Deck 18: Extension B: Applied Psychology

Question 1

Density is to objective measures as _____ is to subjective measures.

A)intensity
B)diversity
C)crowding
D)feedback

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Calhoun's study of overcrowding showed that animals in overcrowded conditions

A)reproduce more rapidly.
B)become more cooperative.
C)eat much more food.
D)engage in pathological social behaviors.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Studies of overcrowding in a rat colony show that

A)crowded animals become unusually passive and cooperative.
B)each animal, although crowded, claims a private territory and adapts effectively.
C)crowding produces pathological social behaviors.
D)even though the overcrowding was evident, the population continued to rise rapidly as pregnancies increased and infant mortality decreased.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A person who says, "There are too many people in my face, and I need some space," is probably suffering from

A)hypochondriasis.
B)crowding.
C)social density.
D)socialists.

Question 5

Experts estimate that the maximum sustainable population of the Earth is between _____ and _____ billion persons.

A)1; 4
B)5; 20
C)25; 50
D)60; 100

Question 6

Psychological research has begun to clarify the impact of _____ on human functioning.

A)pollution
B)crowding
C)overstimulation
D)all of these

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the results from Calhoun's study of rats in the overcrowded colony?

A)increased maternal protection of young
B)indiscriminate aggression
C)stress-caused diseases
D)some rats showing sexual passivity and others displaying hypersexuality

Question 8

Many architects now discourage vandalism and graffiti in public places by

A)limiting instances in which vandalism can take place, such as the use of tiled walls.
B)weakening the lure of likely targets, such as raised flower beds around signs.
C)"hardening"and "de-opportunizing"physical environments.
D)doing all of these.

Question 9

Regarding the implications of overcrowding among people, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Most laboratory studies using human subjects have failed to produce any serious ill effects by crowding people into small places.
B)Disadvantages, such as poor nutrition and low education, influence the relationship between overcrowding and pathological behavior in humans.
C)Crowding in urban areas contributes to the stress experienced by its residents.
D)The violence and social disorganization seen in urban areas has been shown to be directly related to overcrowding.

Question 10

Regarding territorial behavior, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)It can involve temporary ownership of a space, such as a spot on the beach or a seat at the movies.
B)Sports teams show territorial behavior by playing better on their own home territory than on the other team's field.
C)Burglars are more likely to break into houses that have lots of obvious territorial markers.
D)Graffiti is an obvious form of territorial marking.

Question 11

Which of these high density situations would be LEAST likely to be considered crowded?

A)Over 3,000 people are sitting on blankets on a hillside watching the laser show at Stone Mountain.
B)Ten people are in an elevator riding up 50 floors.
C)There are ten patients to each ward in a mental hospital.
D)Three co-eds share a one bedroom, one bath dorm room.

Question 12

Regarding crowding and density, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)High densities always produce feelings of discomfort.
B)Crowding interacts with the type of situation in which it occurs to intensify existing stresses or pleasures.
C)The situation of humans in the inner-city is not directly analogous to the situation of animals overcrowded in the laboratory.
D)When crowding causes a loss of control over one's immediate social environment, stress is likely to result.

Question 13

Overcrowding in animal colonies resulted in all of the following consequences EXCEPT

A)death from stress-related diseases.
B)indiscriminate aggression.
C)increases in pregnancies.
D)decreased maternal behavior.

Question 14

Overcrowding in animal colonies resulted in all of the following consequences EXCEPT

A)abnormal sexual behavior.
B)increased death rates.
C)increased rates of reproduction.
D)decreased maternal behavior.

Question 15

Examples of how architects can design physical environments to influence people's behavior include

A)the use of raised flower beds to protect signs since people resist trampling the flowers to get to the sign.
B)the twisting pathways within malls that make people linger longer to look at merchandise.
C)the arrangements of college classrooms that clearly define a speaker-audience relationship.
D)all of these.

Question 16

Vandalism in public places can be minimized by careful attention to

A)critical markers.
B)the cognitive maps of average citizens.
C)environmental design.
D)attention overload.

Question 17

The subjective feeling of being overstimulated by social inputs or a loss of privacy is called

A)territorial pollution.
B)density.
C)dehumanization.
D)crowding.

Question 18

When researchers assess the number of individuals in a given space, they are measuring

A)density.
B)crowding.
C)overload.
D)bombardment.

Question 19

Regarding overpopulation, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Some experts believe that we have already exceeded the number of people the Earth can sustain indefinitely.
B)The effects of overpopulation are evident in the cities of underdeveloped nations as well as on the subways and living quarters in large cities in Western societies.
C)Animal experiments have been used to assess the effect of overcrowding.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 20

The world population is now more than _____ billion people and may exceed ____billion by 2050.

