Deck 15: Extension B: Therapies

Question 1

Fears can be unlearned by approaching feared situations in a series of ordered steps called

A)the aversion series.
B)adaptation steps.
C)inhibition states.
D)a hierarchy.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Regarding aversion therapy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Although its use is legal, aversive therapy for alcoholism is considered unethical by the APA.
B)Even though aversive therapy for alcoholism is unpleasant, its long-term benefits justify its use.
C)Commercial aversion programs for alcohol abuse have attracted many willing customers, who volunteer for the procedure.
D)The aversive therapy involving response-continent shocks for the treatment of alcohol abuse was pioneered by Roger Vogler and associates.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When electric shock is used to make the sight and smell of alcohol a conditioned stimuli for an aversion response, the electric shock serves as the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Using the aversive therapy for alcohol abuse pioneered by Roger Vogler and associates, the shocks would be administered

A)as the person orders the alcoholic beverage.
B)as the person is beginning to take a drink of alcohol.
C)after the person has finished their first alcoholic beverage.
D)after the person is intoxicated.

Question 5

In desensitization, relaxation is induced to block fear, a process known as

A)systematic adaptation.
B)vicarious opposition.
C)stimulus control.
D)reciprocal inhibition.

Question 6

Learning exercises that produce total relaxation while experiencing disturbing items in a hierarchy of fear-provoking situations is based on

A)reciprocal inhibition.
B)aversion conditioning.
C)vicarious conditioning.
D)cognitive therapy.

Question 7

In behavior modification, the term "response-contingent" means

A)containing the response.
B)linked to a response.
C)being followed by the response.
D)positive reinforcement.

Question 8

The concept of reciprocal inhibition refers to the fact that

A)fears can be gradually adapted to new situations.
B)the occurrence of one emotional state can prevent the occurrence of another.
C)disinhibition works even when a patient vividly imagines steps of the hierarchy.
D)punishment inhibits undesirable responses.

Question 9

Part of Roger Vogler's aversion therapy with alcoholics involves

A)the use of nauseating drugs.
B)administering an electric shock to their hand.
C)token economies.
D)systematic desensitization.

Question 10

According to your book, as Jamie goes through the series of steps for treatment of her fear of the high diving board, she will experience

A)adaptation.
B)role reversal.
C)disinhibition.
D)aversion.

Question 11

_____ involves using one emotional state to block another; in other words, it is impossible to be anxious and relaxed at the same time.

A)Stimulus control
B)Reciprocal inhibition
C)Role reversal
D)Vicarious opposition

Question 12

Aversion conditioning for the control of alcoholism has made use of

A)response-contingent shocks.
B)a hierarchy of fear stimuli.
C)tokens and other symbolic rewards.
D)reciprocal deinhibition.

Question 13

Katie is very afraid of deep water.According to behavior therapists, the best way to alleviate Katie's fear is to

A)throw her into the deep end of the pool.
B)help her relax while she gradually becomes accustomed to deeper water.
C)explore how she originally became afraid of water.
D)substitute more rational thoughts for her distorted obsessive thoughts about drowning.

Question 14

Response-contingent shock paired with an undesirable habit might be used in

A)desensitization.
B)a token economy.
C)reciprocal inhibition.
D)aversion therapy.

Question 15

_____ and his associates pioneered a type of aversive therapy in which clients receive painful electric shocks while they are drinking alcoholic beverages.

A)Francine Shapiro
B)Fritz Perls
C)Roger Vogler
D)Joseph Wolpe

Question 16

Gradually approaching a feared stimulus while maintaining relaxation describes the therapy technique known as

A)aversive conditioning.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)confrontation.
D)transference.

Question 17

Your text describes a scenario involving Jamie, a child who is afraid of the high diving board.Jaime's fear is treated through desensitization using a rank ordered series of steps.This series of steps is known as

A)the adaptation sequence.
B)a hierarchy.
C)reciprocal inhibition.
D)aversion therapy.

Question 18

Systematic desensitization involves

A)transference and resistance.
B)reflection and empathy.
C)a hierarchy and relaxation.
D)confrontation and rational thinking.

Question 19

Both aversion therapy and desensitization are based on _____ conditioning.

A)classical
B)operant
C)resistance
D)instrumental

Question 20

Roger Vogler and his associates have found _____ to be effective in helping alcoholics to stop drinking by linking the alcohol with immediate discomfort.

A)covert sensitization
B)EMDR
C)transference
D)response-contingent shocks

Question 21

Juan has claustrophobia; so Juan's therapist gradually exposes Juan to smaller and smaller places while Juan relaxes to each step in the hierarchy, beginning with the lowest fear-producing item.Juan's phobia is being treated with

A)aversive conditioning.
B)confrontation.
C)rational-emotive behavior therapy.
D)systematic desensitization.

