Deck 9: Intelligence

Question 1

Which of the following is true of cross-sectional research?

A) It traces the behavior of one or more participants as the participants age.
B) It does not provide information about differences in development between different age groups.
C) It compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
D) It assesses change in behavior over time.

Answer 1

It compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

Question 2

One baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and an X chromosome from its father;it will develop as a _____.A second baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and a Y chromosome from its father;it will develop as a _____.

A) male;female
B) female;male
C) male or a female;male or a female
D) female;female

Answer 2

female;male

Question 3

A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments.He finds large differences among these monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli.What might the researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative contributions of nature and nurture to the preference for visual novelty?

A) Nurture has a major influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
B) Nature contributes substantially to the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
C) Nurture has a greater influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty as compared to nature.
D) The preference for visual novelty reflects that the monkeys' were not affected by their genetic makeup.

Answer 3

Nature contributes substantially to the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.

Question 4

The difference between cross-sectional research design and longitudinal research designs is that:

A) Longitudinal studies assess change in behavior over time,whereas cross-sectional studies assess differences among groups of people.
B) Cross-sectional studies are more time consuming as compared to longitudinal studies.
C) Longitudinal research design does not allow the comparison of more than two participants while cross-sectional design allows for more comparisons.
D) Cross-sectional research is a combination of longitudinal research and sequential research.

Question 5

The sequential research design can be seen as:

A) essentially the same thing as a longitudinal design.
B) the opposite of the cross-sectional design.
C) unrelated to either the longitudinal or the cross-sectional design.
D) a combination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

Question 6

Which of the following statements CORRECTLY identifies an advantage or a disadvantage of the developmental researchers' research designs?

A) Longitudinal - indicate changes in behavior over time
B) Sequential - quite inexpensive
C) Cross-sectional - considers a number of different age groups and examines them at several points in time
D) Cross-sectional - comparatively requires a greater time investment

Question 7

A normal fertilized egg,or zygote,contains _____ pairs of chromosomes.

A) 46
B) 21
C) 23
D) 2

Question 8

Maria is studying the effects of calcium on the development of children.So she administers varying levels of calcium to two groups of children,one group consisting of children aged five and the other group consisting of children aged ten.She studies the growth rate of these two groups regularly over a period of one year.On the basis of the given evidence,it would be most accurate to say that Maria is using _____ research design.

A) only the cross-sectional
B) the sequential
C) only the longitudinal
D) the single case experimental

Question 9

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the units of genetics,from the smallest and most specific to the largest and most inclusive?

A) DNA → gene → chromosome
B) DNA → chromosome → gene
C) gene → DNA → chromosome
D) gene → chromosome → DNA

Question 10

_____ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.

A) Spleens
B) Chromosomes
C) Serotonins
D) Norepinephrines

Question 11

Which of the following primarily studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life?

A) Oncology
B) Developmental psychology
C) Cytology
D) Parapsychology

Question 12

Dona is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills.She selects a group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period.In this example,Dona is using a(n)_____ research design.

A) cross-sectional
B) transversal
C) longitudinal
D) single case experimental

Question 13

Which of the following is true about longitudinal research?

A) It combines cross-sectional and sequential research.
B) It traces the behavior of one or more participants as the participants age.
C) It assesses differences among groups of people at one point of time.
D) It is not as time-consuming as cross-sectional research.

Question 14

Dr.Edward is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study,while Dr.Janice is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time.Dr.Irwin is using a _____ research design;Dr.Jenner is using a _____ design.

A) cross-sectional;longitudinal
B) longitudinal;cross-sectional
C) sequential;simultaneous
D) sequential;cross-sectional

Question 15

Max is a graduate student who wants to find a relation between identity formation and the influence of the environment.For this purpose,he interviews a group of 5-year-olds,a group of 10-year-olds,and a group of 15-year-olds,and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school.In this example,Mark is using a(n)_____ research design.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) single case experimental
D) sequential

Question 16

Dr.Agnew remarks that cross-culturally,rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females because males have higher status than do females in most cultures.Dr.Blaine counters by suggesting that rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females because unlike females,males do not experience the onset of menstruation,a well-defined event marking the end of childhood.How might you characterize the views of the two professors on the nature vs.nurture issue?

