Deck 6: Extension A: States of Consciousness

Question 1

In everyday life, changes in consciousness may accompany

A)long-distance running.
B)listening to music.
C)making love.
D)all of these.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Thomas Nagel and others, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)We can learn a lot about bats and other animals from an objective, third-person point of view.
B)We cannot directly know the first-person experience of animals.
C)Inanimate objects, such as rocks, experience nothing.
D)The difficulty of knowing other minds is why introspection replaced behaviorism early in psychology's history.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

One thing that cocaine, "highway hypnosis", high fever, and meditation all have in common is that they produce

A)hypnagogic images.
B)relaxation.
C)euphoria.
D)ASCs.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

We cannot know the first-person experience of

A)lower animals, like bats or cats.
B)primates other than humans.
C)other humans.
D)any of these organisms.

Question 5

During an altered state of consciousness, there are distinct shifts in our

A)memories.
B)time sense.
C)suggestibility.
D)all of these.

Question 6

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC), which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)During an altered state of consciousness, changes occur in the quality and pattern of mental activity.
B)"Highway hypnotism" on long drives is an example of an altered state.
C)Most people do not know when they have experienced an altered state of consciousness.
D)Near-death experiences tend to produce an altered state of consciousness.

Question 7

During an altered state of consciousness, changes occur in the ______ and ______ of mental activity.

A)timing; direction
B)length; degree
C)quality; pattern
D)depth; meaning

Question 8

Psychologists identify marked changes in both the quality and pattern of mental functioning as

A)preconsciousness.
B)simulated information processing.
C)altered states of consciousness.
D)sensory enhancement.

Question 9

Which of the following persons is/are attempting to alter his or her state of consciousness?

A)A Navajo elder gives his congregation peyote tea, a sacrament in the Native American church.
B)A college student spends a day walking through the wilderness in a quiet state of mindfulness meditation.
C)An artist spends two hours in a floatation chamber to clear her head.
D)All of these persons are attempting to alter his or her state of consciousness.

Question 10

Everyone experiences some altered states of consciousness, such as

A)sleep.
B)dreaming.
C)daydreaming.
D)all of these.

Question 11

Which of the following persons is/are attempting to alter his or her state of consciousness?

A)A nun living in a convent spends an entire week in silent prayer and contemplation.
B)Three businessmen head for a popular tavern after a stressful day.
C)An aspiring actor consults a hypnotist for help in reducing her stage fright.
D)All of these persons are attempting to alter his or her state of consciousness.

Question 12

Regarding consciousness and ASCs, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)An unconscious person will die without constant care.
B)Currently, scientists cannot really explain how consciousness occurs.
C)The most common altered states of consciousness are sleep and dreaming.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 13

Consciousness consists of

A)sensations.
B)perceptions.
C)memories and feelings.
D)all of these.

Question 14

When a person is in a state of clear, organized alertness and perceives times, places, and events as real, meaningful, and familiar, he or she is said to be

A)in waking consciousness.
B)experiencing ASCs.
C)experiencing sensory overload.
D)in an alerted state of consciousness.

Question 15

Which of the following can produce an altered state of consciousness?

A)sensory overload
B)hypnosis and meditation
C)restricted sensory input
D)all of these

Question 16

Because the mind and consciousness are fundamentally first-person phenomena, the basic challenge of psychology is to use ______ studies of the brain and behavior to help us understand them.

A)intuitive
B)subjective
C)objective
D)parapsychology

Question 17

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why _____ replaced introspection early in psychology's history.

A)functionalism
B)behaviorism
C)Gestalt psychology
D)humanism

Question 18

We spend most of our lives in ______, which is organized, meaningful, and clear.

A)a state of ASCs
B)waking consciousness
C)an altered state of consciousness
D)microsleep

Question 19

_____ consists of all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any instant.

A)Alertness
B)Personality
C)Consciousness
D)Intelligence

Question 20

To be conscious means

A)that one is awake.
B)that one is aware.
C)that one is completely alert.
D)none of these.

Question 21

A momentary shift in brain wave activity to that of sleep is called

A)REM sleep.
B)NREM sleep.
C)microsleep.
D)waking sleep.

Question 22

Altered states of consciousness may be used for

A)pleasure.
B)pathways to self-knowledge.
C)religious practices.
D)any of these, depending on the culture.