Question 22

According to the behavior therapists, the best way to cure Ken's fear of snakes is to

A)try desensitization.
B)hold a nonpoisonous snake up to his face.
C)use aversion therapy.
D)find out the cause of his fear.

Question 23

Regarding systematic desensitization, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)For most phobias, desensitization works best when people are directly exposed to the stimuli and situations they fear.
B)For a simple phobia, like spider phobia, the procedure can be successfully done in groups.
C)For some fears, like riding in an elevator, desensitization can be completed in one session.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 24

A child who has an intense fear of a dog as a result of some traumatic experience in the dog's presence would be a candidate for

A)aversive therapy.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)inhibition training.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 25

In order to achieve deep-muscle relaxation, Gayle tenses the muscles in her right arm until they tremble, holds them tight as she slowly counts to ten and then lets go.She allows her hand and arm to go limp and to relax completely.She repeats this procedure three times for her right arm, then proceeds to do the same sequence with her left arm, then her right leg, left leg, abdomen, chest, shoulders, chin, neck, and face.Gayle is using a procedure known as

A)EMDR.
B)REBT.
C)covert sensitization.
D)the tension-release method.

Question 26

A program offered by an airline for people who fear flying includes the presentation of a series of photographic slides of people boarding an airplane, getting settled in their seats, enjoying the flight, and arriving comfortably at their destination.The airline has made casual use of

A)covert desensitization.
B)transference.
C)EMDR.
D)vicarious desensitization.

Question 27

A reduction in fear or anxiety that takes place when a client watches models perform the feared behavior is called

A)the tension-release method.
B)vicarious desensitization.
C)covert sensitization.
D)EMDR.

Question 28

Desensitization is primarily used to

A)alleviate phobias and anxieties.
B)overcome destructive habits.
C)get people accustomed to experiencing anxiety.
D)decrease free-floating anxiety.

Question 29

Vicarious desensitization occurs when the client

A)observes a model performing the feared behavior.
B)is coached into performing feared behavior in front of the therapist.
C)engages in behaviors similar to the feared behavior.
D)uses selective perception in coping with a feared object.

Question 30

A behavioral therapist would treat acrophobia with

A)desensitization.
B)aversion therapy.
C)covert sensitization.
D)cybertherapy.

Question 31

In desensitization, a person

A)constructs a hierarchy, is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation, and then tries to perform the least disturbing item on the list.
B)is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation and then is exposed to the highest fear-producing stimulus.
C)attempts to discover the reasons why she/he is fearful of a particular stimuli and then to face these fears one by one.
D)is exposed to response-contingent shocks whenever they try to engage in a bad habit, such as smoking or drinking alcohol.

Question 32

Lamont's therapist helps him construct a list of fear-producing situations involving heights.His therapist then teaches Lamont exercises that produce deep relaxation.Once Lamont is relaxed, he attempts the first time on the list, which is "standing on a chair." The first item is repeated until Lamont feels no anxiety.He then proceeds to the second item "climbing a small stepladder." During the next six weeks, this procedure continues until Lamont performs the last item of "flying in an airplane." Lamont and his therapist are using

A)aversive conditioning.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)rational-emotive behavior therapy.
D)rational confrontation.

Question 33

Of the following, which is usually treated by desensitization?

A)phobias
B)bipolar disorder
C)paranoia
D)paraphilias

Question 34

The tension-release method is a procedure

A)that involves the cathartic release of emotion through physical exercise.
B)utilized during REBT to change distortions in thought and emotion.
C)for systematically achieving deep relaxation of the body.
D)that uses aversive stimuli to interrupt or prevent upsetting thoughts.

Question 35

The key to desensitization is

A)relaxation.
B)reflection.
C)transference.
D)rational confrontation.

Question 36

A procedure for systematically achieving deep relaxation of the body is known as

A)EMDR.
B)REBT.
C)covert sensitization.
D)the tension-release method.

Question 37

George is extremely afraid to ride elevators.His therapist treats George's fear by gradually getting him accustomed to riding in elevators.The therapist begins by teaching George to relax.He then learns to relax while standing close to the elevator and then to relax while standing in an elevator with the doors open, and so on.The two techniques being used by George's therapist are best described as

A)desensitization and reciprocal inhibition.
B)desensitization and reflection.
C)adaptation and aversion therapy.
D)reciprocal inhibition and EMDR.

Question 38

Harriet, a student nurse, was at first extremely uncomfortable at the sight of blood.After a month of experience working in the emergency room, she is no longer upset when confronted with serious injuries.Harriet has undergone

A)time out.
B)shaping.
C)desensitization.
D)trial-and-error learning.

Question 39

For which of the following conditions would desensitization be helpful?

