Deck 5: Extension B: Perceiving the World

Question 1

Students have found that if their psychology teacher repeats a term "three times," this term will definitely be on the test.Paying attention to specific stimuli illustrates the students'

A)perceptual learning.
B)convergence.
C)auditory accommodation.
D)ability to use reality testing.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The illusion created by the Ames room works on which perceptual principle?

A)size constancy
B)closure
C)shape constancy
D)figure-ground

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the demonstration of the upside down face in the textbook, perceptual learning

A)creates a lack of depth perception regarding the upside-down face.
B)has less impact on our perceptions of the upside-down face.
C)has more impact on our perceptions of the upside down face.
D)causes us to see no reversal of the features of the upside-down face.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

_____ refers to changes in the brain that alter how we process sensory information so that we can focus on just one part of a group of stimuli rather than processing all of the stimuli.

A)Sensory adaptation
B)Sensory habituation
C)Perceptual learning
D)Perceptual accommodation

Question 5

Perceptual learning refers to any change in learning that is based on

A)perceiving depth.
B)arranging pictorial cues.
C)past experience.
D)perceptual revision.

Question 6

_____ processing habits can easily lead to one viewing the Ames room as being square rather than lopsided.

A)Top-down
B)Bottom-up
C)Stereoscopic visual
D)Divergent

Question 7

The fact that American tourists in London tend to look in the wrong direction before stepping into the crosswalks is based on

A)sensory localization.
B)perceptual habits.
C)sensory gating.
D)unconscious transference.

Question 8

In general, learning tends to create

A)dishabituation.
B)stereoscopic vision.
C)habitual revision.
D)perceptual habits.

Question 9

In a tilted mystery house at an amusement park, objects appear to roll uphill.This effect is most likely related to

A)perceptual habits.
B)impossible figures.
C)stroboscopic movement.
D)the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Question 10

Which of the following illustrates the influence of perceptual habits on perceptual experience?

A)hallucinations
B)the Ames room
C)convergence
D)an impossible figure

Question 11

In the Ames room, people appear to grow larger or smaller as they walk from one side of the room to the other because

A)retinal disparity occurs and causes motion parallax.
B)the room illustrates the reversibility of figure-ground objects.
C)accommodation cannot be maintained with movement by the people.
D)the room appears to be square due to shape constancy.

Question 12

The Kaufmans projected images of the moon on a mirror, which allowed them to superimpose an artificial moon on the sky.Volunteer observers reported that as the moon moved closer, it appeared to

A)get smaller.
B)get larger.
C)follow them.
D)not change in size and shape.

Question 13

The first few times you used a computer, you deliberately paid attention to specific stimuli, such as icons, commands, and signals.These experiences changed how your brain processes information about this technology known as a computer.This change is called

A)sensory adaptation.
B)sensory habituation.
C)perceptual accommodation.
D)perceptual learning.

Question 14

A linebacker in football may be able to tell if the next play will be a run or a pass by watching one or two key players, rather than the entire opposing team.This illustrates

A)contiguity.
B)convergence.
C)perceptual learning.
D)reality testing.

Question 15

The Kaufmans studied the moon illusion by projecting computer images of the moon on a _____ in support of the apparent-distance theory.

A)box
B)plate
C)wall
D)mirror

Question 16

Perceptual habits are

A)established patterns of organization and attention.
B)muscular responses to sudden movements.
C)bodily sensations.
D)innate patterns of behavior.

Question 17

The Kaufmans' experiment that showed that observers stated that the moon appeared smaller near the horizon, where more depth cues were found provided the strongest confirmation of the

A)Gestalt principle of figure-ground.
B)Weber's law.
C)apparent-distance theory.
D)psychokinetic theory.

Question 18

We are more likely to perceive areas below the horizon line in a drawing as objects or figures as a result of

A)perceptual learning.
B)stereoscopic vision.
C)habitual revision.
D)retinal disparity.

Question 19

The _____ is a lopsided space that appears square when viewed from a certain point.