Question 23

Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature is known as a(n)

A)ASC.
B)biological rhythm.
C)condensation.
D)REM rebound.

Question 24

Many automobile accidents are thought to occur during momentary shifts in brain activity called

A)REM sleep.
B)non-REM sleep.
C)microsleep.
D)sleep spindles.

Question 25

The sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians

A)is meant to cleanse the body and mind.
B)is performed in a small, dark chamber heated by coals.
C)can bring altered awareness and personal revelation when especially intense.
D)is characterized by all of these.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about humans during sleep is TRUE?

A)People are basically unable to respond to environmental cues when asleep.
B)Some people can learn very complex tasks while asleep, such as learning a foreign language.
C)You are more likely to awaken if you hear your own name spoken instead of another name.
D)Sleep is a complete loss of consciousness.

Question 27

Which of the following could you learn to do in your sleep?

A)math
B)foreign language
C)touch a switch on cue
D)dream analysis

Question 28

Regarding sleep among various animal species, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Not all animals sleep.
B)The dolphin is able to voluntarily breathe air and sleep without drowning by sleeping on just one side of its brain at a time.
C)If a human does not sleep, he or she will go into a stupor, coma, and then death.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 29

Sleep

A)is an innate biological rhythm.
B)is necessary for life.
C)may give way temporarily in times of great danger.
D)is characterized by all of these.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about humans during sleep is/are TRUE?

A)If a person does not sleep, he or she will go into a stupor, coma, then death.
B)People can learn simple tasks such as touching a switch while asleep, but not complex tasks.
C)You are more likely to awaken if you hear your own name spoken instead of another name.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 31

During the _____, several men sit in total darkness inside a small chamber heated by coals and chant rhythmically.

A)sweat lodge ceremony
B)Hindu mystics yoga practices
C)ceremonies of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey
D)nightlong ritual of the Maori tohunga in New Zealand

Question 32

Which of the following statements about humans during sleep is FALSE?

A)We are totally unresponsive.
B)We can perform very simple tasks.
C)We cannot learn complex skills.
D)We can respond to familiar words and sounds.

Question 33

Dolphins are able to sleep without drowning because they

A)have gills, like fish do.
B)have a special opening that allows air in but not water.
C)sleep on just one side of their brain at a time.
D)inflate their bodies before sleep, which maintains them floating upright so they can breathe without taking in any water.

Question 34

Regarding sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)A good sleep helps humans consolidate what they learned the day before.
B)Some people can learn very complex tasks while asleep, such as learning a foreign language.
C)Dolphins are able to sleep without drowning by sleeping on just one side of the brain at a time.
D)Humans spend approximately 25 years of life asleep.

Question 35

A biological rhythm includes

A)any repeating cycle of biological activity.
B)sleep and waking cycles.
C)changes in body temperature.
D)all of these.

Question 36

Each of us will spend approximately ______ years of life asleep.

A)5
B)15
C)20
D)25

Question 37

What do the Yoga practices of Hindu mystics, the dances of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey, and the sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians all have in common?

A)They are used as a rite of passage for the young men in each culture.
B)They are all meant to cleanse the mind and body and bring about altered awareness and personal revelation.
C)They are all considered illegal practices in most Western cultures.
D)They have all of these in common.

Question 38

The meaning given to altered states of consciousness in other cultures include being seen as

A)signs of madness.
B)spirit possession.
C)pathways to enlightenment.
D)all of these.

Question 39

A rare disease that prevents sleep

A)often causes the person to develop manic-depression.
B)usually occurs in two-week intervals.
C)usually occurs in combination with Alzheimer's disease.
D)always ends with stupor, coma, and death.

Question 40

Sleep helps keep the brain healthy by

A)regulating its temperature.
B)conserving energy.
C)aiding brain development and repair.
D)doing all of these.

Question 41

With extended periods of sleep deprivation (more than 60 hours), one would expect

A)irreversible psychological damage.
B)to experience hallucination, delusions, and disorientation.
C)difficulty in getting to sleep.
D)minor but lasting changes in mood and personality.

Question 42

You are struggling to stay awake while driving and realize that you may have "dozed off" for a few seconds.This shift in your brain activity is called

A)a sleep spindle.
B)a microsleep.
C)somnambulism.
D)a sensory deprivation.

Question 43

You are studying for a string of five finals in a row, and you haven't slept in the last two days.You will probably have

A)hypersomnia.
B)trembling hands and drooping eyelids.
C)increased pain sensitivity.
D)all of these.