A)2; 4
B)6; 10
C)10; 25
D)25; 50

Question 21

The long-range impact of human activities on natural environments is already evident in

A)global warming.
B)the extinction of plants and animals.
C)a hole in the ozone layer.
D)all of these.

Question 22

Noise pollution is stressful or intrusive noise made by

A)machinery.
B)animals.
C)humans.
D)all of these.

Question 23

attention overload involves excessive demands on a person's attention from

A)sensory stimulation.
B)information.
C)social contacts.
D)all of these.

Question 24

Research suggests that people are more likely to help a lost child if the

A)child is male.
B)child asks loudly for help.
C)setting is a small town.
D)child is female.

Question 25

Children who were subjected to noise pollution while attending school near an airport showed

A)lower blood pressure.
B)the development of stomach ulcers.
C)a tendency to give up or become distracted.
D)hearing damage.

Question 26

Increased densities and crowding in cities tend to create a psychological condition called attention

A)reactance.
B)bombardment.
C)overload.
D)dissonance.

Question 27

In the study in which a child asked passersby for help,

A)more people offered help in small towns.
B)more offered help in large cities like Boston and Philadelphia.
C)most people offered help equally regardless of whether in a small town or a large city.
D)most people stopped only when other helpers were present.

Question 28

Regarding noise pollution, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)It is a major source of environmental stress.
B)It can add to the attention overload people experience in urban areas.
C)It has an immediate, damaging impact on people's hearing abilities.
D)It can contribute to a state of learned helplessness in people who are exposed to it.

Question 29

The tendency of children subjected to noise pollution to give up or become distracted may reveal a state of

A)learned helplessness.
B)depersonalization.
C)reaction formation.
D)unhealthy compensation.

Question 30

Regarding crowding and density, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Whether high density is experienced as crowding may depend on relationships among those involved.
B)Crowding refers to subjective feelings of being over-stimulated by social inputs or a loss of privacy.
C)People who live in crowded conditions often become more aggressive or become guarded and withdrawn.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 31

In an analysis of 65 studies, in which a child asked passersby for help in small towns and in large cities,

A)about 72 percent of those approached in small town offered to help.
B)only about 46 percent of those who were asked for help in the cities gave aid.
C)only about one-third of the people were willing to help in the large cities, such as Boston and Philadelphia, with the least helpful city being New York.
D)all of these results were found.

Question 32

The impact of sensory stimulation, information, and interpersonal contact typical of city life is called

A)density bombardment.
B)learned helplessness.
C)territoriality.
D)attention overload.

Question 33

Which of the following was observed in children subjected to noise pollution while attending school near an airport?

A)higher blood pressure
B)the development of stomach ulcers
C)increased aggression toward teachers
D)hearing damage

Question 34

Regarding urban stresses, crowding, and noise pollution, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)One serious cost of urban stresses and crowding is a blunting of sensitivity to the needs of others.
B)City dwellers learn to prevent attention overload by intensely focusing on non-essential events.
C)Noise-battered children tend to give up or become distracted.
D)Children attending noisy schools tend to have higher blood pressure than those from quieter schools.

Question 35

Studies of children exposed to noise pollution have shown all of the following effects EXCEPT for

A)decreased persistence in problem-solving.
B)increased social contacts.
C)poor reading skills.
D)increased stress.

Question 36

Engaging in brief, superficial social contacts, ignoring nonessential events, and adopting a cold, callous, unfriendly expression may help city dwellers to

A)reduce territorial behavior.
B)prevent learned helplessness.
C)reduce attention overload.
D)maintain self-esteem.

Question 37

Students at a large metropolitan university may have only superficial contact with others because of their need to

A)identify and defend territory.
B)reduce attention overload.
C)prevent learned helplessness.
D)maintain self-esteem.

Question 38

Milgram believes city dwellers learn to prevent attention overload by doing all of the following EXCEPT by

A)reducing territorial behavior.
B)engaging in brief, superficial interpersonal contacts.
C)disregarding nonessential events.
D)fending off others by adopting cold and unfriendly expressions.

Question 39

A lost visitor to a large city tries to ask several of the passing city dwellers for directions.Few stop to help the visitor.Milgram would say that the city dwellers are

A)trying to reduce attention overload.
B)ignoring non-essential events.
C)fending off social contacts and keeping them superficial.
D)doing all of these.

Question 40

Children who were subjected to noise pollution while attending school near an airport or in noisy neighborhoods showed

A)poor attention and concentration.
B)poor reading skills.
C)higher blood pressure.
D)all of these.

Question 41

Strategies that encourage recycling include

A)requiring refundable deposits on glass bottles.
B)placing signs on recycling containers indicating how many aluminum cans had been deposited in the previous week.
C)learning about environmental problems and pro-environmental values at school.
D)all of these

Question 42

A city that offers curbside pickup of recyclables or accepts unsorted recycling materials is using the strategy of _____ to promote recycling.