A)a teacher with stage fright
B)a student with test anxiety
C)a newlywed with an aversion to sexual intimacy
D)all of these

Question 40

The first step in overcoming a phobia is to construct a hierarchy which involves

A)an ordered list of fear-provoking stimuli.
B)covert sensitization.
C)a list of possible causes of the phobia.
D)making a list of situations that produce pleasure or relaxation.

Question 41

Regarding eye-movement desensitization, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)It involves having clients visualize upsetting images while watching a moving pencil.
B)It has been found in some studies to lower the anxiety and pain associated with traumatic memories.
C)It involves a modified version of therapeutic hypnosis.
D)It is a technique that has been used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 42

In cases where it may be impractical for the client to act out or observe models performing a feared behavior, desensitization works well if the

A)therapist uses aversive conditioning.
B)therapist films the client.
C)client understands the causes of the feared behavior.
D)client vividly imagines each step in the hierarchy.

Question 43

Sarento's fear of flying is treated by exposing him to a three-dimensional, computer-generated "world" in which he can experience walking onto a plane, being seated, and taking off.This computerized environment that responds to a viewer's head movements and other inputs is part of a behavioral therapy known as

A)EMDR.
B)virtual reality exposure.
C)covert sensitization.
D)aversive conditioning.

Question 44

Regarding virtual reality exposure, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)It involves entering a computer-generated world to treat phobias and anxieties.
B)It presents anxiety-provoking stimuli to clients in a controlled way.
C)It has been used to treat fear of heights, fear of spiders, and fear of public speaking.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 45

In order to treat his post-traumatic stress disorder, Tony is undergoing a treatment in which he is asked to visualize the images that most upset him while the therapist moves a pencil rapidly from side to side in front of his eyes.He is then asked to describe any memories, feelings, or thoughts that emerge.Tony is undergoing

A)insight therapy.
B)therapeutic hypnosis.
C)eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.
D)virtual reality exposure.

Question 46

Jan has a fear of riding across bridges.In order to get her over her phobia, she is asked to imagine a series of increasingly distressing images involving her riding in a car across increasingly longer bridges.The most distressing being imagining herself driving across the Lake Pontchartrain Bridge to her cousin's house.This procedure is referred to as

A)desensitization.
B)virtual reality exposure.
C)in-vivo exposure.
D)reciprocal disinhibition exposure.

Question 47

Patti's therapist has her put on a head-mounted video display.Through this procedure, Patti will enter a three-dimensional world in which she will be gradually exposed to various heights, in a realistic yet controlled fashion.Patti's therapist is using _____, which is a type of _____.

A)EMDR; aversion therapy
B)virtual reality exposure; desensitization
C)vicarious desensitization; shaping
D)covert sensitization; existential confrontation

Question 48

Dr.Francine Shapiro's new technique for treating traumatic memories and post-traumatic stress is called

A)vicarious desensitization.
B)eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.
C)reciprocal inhibition.
D)shaping.

Question 49

The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing technique was developed by

A)Joseph Wolpe.
B)Francine Shapiro.
C)Victor Frankl.
D)Fritz Perls.

Question 50

Concerning EMDR, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)In EMDR, the client visualizes upsetting thoughts while a pencil is moved rapidly in front of his or her eyes.
B)A number of studies show that EMDR lowers anxieties and takes the pain out of traumatic memories.
C)EMDR may be just the gradual exposure to upsetting stimuli with the eye movements adding nothing to the treatment.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 51

In order to help a young boy to overcome his fear of dogs, he is shown films of friendly dogs, and later he is exposed to another child playing and petting a friendly dog.This type of therapy is called

A)vicarious desensitization.
B)EMDR.
C)transference.
D)rational-emotive behavior therapy.

Question 52

A patient is asked to concentrate on the thoughts that most upsets her.At the same time, she is asked to watch a moving pencil.The patient is probably being treated with

A)insight therapy.
B)aversion therapy.
C)eye movement desensitization.
D)encounter group therapy.

Question 53

Virtual reality exposure refers to

A)a technique used to treat phobias by having the client observe models.
B)having the client vividly imagine distressing or anxiety-provoking situations.
C)presentation of feared stimuli in a three-dimensional, computer generated world.
D)none of these.

Question 54

_____ is a technique for reducing fear or anxiety that is based on holding upsetting thoughts in mind while rapidly moving the eyes from side to side.

A)The tension-release method
B)REBT
C)EMDR
D)Covert sensitization

Question 55

The most common way of doing desensitization involves

A)virtual reality exposure.
B)imagining feared stimuli.
C)directly performing the steps int he hierarchy.
D)EMDR.

Question 56

Which of the following is a new technique to deal with traumatic memories?

A)aversion therapy
B)sensitivity training
C)eye movement desensitization
D)time-out

Question 57

An effective alternative to vicarious desensitization is to have the client

A)observe a model exhibiting fear to the phobic stimulus.
B)avoid the fear-producing stimulus.
C)vividly imagine the feared stimulus.
D)increase the fear-producing stimulus.