Question 44

Most people experience excessive daytime sleepiness, or _____, after even a few hours of sleep loss.

A)hypersomnia
B)somnambulism
C)narcolepsy
D)sleep apnea

Question 45

The most common reactions to a sleep loss of two days would include

A)increased pain sensitivity.
B)hallucinations and delusions.
C)psychotic symptoms.
D)none of these.

Question 46

Microsleep would most likely occur

A)during Stage 4 sleep.
B)in a three to one ratio to microawakenings.
C)in conjunction with delusions and hallucinations.
D)during sleep deprivation.

Question 47

Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Most people who have not slept for two or three days can still do interesting or complex mental tasks.
B)If a task is monotonous, such as factory work, no amount of sleep loss is safe.
C)If you go without sleep for 30 hours, you will need to sleep for 30 hours straight to recover completely.
D)If you lose just one hour of sleep a night, it can affect your mood, memory, ability to pay attention, and even your health.

Question 48

Regarding people who have experienced extreme sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Randy Gardner at age 17 went 264 hours without sleep and holds the official Guinness Book record for sleep deprivation.
B)After Randy Gardner went 264 hours without sleep, he needed three days of sleep to get over this 11-day sleep loss.
C)In 2007, Tony Wright went 266 hours without sleep.
D)The Guinness Book of Records no longer recognizes sleep deprivation competitions because of possible health risks.

Question 49

After prolonged sleep deprivation, a person getting his/her first night of sleep will

A)have difficulty sleeping.
B)feel compelled to replace lost sleep by sleeping late for several days.
C)find that most symptoms are reversed by a single night's sleep.
D)still feel badly for at least five days until the effect of sleep loss wears off.

Question 50

Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep is known as

A)hypersomnia.
B)insomnia.
C)sleep deprivation.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 51

Most people who have not slept for a day or two

A)can still do interesting or complex mental tasks.
B)would have trouble doing simple or boring routines.
C)would be susceptible to microsleeps.
D)would show all of these characteristics.

Question 52

Regarding teenagers and sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Rapid physical changes during puberty decrease the adolescent's need for sleep.
B)The quality of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years.
C)Excessive daytime sleepiness is a common problem in adolescents.
D)The quantity of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years.

Question 53

You are struggling to stay awake while driving.Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding what you should do?

A)You should stop and take a short nap.
B)Drinking coffee could help to alleviate your sleepiness.
C)You should not be concerned about your sleepiness since very few car accidents occur due to sleepiness.
D)If you continue driving while you are sleepy, you could experience a microsleep and have a car accident.

Question 54

Joan is 14 years old and is experiencing _____ throughout the day because she tends to stay up late and get up early.

A)sleep apnea
B)narcolepsy
C)hypersomnia
D)hypnopompic insomnia

Question 55

Most people who have not slept for a day or two

A)can still do interesting or complex mental tasks.
B)can still do simple or boring routines.
C)have no trouble paying attention or staying alert.
D)would not be susceptible to microsleeps.

Question 56

Common reactions to a sleep loss of two days would include

A)drooping eyelids and inattention.
B)irritability, trembling hands, and staring.
C)increased pain sensitivity and general discomfort.
D)all of these.

Question 57

The symptoms of a temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis include

A)sudden, irresistible, daytime sleep attacks.
B)hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation.
C)episodes of sleep walking and sleep talking.
D)all of these.

Question 58

Most symptoms of sleep deprivation

A)are reversed by a single night's rest.
B)require a long period of bed rest for recovery.
C)are irreversible.
D)can be prevented by consuming caffeine.

Question 59

Sleep loss can cause all of the following EXCEPT for

A)slurred speech and inability to name common objects.
B)decreased pain sensitivity.
C)inability to concentrate or remember clearly.
D)trembling hands, irritability, and staring.

Question 60

Prolonged sleep loss can cause a major disruption of mental and emotional functioning characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and confusion called

A)sleep apnea.
B)chronic insomnia.
C)sleep deprivation psychosis.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 61

If external time markers, such as clocks or light and darkness, are removed, the human sleep-wake cycle will

A)become slightly shorter.
B)become slightly longer.
C)remain exactly the same.
D)be unpredictable.

Question 62

External markers like _____ help set 24-hour sleep rhythms.