A)persuasion
B)revision of attitudes
C)removal of barriers
D)education

Question 43

try as you might to reduce your use of resources, such as electricity, you might find it difficult to do because environmental psychologists have long known that _____ is a major barrier to conservation.

A)individual human greed
B)a lack of prompt feedback
C)corporate policy
D)people's lack of faith in environmental research

Question 44

Which of the following is helpful in promoting recycling?

A)educating people about the impact of our "throw-away" society
B)providing people with monetary rewards for recycling
C)use of media campaigns to persuade people to recycle
D)all of these are helpful

Question 45

Most of the environmental problems we face can be traced back to

A)wars and conflicts between countries.
B)the policies of greedy corporations.
C)the human tendency to overuse natural resources.
D)bias in research resulting from a political agenda.

Question 46

With growing public concern over global warming, many people are now calculating their individual _____, which is the volume of greenhouse gases individual consumption adds to the atmosphere.

A)ecological footprint
B)carbon footprint
C)territorial marker
D)conservation factor

Question 47

Which of the following would be likely to result in lower energy bills?

A)monetary rewards for energy conservation
B)individual bills for one's utilities
C)daily feedback about one's use of gas or electricity
D)all of these

Question 48

Several organizations provide _____ calculators, which are websites that allow individuals to calculate, and therefore, track, their individual resource consumption.

A)ecological footprint
B)BMI
C)territorial marker
D)conservation factor

Question 49

Studies of recycling indicate that people are more likely to recycle if they receive feedback

A)about how much they recycled on a weekly basis.
B)about how much they recycled every year.
C)from public officials.
D)from people who are close to them.

Question 50

By using energy-efficient lights and planting trees, Simone aspires to a _____, in which her energy consumption is reduced and the remainder is offset so that her overall impact on global warming is zero.

A)perfect positive conservation factor
B)perfect positive carbon footprint
C)neutral ecological footprint
D)carbon-neutral lifestyle

Question 51

Regarding natural resource consumption, North America has an ecological footprint about _____ times higher than that of Asia or Africa.

A)three
B)six
C)ten
D)twenty

Question 52

Regarding the effects of human activity on the environment, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Exposure to toxic hazards, such as radiation, pesticides, and industrial chemicals, leads to an elevated risk of physical and mental disease.
B)Most of the environmental problems we face can be traced back to the human tendency to overuse natural resources.
C)Many of the solutions to our environmental problems will require not only changes in politics and policies but also changes in individual behavior.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 53

Regarding natural resource consumption, North America has a(n) _____ about ten times higher than that of Asia or Africa.

A)ecological footprint
B)carbon footprint
C)territorial marker
D)conservation factor

Question 54

All of the following are strategies that encourage recycling EXCEPT

A)having people sign pledge cards on which they promise to recycle.
B)asking people to set goals for how much they will recycle.
C)revising attitudes so people get a sense of satisfaction from recycling.
D)having people take the materials to the recycling center themselves.

Question 55

Resource consumption can be measured as a(n) _____, which is the amount of land and water area required to replenish the resources that a human population consumes.

A)ecological footprint
B)carbon footprint
C)territorial marker
D)conservation factor

Question 56

Which of the following would most likely result in lower energy bills?

A)daily feedback and individual apartment meters
B)monthly bill feedback and "master-metered" apartment complexes
C)daily feedback and monthly feedback for "master-metered" complexes
D)monthly feedback and individual apartment meters

Question 57

To date, the most effective programs for reducing energy consumption are those that

A)give monthly feedback about energy use.
B)combine utility bills for entire apartment complexes.
C)offer monetary rewards for reduced consumption.
D)emphasize education and attitude change.

Question 58

Reduction of energy consumption and increases in recycling would be most dramatic in programs that used

A)testimonials by prominent persons.
B)immediate feedback on consumption and rewards for conservation.
C)exposure to models similar to the targeted population.
D)appeals from local and national government officials.

Question 59

By using energy-efficient lights, Don has seen an immediate reduction in his _____, while he plants tress in order to offset his _____.

A)conservation factor; ecological footprint
B)carbon footprint; carbon debt
C)ecological footprint; individual conservation factor
D)carbon debt; individual ecological factor

Question 60

Many of the solutions to the world's environmental problems will require changes in

A)the behaviors of individuals.
B)the policies of corporations.
C)the politics and policies of governments.
D)all of these.

Question 61

Companies would most likely be discouraged from polluting by

A)educating the public about which companies are the largest polluters.
B)persuading the executives of the company, individually, concerning the devastating effects pollution is having on public health.
C)levying a pollution tax so it would cost more, not less, for a business to pollute.
D)an environmentally-engineered social dilemma being constructed.