A)Müller-Lyer illusion
B)Ponzo illusion
C)Ames room
D)Fraser's spiral

Question 20

A novice chef discovers how to tell the difference between dried basil, oregano, and tarragon by focusing on a specific aspect of each herb.This illustrates

A)perceptual learning.
B)convergence.
C)contiguity.
D)reality testing.

Question 21

In their experiments on the brain and perceptual features, Blakemore, Cooper, Grobstein and Chow found that the kittens raised in the horizontally-striped rooms

A)bumped into chair legs.
B)missed when they tried to jumpt to horizontal surfaces.
C)had difficulty walking in a straight line.
D)experienced no difficulty in any visual task since the eyes easily adapt.

Question 22

Important elements of a stimulus pattern such as lines, shapes, edges, spots, and colors, are referred to as

A)perceptual features.
B)perceptual adaptations.
C)perceptual illusions.
D)sensory depth cues.

Question 23

East Asians are _____ people who tend to focus on _____.

A)individualistic; self and their sense of personal control
B)individualistic; interpersonal relationships and social responsibility.
C)collectivist; self and their sense of personal control
D)collectivist; interpersonal relationships and social responsibility

Question 24

When American and Japanese participants were shown drawings of everyday scenes, such as a farm, and were later shown slightly changed versions of the same scene, the Americans participants tended to _____, while the Japanese participants tended to _____.

A)be better at detecting changes in the figure of the scene; be better at finding alterations in the background.
B)be better at finding alterations in the background of the scene; be better at detecting changes in the figure
C)find fewer overall changes; find significantly more of the changes
D)find significantly more of the changes; find fewer overall changes

Question 25

Experiments in which cats were raised in environments which emphasized one feature over another showed that

A)even though cats did not have experience with some features, they could easily learn about them.
B)there was an actual decrease in brain cells tuned to the missing feature.
C)when returned to a normal environment, the cats became frightened and refused to move around.
D)there was an actual increase in brain cells tuned to the missing feature.

Question 26

In their experiments on the brain and perceptual features, Blakemore, Cooper, Grobstein and Chow found that

A)the kittens raised in the vertically-striped rooms ran into chair legs in the normal environment.
B)the kittens raised in the horizontally-striped rooms had difficulty jumping onto a chair in the normal environment.
C)there was an actual decrease in brain cells tuned to the missing features.
D)all of these findings were true.

Question 27

East Asians tend to

A)be individualistic.
B)focus on self and their sense of control.
C)focus more on the figure within a scene.
D)have a broader focus of attention.

Question 28

In their experiments on the brain and perceptual features, Blakemore, Cooper, Grobstein and Chow found that the kittens raised in the vertically-striped rooms

A)bumped into chair legs.
B)missed when they tried to jump to horizontal surfaces.
C)had difficulty walking in a straight line.
D)experienced no difficulty in any visual task since the eyes easily adapt.

Question 29

Because Janie has more experience with people from her own race, she is better able to recognize people from her own race and tends to show a bias in perceiving persons from other racial and ethnic groups, which is known as

A)the apparent-distance hypothesis.
B)the other-race effect.
C)color blindness.
D)the psi phenomena.

Question 30

In tests of facial recognition, people

A)are much better at recognizing faces of their own race than others.
B)show a consistent other-race effect.
C)of different races or ethnic groups have developed perceptual habits that lead them to see in-group faces differently.
D)exhibit all of these.

Question 31

European Americans tend to

A)be collectivist
B)focus on interpersonal relationships and social responsibility.
C)focus more on the background of a picture.
D)have a narrow focus of attention.

Question 32

In the demonstration of "Paris in the spring," good readers often overlook the repeated word because of

A)figure-ground perspective.
B)retinal disparity.
C)perceptual learning.
D)stereoscopic vision.

Question 33

For groups of people in cultures we are not familiar with, we lack the expertise needed to accurately separate one face from another.This research finding illustrates the real-world consequences of

A)pictorial depth cues.
B)perceptual adaptations.
C)perceptual features.
D)perceptual illusions

Question 34

The Ames distorted room is a powerful illusory situation.It works because

A)of pictorial depth cues.
B)most civilized cultures have limited experience with rectangular shapes.
C)subjects can see only one of the two persons in the room at any one time.
D)it capitalizes on perceptual habits.

