely to become addicted to drugs.
B)more likely to develop mental illness.
C)not getting enough exercise, rest, or proper nutrition.
D)characterized by all of these.

Question 45

According to Freud, dreams express unconscious desires in

A)words spoken by a figure or to a figure within the dream.
B)dream symbols.
C)the actions openly exhibited by the actors within the dream.
D)readily expressed emotions.

Question 46

Regarding dreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)All people dream, but not all people remember their dreams.
B)The first REM dream lasts about 10 minutes.
C)The last dream of the night averages about 60 minutes and may run as long as 90 minutes.
D)REM sleep was discovered in 1952.

Question 47

Marta has recently divorced her husband of 15 years after he moved out to be with his much younger girlfriend.During the past two weeks, Marta has dreamed that she was a young princess being pursued by many suitors.According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, Marta's dream would be considered

A)an expression of her ideal self.
B)wish fulfillment.
C)a synthesis of random neurological activations.
D)a striving for self-actualization.

Question 48

A patient is prescribed a medication and is told that the only side-effect is that the medication suppresses REM sleep.After finishing the medication, what might the patient expect in terms of a sleep change?

A)REM rebound
B)narcolepsy
C)sleeptalking
D)REM behavior disorder

Question 49

_____ is the occurrence of extra rapid eye movement sleep following REM sleep deprivation.

A)Somnambulism
B)REM behavior disorder
C)REM rebound
D)Sleep drunkeness

Question 50

That people have a need for REM sleep is suggested by

A)REM rebound.
B)REM tolerance.
C)a person going "crazy" if deprived of REM sleep.
D)emotional catharsis during REM sleep.

Question 51

According to Freud's landmark book, The Interpretation of Dreams, dreams are very often a means of

A)wish fulfillment.
B)solving daytime problems.
C)telling oneself about feelings that need to be "re-owned."
D)categorizing one's experience.

Question 52

One of Freud's key proposals was that dreams express unconscious desires and conflicts as

A)the ideal self.
B)the superego.
C)disguised dream symbols.
D)a psychosexual fixation.

Question 53

Regarding the findings from the experiments on sleep and dream deprivation, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Missing any sleep stage can cause a rebound for that stage.
B)If deprived of REM sleep, people will dream extra amounts if allowed to sleep undisturbed.
C)Daytime disturbances are related to the total amount of sleep lost, not to the type of sleep lost.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 54

Psychodynamic theories of dreaming emphasize

A)internal conflicts and unconscious forces.
B)how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
C)that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
D)the detached part of the dreamer's awareness that silently observes events.

Question 55

Which of the following best describes the effect of alcohol on sleep?

A)It has no significant impact.
B)It increases the quantity and quality of sleep.
C)It reduces sleep quality by suppressing REM sleep.
D)It leads to stupor and unconsciousness rather than genuine sleep.

Question 56

The psychodynamic theory of dreaming was developed by

A)Hobson and McCarley.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)William Domhoff.
D)James Braid

Question 57

Alcoholics may have terrible nightmares for a while after they stop drinking because of

A)narcolepsy.
B)sleep apnea.
C)the drug enhanced sleep effect.
D)the REM rebound effect.

Question 58

As it relates to Freud's view of dreaming, _____ is an expression of one's unconscious desires.

A)the ideal self
B)wish fulfillment
C)superego
D)libidinal energy

Question 59

The sleep researcher, _____, awakened volunteers each time they entered REM sleep.When the volunteers were finally allowed to sleep undisturbed, they dreamed extra amounts.

A)Rosalind Cartwright
B)Calvin Hall
C)William Dement
D)Robert McCarley

Question 60

_____ theories of dreaming emphasize internal conflicts and unconscious forces.

A)Activation-synthesis
B)Neurocognitive
C)Psychodynamic
D)Humanistic

Question 61

To understand dreams, Freud would interpret symbols to uncover the _____ content of the dream.

A)lucid
B)manifest
C)conscious
D)latent

Question 62

According to the _____ theory of dreams, a dream of a journey may represent death or a dream about horseback riding or dancing may represent sexual intercourse.

A)activation-synthesis
B)Gestalt
C)psychodynamic
D)humanistic

Question 63

The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming emphasizes

A)internal conflicts and unconscious forces.
B)how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
C)that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
D)the detached part of the dreamer's awareness that silently observes events.