A)hunger
B)physical activity
C)light and darkness
D)lunar patterns

Question 63

When a person is shut off from the world, such that he or she cannot even tell what time it is by light or dark for several days, this person's sleep-waking cycle will

A)stay exactly as it was since this cycle is innate and cannot be modified.
B)shorten to an average of about 20 hours.
C)lengthen to about 25 hours.
D)become completely disrupted.

Question 64

Our sleep rhythms are tied to an exact 24-hour day because

A)the time of peak activity is invariant from person to person.
B)they are tied to external time markers like light and dark.
C)there is a gravitational pull on the body from the sun and moon.
D)everyone needs at least eight hours of sleep every night.

Question 65

A middle-aged man tells his physician that he has always slept nine to ten hours a night and wonders if something is wrong with him.He should be

A)urged to reduce his sleep time to six hours, which is normal for adults.
B)urged to reduce his sleep time to eight hours, which is normal for adults.
C)assured that this sleep pattern is within acceptable, normal limits.
D)given medication to improve the quality of his sleep and thus reduce the amount of time he spends in sleep.

Question 66

Concerning temporary sleep deprivation psychosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Going without sleep for even 24 hours can lead to temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis.
B)If you go without sleep for 32 hours, it usually only takes one good night of sleep (8 to 14 hours) to erase the effects.
C)Hallucinations and delusions rarely appear before 60 hours of wakefulness.
D)Temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis involves a temporary loss of contact with reality.

Question 67

The ordering and duration of daily sleep and waking periods are known as

A)meridian rhythms.
B)sleep patterns.
C)REM cycles.
D)sleep stages.

Question 68

Adults older than 50 average _____ hours of sleep a night.

A)four
B)six
C)eight
D)ten

Question 69

One's natural sleep need

A)changes with one's mood and physical activity.
B)is indicated when one can wake without an alarm clock and feel rested.
C)is really nine hours for all adults.
D)is really six hours for all adults.

Question 70

Compared to young adults, adults over 50 get

A)more sleep.
B)less sleep.
C)about the same amount of sleep.
D)an average of eight hours of sleep per night.

Question 71

The rhythms of sleep and waking

A)coincide with cycles of the moon.
B)are considerably shorter than 24 hours.
C)are a little over 24 hours long.
D)average around 36 hours.

Question 72

Regarding sleep patterns, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Short sleepers average five hours or less of sleep per night.
B)Long sleepers sleep nine hours or more a night.
C)Infants spend up to 20 hours a day sleeping, usually in two- to four-hour cycles.
D)Those over the age of 50 average about nine hours of sleep a night.

Question 73

Under pressure to meet a deadline, a truck driver has just gone three days without sleep.In the last twelve hours, he has begun to experience sensations of movement in stationary objects.He apparently has

A)damaged the retinas of his eyes due to eye strain.
B)undergone a change in muscle tension affection his kinesthetic sense.
C)reached the first stages of sleep-deprivation psychosis.
D)upset the vestibular system through excessive exposure to road vibration.

Question 74

When you were in high school, you used to sleep 14 hours per night on the weekends.If you did this every night, you would be appropriately called a(n)

A)lucid sleeper
B)insomniac.
C)short sleeper.
D)long sleeper.

Question 75

For a newborn infant, one could expect total sleep time each day to approach

A)24 hours.
B)20 hours.
C)12 hours.
D)eight hours.

Question 76

Throughout the lifespan, total sleep time

A)decreases as we get older.
B)increases as we get older.
C)decreases then increases after age 50
D)remains the same throughout life.

Question 77

If you are sleeping fewer hours than your natural sleep need, then you

A)are at risk for developing chronic sleep deprivation psychosis.
B)have trained yourself to be a short sleeper.
C)are building a sleep debt.
D)most likely have chronic insomnia that needs to be treated.

Question 78

How many hours of sleep do the majority of adults get per night?

A)five hours
B)seven to eight hours
C)ten hours
D)twelve hours

Question 79

Regarding sleep patterns, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)A few rare individuals can get by on an hour or two of sleep a night and feel perfectly fine.
B)Long sleepers sleep nine hours or more a night.
C)Short sleepers average five hours or less of sleep per night.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 80

Infants sleep

A)in six to eight-hour blocks of time.
B)12 hours a day.
C)in two to four-hour blocks of time.
D)in totally irregular patterns.