A) Both take a "nature" position.
B) Both take a "nurture" position.
C) Dr.Agnew takes a "nature" position;Dr.Blaine,a "nurture" position.
D) Dr.Agnew takes a "nurture" position;Dr.Blaine,a "nature" position.

Question 17

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with longitudinal research designs?

A) It cannot deal with the problem of a cohort group.
B) It is time consuming.
C) It cannot assess change in behavior over time.
D) It cannot trace the behavior of more than two participants at a time.

Question 18

Cross-sectional research designs provide information about age _____ in development between different age groups.Longitudinal research designs provide information concerning _____ in behavior over time.

A) changes;age differences
B) changes;age changes,
C) differences;age differences,
D) differences;changes,

Question 19

Laura and Celia are identical twins.They were adopted at birth by different families and raised in different environments.However,there are a lot of behavioral similarities between them.In the context of developmental psychology,which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

A) Their similarities reflect the influence of nature on development.
B) Their similarities are a result of differences in nurture.
C) Their similarities reflect the opposition that nurture poses to nature.
D) Their similarities prove that they were not affected by their genetic makeup.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about sequential research?

A) It combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research.
B) It only assesses change in behavior over time,but does not assess differences among groups of people.
C) It only assesses differences among groups of people,but does not assess change in behavior over time.
D) The limitation of this technique is that it does not allow developmental psychologists to tease out the specific effects of age changes from other possible influential factors.

Question 21

Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical male child?

A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XXY

Question 22

Dennis's mother had consumed a substantial amount of alcohol during her pregnancy;Dominic's intelligence is below normal,his growth is slowed,and his facial features are slightly deformed.Ellis's mother had also consumed a small amount of alcohol,and Ellis shows some but not all of the problems Dennis displays.Dennis suffers from _____;Ellis suffers from _____.

A) fetal alcohol effects;fetal alcohol syndrome
B) fetal alcohol effects;fetal alcohol effects also
C) fetal alcohol syndrome;fetal alcohol effects
D) fetal alcohol syndrome;fetal alcohol syndrome as well

Question 23

Which genetic or chromosomal abnormality below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?

A) Phenylketonuria-the child cannot produce a critical enzyme,resulting in an accumulation of poisons,in turn causing mental retardation
B) Tay-Sachs disease-a genetic disease producing abnormal red blood cells
C) Down syndrome-a neurodegenerative disorder;the brain tissues of the cortex degenerates resulting in the death of the child
D) Sickle-cell anemia-the child receives an extra chromosome;mental retardation results

Question 24

Barney's mother gave birth to him when she was 25 years old.She drank heavily during her pregnancy.As a result,Barney is short.He also has learning disorders and displays some facial abnormalities.Barney is most likely a case of:

A) Tay-Sachs disease.
B) phenylketonuria.
C) Down syndrome.
D) fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 25

Which of the following stages of development that a baby goes through is CORRECTLY matched with a description or milestone?

A) Germinal;the organism grows from one to hundreds of cells
B) Perinatal;the first cell is formed by the union of an egg and sperm
C) Embryonic;facial features become similar to those that the child will display at birth
D) Fetal;the fertilization of the egg takes place

Question 26

The first two weeks of a pregnancy,from conception to implantation,are known as the _____ period.

A) embryonic
B) germinal
C) fetal
D) critical

Question 27

Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical female child?

A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XXY

Question 28

The longest part of a pregnancy,from the 8^th week through to birth,is the _____ period.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) zygotic
D) fetal

Question 29

An infant is considered preterm if it is born before week _____.

A) 22
B) 28
C) 36
D) 38

Question 30

Two-year old Zack has an inherited disorder in which his body cannot break down fat.He will probably die by the time he is four.Zack is most likely suffering from:

A) phenylketonuria.
B) sickle-cell anemia.
C) Tay-Sachs disease.
D) Down syndrome.

Question 31

In the _____ stage of development,the developing individual is less than an inch long,and has developed a rudimentary beating heart,a brain,an intestinal tract,and a number of other organs that are at a primitive stage of development.

A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) germinal
D) neonatal

Question 32

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of the stages of prenatal development?

A) germinal → embryonic → fetal
B) fetal → embryonic → germinal
C) germinal → fetal → embryonic
D) fetal → germinal →embryonic

Question 33

From eight weeks after conception until birth,the developing fertilized egg is called a(n):

A) fetus.
B) embryo.
C) zygote.
D) neonate.