Question 58

Kira has experienced anxiety-provoking flashbacks from her tour of duty in the Iraq.The therapist has Kira think about these upsetting thoughts, while the therapist moves a pencil back and forth rapidly in front of her eyes.This technique is known as

A)therapeutic hypnosis.
B)covert sensitization.
C)ECT.
D)EMDR.

Question 59

Virtual reality exposure is a type of

A)psychodrama.
B)ECT therapy.
C)cognitive therapy.
D)desensitization.

Question 60

Desensitization is considered a(n) _____ therapy.

A)existential
B)exposure
C)cognitive
D)rational-emotive behavior

Question 61

When children are in the babbling stage of language development, they tend to repeat the particular speech sounds that attract the attention of their caretakers, while rarely repeating those speech sounds that do not receive attention from their caretakers.The fact that some speech sounds are repeated less frequently is due to the behavioral effect known as

A)punishment.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)aversive conditioning.
D)non-reinforcement.

Question 62

If you get praised by your parents for making A's in your college courses, the grades are

A)an example of stimulus control.
B)an example of time out.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)situationally controlled.

Question 63

In reference to operant conditioning, which term does NOT belong with the others?

A)extinction
B)counterconditioning
C)stimulus control
D)reinforcement

Question 64

When a response is followed by a reward, this response will occur more often.This illustrates

A)stimulus control.
B)time out.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)situationally controlled.

Question 65

Stimulus control is an operant conditioning procedure in which

A)a response is followed by discomfort or an undesirable effect.
B)close approximations to a desired response are rewarded.
C)a person is removed from a situation to prevent reward.
D)responses come under the influence of the situation in which they occur.

Question 66

Rewarding actions that are closer and closer approximations to a desired response is called

A)reciprocal inhibition.
B)shaping.
C)desensitization.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 67

If a child whines and gets his parents' attention, he will tend to whine more frequently in the future because he has experienced which principle of operant conditioning?

A)shaping
B)non-reinforcement
C)positive reinforcement
D)punishment

Question 68

If a response is followed by an unpleasant effect or discomfort, the response behavior will be suppressed.This is an example of

A)non-reinforcement.
B)time-out.
C)extinction.
D)punishment.

Question 69

Mrs.Parker's first grade has been used to just calling out Mrs.Parker's name to get her attention.Mrs.Parker has decided that she will only call on the students who quietly raise their hands to get her attention, while she will not attend to those students who loudly call out her name.Eventually, the students will stop loudly calling out her name because of the behavioral principle of

A)shaping.
B)extinction.
C)aversive conditioning.
D)desensitization.

Question 70

If you are helping a person relearn how to walk after a stroke, you begin by reinforcing the person for being able to stand with a walker, then taking a step, then taking another step, then moving the walker and taking another step and so on.You are using the behavioral procedure known as

A)reciprocal inhibition.
B)shaping.
C)stimulus control.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 71

Marian is very late coming in from her date.Her parents "ground" her (take away her dating privilege) for two weeks.Marian is experiencing

A)punishment.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)non-reinforcement.
D)stimulus control.

Question 72

The principle of _____ states that if a response is not followed by a reward, it will occur less frequently.

A)non-reinforcement
B)punishment
C)stimulus control
D)negative reinforcement

Question 73

If a response is not followed by a reward after it has been repeated many times, it will go away.This describes the operant conditioning term of

A)negative reinforcement.
B)extinction.
C)punishment.
D)time-out.

Question 74

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of punishment?

A)the elimination of the punished response
B)an increase in the frequency of the response
C)a suppression of the punished response
D)no change in the immediate or long-term frequency of the response

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT an operant conditioning procedure used in behavior modification?

A)extinction
B)adaptation
C)shaping
D)time-out

Question 76

Shaping, time out, and extinction are three principles of

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)existential therapy.
D)Gestalt therapy.

Question 77

If ignoring a child's temper-tantrums causes them to cease, a psychologist would call this effect

A)aversive conditioning.
B)shaping.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)extinction.

Question 78

When Susie wore her new pink outfit, she got several compliments.However, when she wore her new green outfit, she did not receive any compliments.Consequently, Susie wears her green outfit less frequently because of the _____ toward this particular outfit.

A)non-reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)punishment
D)aversive conditioning

Question 79

_____ refers to learning based on the consequences of making a response.

A)Operant conditioning
B)Classical conditioning
C)Systematic desensitization
D)Reciprocal inhibition

Question 80

A behavior therapist wants to reward a developmentally delayed child for saying a word, but settles at first for getting her to say its first letter sound and then another letter sound, and so on.The therapist is using

A)shaping.
B)stimulus control.
C)a hierarchy.
D)non-reinforcement.