Question 35

Strange perceptual experiences occur in the Ames room because

A)our ordinary assumptions about the shape of the room are violated.
B)observers have prior knowledge of the experiment and expect bizarre experiences.
C)neither size nor shape constancy are operating.
D)of the autokinetic effect.

Question 36

Because Robin has more experience with people from her own race, she is better able to recognize people from her own race because she is more familiar with the features that help us recognize different persons.This illustrates the importance of

A)habituation.
B)sensory adaptation.
C)perceptual learning.
D)dishabituation.

Question 37

European Americans tend to _____, while East Asians tend to _____.

A)be individualistic; be collectivist
B)focus on interpersonal relationships and social responsibility; focus on self and their sense of control
C)explain actions in terms of their social context; explain actions in terms of internal factors
D)have a broader focus of attention; have a narrow focus of attention.

Question 38

European Americans tend to _____, while East Asians tend to _____.

A)be collectivist; be individualistic
B)focus on interpersonal relationships and social responsibility; focus on self and their sense of control
C)explain actions in terms of internal factors; explain actions in terms of their social context.
D)have a broader focus of attention; have a narrow focus of attention.

Question 39

Regarding cultural differences in perception, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)East Asians tend to be individualistic and tend to focus on self and their sense of personal control.
B)European Americans tend to be collectivist and focus on interpersonal relationships and social responsibility.
C)Japanese participants were better at detecting alterations to the background than detecting changes in the figure of a scene.
D)European Americans tend to explain a person's actions in terms of the context.

Question 40

European Americans are _____ people who tend to focus on _____.

A)individualistic; self and their sense of personal control
B)individualistic; interpersonal relationships and social responsibility.
C)collectivist; self and their sense of personal control
D)collectivist; interpersonal relationships and social responsibility

Question 41

The information surrounding a stimulus is known as the

A)adaptation level.
B)context.
C)aura.
D)internal frame of reference.

Question 42

An imaginary perception, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling something that does not exist in the external world is called a(n)

A)illusion.
B)hallucination.
C)stroboscopic movement.
D)Müller-Lyer illusion.

Question 43

If you were transported to a strange planet with unique structural features, your rapid sensory and motor adaptation would be most quickly facilitated by

A)prior knowledge of the planet.
B)active movement in the new environment.
C)thoughtful analysis of the circumstances.
D)preceding your trip with a short period of sensory deprivation, thereby clearing your senses.

Question 44

Regarding the results of research conducted by Chua, Boland, and Nisbett, in which American participants tended to focus on the figure within a scene, while the Chinese participants focused on the background, they concluded that Americans tend to have a _____, while Chinese tend to have a _____.

A)broader focus of attention; narrow focus of attention
B)narrow focus of attention; broader focus of attention
C)shorter attention span; longer attention span
D)longer attention span; shorter attention span

Question 45

Chua, Boland, and Nisbett presented American and Chinese participants with pictures of a figure, such as a tiger, placed on a ground, such as a jungle, and monitored their eye-movement patterns.The Americans tended to focus their eye movements _____, while the Chinese tended to focus their eye movements _____.

A)on the figure (the tiger); on the ground (the jungle)
B)on the ground (the jungle); on the figure (the tiger)
C)haphazardly; in a structured and coordinated way
D)in a structured and coordinated way; haphazardly

Question 46

One dog appears considerably larger than the other because one has been shaved and the other still has its long hair.The difference in the sizes of the two dogs is

A)a hallucination.
B)an illusion.
C)an example of figure ground.
D)explained by none of these.

Question 47

You are presented with interesting visual stimulus.When you look at the visual stimulus vertically, you see the letter B, but when you look at the stimulus horizontally, _____ causes it to be organized as the number 13.

A)inverted vision
B)active movement
C)adaptation level
D)context

Question 48

If we can generalize from the results of research on adapting to inverted vision, a person adjusting to the distortion caused by glasses worn after cataract operations would adjust most quickly if allowed to

A)move about voluntarily.
B)watch movies while seated.
C)practice reality testing.
D)undergo temporary sensory deprivation.