Question 62

Strategies that encourage recycling include

A)media campaigns to persuade people to participate.
B)making recycling more convenient.
C)encouraging goal-setting and giving feedback.
D)all of these.

Question 63

The measurement and analysis of the effects various settings have on the behavior of people that live within this setting is known as

A)social engineering.
B)behavior task analysis.
C)an environmental assessment.
D)a proxemic evaluation.

Question 64

Effective appeals for dismantling social dilemmas may be based on

A)self-interest, such as cost savings.
B)the collective good, such as protecting one's own children and future generations.
C)a personal desire to take better care of the planet.
D)any or all of these.

Question 65

To aid the remodeling of a college library, a psychologist charts the present amount of traffic in various areas of the building.The psychologist has carried out a(n)

A)task analysis.
B)assessment of demand characteristics.
C)environmental assessment.
D)territorial analysis.

Question 66

Environmentalists are concerned about farmers who are using pesticides that have negative effects on local rivers.Effective ways to change the behavior of the farmers would include which of the following?

A)Launch an educational campaign about the specific damaging effects caused by pesticides and how these will effective future generations.
B)Reward farmers for using natural predators to destroy crop-eating insects.
C)Levy a pollution tax for use of the harmful pesticides.
D)All of these would be effective ways to change behavior.

Question 67

The attitude of "let other people worry about a particular problem" is associated with

A)attention overload.
B)the collective unconscious.
C)the tragedy of the commons.
D)groupthink.

Question 68

A farmer applies pesticides to a crop to save it from insect damage.Although the farmer benefits immediately from using pesticides, other farmers follow suit and the local water system is eventually damaged permanently.This is an example of

A)a carbon-neutral lifestyle.
B)the cost-benefit ratio.
C)the tragedy of the commons.
D)negative biodata.

Question 69

Any situation that rewards individual actions that eventually have undesired effects in the long run is called

A)collective compromise.
B)a social dilemma.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)selective misperception.

Question 70

If you were trying to solve a problem of how to design a campground in a park to maximize the campers' perception of seclusion while at the same time minimizing the amount of land taken up by the campground, you would be wise to seek out the services of a(n) _____ psychologist.

A)sports
B)environmental
C)forensic
D)social

Question 71

With respect to social dilemmas, people are more likely to restrain themselves from inappropriate behavior if

A)others are in the same social dilemma.
B)the social dilemma involves a lack of structure.
C)they believe others will also restrain themselves.
D)the social dilemma involves an element of groupthink.

Question 72

Most cases of environmental pollution

A)involve immediate benefits for polluting.
B)involve delayed long-term costs.
C)illustrate the tragedy of the commons.
D)are characterized by all of these.

Question 73

Which of the following specialists would be the LEAST interested in studying the tragedy of the commons?

A)a social psychologist
B)an environmental psychologist
C)an ecologist
D)a forensic psychologist

Question 74

Social dilemmas can be dismantled by rearranging

A)rewards and costs.
B)supply and demand.
C)compliance and assertiveness.
D)the tendency toward groupthink.

Question 75

When people act in their own immediate self-interest and overuse scarce resources, ecologist Garrett Hardin calls such a situation

A)the tragedy of the commons.
B)the greenhouse effect.
C)collective social trapping.
D)groupthink.

Question 76

Regarding social dilemmas, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Social dilemmas contribute to many environmental problems.
B)A social dilemma is illustrated by "driving" becoming inconvenient in large cities because everyone wants to drive an individual car rather than carpooling.
C)In a typical social dilemma, people intentionally decide to act against the group interest.
D)A social dilemma is any social situation that rewards actions that ultimately cause undesirable effects.

Question 77

In a typical _____, no one individual intentionally acts against the group interest, but if many people act alike, collective harm is done.

A)collective compromise
B)a social dilemma
C)cognitive dissonance
D)selective misperception

Question 78

Which of these would be the best example of the tragedy of the commons?

A)panicking during a dorm fire
B)failure to conserve gasoline, water, or electricity
C)aggressive driving during rush-hour
D)going into debt because of unforeseen circumstances

Question 79

_____ is an example of a way to escape a social dilemma.

A)Allowing minor polluters to get by while concentrating on the large polluters
B)Providing a discount rate for large users of electric power
C)Educating the public about supply and demand
D)Offering rebates for buying energy-efficient appliances

Question 80

Throwing away one plastic bag may seem inconsequential to an individual, but across the world 500 billion plastic bags are used every year and thrown away.This is an example of

A)a carbon-neutral lifestyle.
B)the cost-benefit ratio.
C)the tragedy of the commons.
D)negative biodata.