Question 64

The obvious, visible aspects of a dream are referred to as its _____ content, while the hidden, symbolic meaning is called the _____ content.

A)manifest; latent
B)latent; manifest
C)lucid; manifest
D)REM; NREM

Question 65

The activation-synthesis hypothesis was developed by

A)Rosalind Cartwright.
B)Fritz Perls.
C)Stephen LaBerge.
D)Hobson and McCarley.

Question 66

Thomas dreams that he goes to a party.When he gets to the party, he is the only person in a costume and mask, and no one seems to notice.Using Freud's dream theory, dreaming about wearing a mask and costume to the party represents the _____ content of the dream.

A)NREM
B)lucid
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 67

Thomas' therapist interprets Thomas' dream about going to a party in a costume and mask to mean that Thomas is hiding his true self from the world out of fear that he will be rejected.The therapist's interpretation of the mask and costume would be considered the _____ content of Thomas' dream.

A)NREM
B)lucid
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 68

Freud's dream theory is based on the assumption that the true meaning of a dream is found in its _____ content.

A)latent
B)manifest
C)REM
D)lucid

Question 69

Rhonda remembers that she had a dream last night about walking on a beach and picking up shells, while the sun was bright and warm.These remembered parts of the dream are known as the _____ content.

A)NREM
B)REM
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 70

At the center of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming is the need to

A)give expression to unfulfilled wishes.
B)provide an outlet for repressed thoughts.
C)provide explanations for physiological activity.
D)exhibit socially acceptable behavior.

Question 71

The theory that relates dream content to motor commands in the brain, which are made but not carried out during sleep is called the

A)psychodynamic theory.
B)wish fulfillment hypothesis.
C)activation-synthesis hypothesis.
D)neurocognitive dream theory.

Question 72

According to which dream theory does the cortex of the brain combine random brain activity into stories and visual images that form your dreams?

A)psychodynamic
B)Gestalt
C)activation-synthesis
D)neurocognitive

Question 73

According to the _____, during REM sleep brain cells are activated that normally control eye movement, balance, and actions, but messages from these cells are blocked from reaching the body, so no movement occurs.In order to interpret this information, the brain searches through stored memories and manufactures a dream.

A)psychodynamic theory
B)lucid dreaming hypothesis
C)activation-synthesis hypothesis
D)Gestalt dream theory

Question 74

The obvious and visible aspects of a dream comprise its

A)manifest content.
B)lucid content.
C)conscious core.
D)latent content.

Question 75

Regarding Freud's theory of dreams, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Freud was wrong about dreams reflecting a person's current concerns.
B)Freud believed that dreams express unconscious desires and conflicts as disguised dream symbols.
C)The fact that dreams do not have a single unambiguous meaning is one of the shortcomings of Freudian dream theory.
D)Freud did realize that some dreams are trivial "day residues" or carryovers from ordinary waking events.

Question 76

Freud's psychodynamic dream theory was based on the assumption that

A)dreams are a continuation of the events in our daily lives.
B)a person can learn to take control of their dreams through lucid dreaming.
C)the content of dreams has symbolic meaning.
D)dreams are nothing more than random neural impulses.

Question 77

Freud considered the distinction between manifest content and latent content essential for

A)developing a healthy personality.
B)understanding dreams.
C)the development of the id, ego, and superego.
D)reaching self-actualization.

Question 78

Margo dreams of stealing her friend's wedding ring and placing it on her hand.According to Freud's theory, Margo's dream probably represents

A)her desire to own "pretty" and expensive things.
B)her plan to steal her friend's jewelry in the future.
C)her sexual attraction to her friend's husband.
D)a carryover from ordinary waking events.

Question 79

In Rhonda's dream, she was picking up sea shells on a beach.Rhonda's therapist interprets this dream as meaning that Rhonda is feeling a strong need to be protected and sheltered.This therapist's interpretation would be considered the _____ content of Rhonda's dream.

A)NREM
B)lucid
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 80

Disguised dream symbols are to psychodynamic dream theory as sensory and motor messages are to

A)Rosalind Cartwright's theory of dreams.
B)the activation-synthesis hypothesis.
C)Fritz Perls' methods of dream interpretation.
D)the neurocognitive dream theory.