Question 49

Regarding the inverted vision experiments, which of the following was NOT one of the findings?

A)Participants in the experiment reported that head movements made the world swing violently through space, causing severe headaches and nausea.
B)At first, the participants found the simplest tasks, such as walking and eating, incredibly difficult.
C)After several days, the participants began to adapt to the inverted vision and could perform routine activities with some successfully driving a car.
D)The participants knew that adaptation to the inverted vision goggles was complete when the visual images appeared to be turned upright again.

Question 50

Based on the cross-cultural research on perception, the society we live in

A)was shown to have no effect on our perceptions.
B)has only a minimal effect on our perceptions.
C)can influence even our most basic perceptual habits.
D)was shown to effect only the perception of members of collectivist societies, but not the perception of individuals from more individualistic societies.

Question 51

Illusions

A)distort stimuli that actually exist.
B)are the same as hallucinations.
C)are the result of innate mechanisms.
D)are characterized by all of these.

Question 52

Illusions differ from hallucinations in that

A)illusions are based on perceptions that have no external reality.
B)hallucinations are simply misjudgments of sensory information.
C)illusions are based on perceptual learning.
D)hallucinations are permanent perceptual habits.

Question 53

A man six feet in height will look tall when surrounded by others of average height, and short among a group of professional basketball players.This is an example of

A)inverted vision.
B)active movement.
C)adaptation level.
D)context.

Question 54

Peter, who uses PCP, sees "flaky black smoke falling from the ceiling." Peter is experiencing a

A)visual hallucination.
B)visual illusion.
C)perceptual reconstruction.
D)sane hallucination.

Question 55

Which of the following is a consistent finding of inverted vision experiments?

A)Adaptation occurred for left-to-right reversal, but not a reversal of up and down.
B)Subjects adapt more quickly if they sit quietly, not moving their heads or trying to pick up objects or to walk.
C)Adaptation is immediate without any transition period necessary.
D)Subjects can eventually do complex tasks, such as driving a car or flying an airplane.

Question 56

Experiments with inverted and distorted vision show that

A)adaptation to inverted vision is not possible for most humans.
B)active movement speeds adaptation in humans.
C)adaptation to the inverted vision only allowed the human subjects to perform simple movements, such as walking for short distances, not more complex maneuvers.
D)human subjects adapt best when they remain motionless and can visually study their environment.

Question 57

When people wore goggles that grossly distorted their vision, they were able to adapt more quickly if they

A)walked around on their own.
B)were pushed around in a wheeled cart.
C)remained sat motionless in a chair and practiced deep breathing.
D)alternated sitting up motionless for 15 minutes and then lying down with their eyes closed for 15 minutes.

Question 58

In a(n) _____, certain physical properties of an object, such as curvature or length, are consistently misjudged.

A)hallucination
B)illusion
C)perception
D)sensation

Question 59

A hallucination is

A)another name for an illusion.
B)a distorted or misleading perception of stimuli that actually exists.
C)a perception of objects or events that have no external reality.
D)characterized by none of these.

Question 60

Regarding cultural differences in perception, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)European Americans tend to be individualistic and tend to focus on self and their sense of personal control.
B)East Asian tend to be collectivist and focus on interpersonal relationships and social responsibility.
C)Japanese participants were better at detecting alterations to the background than detecting changes in the figure of a scene.
D)European Americans tend to explain a person's actions in terms of the context.

Question 61

In general, _____ produces illusions.

A)habitual eye movements
B)perceptual habits
C)size and shape constancy
D)all of these combine to

Question 62

The apparent movement in motion pictures is caused by an illusion called

A)stroboscopic movement.
B)motion parallax.
C)relative motion.
D)the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Question 63

The Müller-Lyer illusion is

A)based upon experience with the edges and corners of rooms and buildings.
B)based solely on figure-ground relationships.
C)experienced similarly in all cultures.
D)only present with arrows and lines less that one foot in length.

Question 64

Individuals who have Charles Bonnet syndrome

A)are partially blind.
B)are mentally disturbed.
C)lack the ability to engage in reality testing.
D)are characterized by all of these.

Question 65

The Müller-Lyer illusion is best explained by

A)size-distance invariance.
B)perceptual habits.
C)a lifetime of experience with the corners of rooms and buildings.
D)all of these.

Question 66

If you think you see a three-foot-tall butterfly, you can confirm you are hallucinating by trying to touch its wings.You are engaging in

A)perceptual expectancy.
B)perceptual evaluation.
C)perceptual verification.
D)reality testing.

Question 67

Mark has been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia.In order to sort out which of his experiences are perceptions and which are hallucinations, he must engage in

A)stroboscopic movement.
B)reality testing.
C)perceptual reconstruction.
D)illusionary adaptation.

Question 68

Upon seeing the Fraser's spiral, most people must careful trace one of the circles to confirm what is "real" in the design.This is an example of

A)perceptual expectancy.
B)perceptual evaluation.
C)perceptual verification.
D)reality testing.

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a person who has Charles Bonnet syndrome?

A)They are partially blind.
B)They are mentally disturbed.
C)They are capable of engaging in reality testing.
D)They experience "sane hallucinations."

Question 70

Which of the following illusions involves a horizontal line with arrowheads at each end appearing to be shorter than a horizontal line with open V's at each end of the line?

A)the Poggendorff illusion
B)the Munker-White illusion
C)the Müller-Lyer illusion
D)the Hering illusion

Question 71

Which of the following is a major symptom of psychosis, dementia, epilepsy, migraine headaches, alcohol withdrawal, and drug intoxication and are one of the clearest signs that a person has "lost touch with reality"?

A)illusions
B)hallucinations.
C)stroboscopic movement
D)reality testing

Question 72

_____ refers to the illusory motion perceived when objects are shown in rapidly changing positions.

A)Stroboscopic movement
B)Motion parallax
C)Relative motion
D)The Müller-Lyer illusion

Question 73

Jonathan is suffering from Charles Bonnet syndrome.He tells his daughter that he wishes that he would stop seeing these "imaginary" animals in his house.Jonathan is experiencing

A)stroboscopic movement.
B)illusions.
C)sane hallucinations.
D)delusions.

Question 74

Selena keeps thinking that she "sees" someone following her, but there is really no one there.This is an example of

A)a hallucination.
B)an illusion.
C)a figure-ground.
D)the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Question 75

TV cartoons are made up of thousands of still pictures, but we see motion in these cartoons because of

A)motion parallax.
B)linear perspective.
C)stroboscopic movement.
D)the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Question 76

Reality testing is defined as

A)obtaining additional information as a check on the accuracy of one's perceptions.
B)an initial guess regarding how to organize a stimulus pattern.
C)changes in perception that can be attributed to prior experience.
D)the well-established patterns of perceptual organization and attention.

Question 77

Regarding Charles Bonnet syndrome, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)This syndrome is a rare condition which afflicts mainly older people who are partially blind, but not mentally disturbed.
B)People with this syndrome may "see" people, animals, building, plants, and other objects appear and disappear in front of their eyes.
C)People with this syndrome experience "sane hallucinations."
D)People with this syndrome have an inability to engage in reality testing.

Question 78

Obtaining additional information as a check on the accuracy of one's perceptions is called

A)perceptual expectancy.
B)perceptual set.
C)reality testing.
D)perceptual verification.

Question 79

The lights used on dance floors cause an illusion in which it "freezes" dancers in particular positions when it flashes, which is the reverse of the illlusion known as

A)motion parallax.
B)linear perspective.
C)stroboscopic movement.
D)the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Question 80

_____ is a rare condition, which afflicts mainly older people who are partially blind but not mentally disturbed.They may "see" people, animals, building, plants, and other objects appear and disappear in front of their eyes.

A)Paranoid schizophrenia
B)Charles Bonnet syndrome
C)Klinefelter's syndrome
D)Turner's syndrome