Question 34

Scientists were able to map the human genome in the year:

A) 1986
B) 1991
C) 1996
D) 2001

Question 35

The one-celled entity formed by the union of an egg and sperm is called a:

A) cyst.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) neonate.

Question 36

Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur:

A) only before birth.
B) only after birth.
C) either before or after birth.
D) only during puberty.

Question 37

Two weeks after conception,the developing fertilized egg is called a(n)_____.

A) embryo
B) fetus
C) zygote
D) neonate

Question 38

A teratogen is:

A) an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.
B) a genetic or chromosomal abnormality that may produce a developmental disorder.
C) any physical defect in an unborn child.
D) a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division.

Question 39

Clarissa's mother was thirty-eight years old when she gave birth to her.Clarissa suffers from an intellectual disability and doctors have diagnosed that her condition was due to the extra chromosome that she had received at the moment of conception.Identify the condition afflicting Clarissa.

A) Phenylketonuria
B) Sickle-cell anemia
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Down syndrome

Question 40

The developing fetus reaches the age of viability _____ weeks after conception,during the _____ period.

A) 22;embryonic
B) 22;fetal
C) 28;embryonic
D) 28;fetal

Question 41

The "strange situation" experiment is associated with _____;it helps classify the attachment behavior of _____.

A) Harlow;newborns
B) Bandura;toddlers
C) Ainsworth;toddlers
D) Chomsky;newborns

Question 42

Which of the following figures best approximates the percentage of families in which it is the father who stays home to care for preschool children?

A) 2
B) 7
C) 13
D) 25

Question 43

In the context of the experiments conducted by Mary Ainsworth,the _____ attachment style describes an infant who is always mildly disturbed at his mother's departure in the strange situation,but who is easily soothed on her return.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) disorganized

Question 44

According to Mary Ainsworth,when a child with avoidant attachment style is exposed to the strange situation experiment,he/she will:

A) continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.
B) refuse to play and explore new settings when the mother is not present.
C) show no concern when the mother leaves the room.
D) exhibit inconsistent and contradictory behavior toward the mother when she returns.

Question 45

The study of attachment style is associated with _____ and the study of parenting style is associated with _____.

A) Baumrind;Ainsworth
B) Ainsworth;Baumrind
C) Erikson;Baumrind
D) Ainsworth;Erikson

Question 46

Eliza takes her 1-year-old son,Danny,to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him.Danny eagerly explores the room as long as Eliza is present.When Eliza leaves the room to fill out some forms,Danny becomes somewhat upset.When she returns,though,he quickly calms down.In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth,which of the following terms best describes Danny's attachment style?

A) Disorganized
B) Ambivalent
C) Secure
D) Avoidant

Question 47

A _____ reflex prompts babies to clear their throat.

A) rooting
B) startle
C) Babinski
D) gag

Question 48

Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son,Adam,to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him.Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys,even though Rebecca is close by.When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms,Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable.When Rebecca returns,Adam stays close to her,holding onto her leg.However,Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up.In fact,he starts kicking and hitting her.In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth,which term best describes Adam's attachment style?

A) Patriarchal
B) Ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Secure

Question 49

Hailey's parents demand that she follow their instructions without asking any question.Isabella's parents are firm as well,but are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior.In Baumrind's terms,Hailey's parents are _____;Isabella's are _____.

A) authoritarian;authoritative
B) authoritative;authoritarian
C) permissive;authoritarian
D) authoritative;permissive

Question 50

For children from poor,disadvantaged homes,high-quality out-of-home child care is associated with:

A) genetic diseases.
B) long-term intellectual gains.
C) genetic mutations.
D) intellectual decline.

Question 51

The animal ethologist _____ conducted classic studies of imprinting among goslings.

A) Lawrence Kohlberg
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Konrad Lorenz
D) Harry Harlow

Question 52

Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking.Maura's parents yell at her and refuse to let her explain things.They ground her for a month,and take away her television and Internet privileges for two months.Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern;additionally,they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library,researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner.Most likely,Maura's parents are _____ and Trish's are _____.

A) permissive;authoritative
B) authoritarian;permissive
C) authoritarian;authoritative
D) authoritative;permissive

Question 53

Which infant reflex is CORRECTLY matched with its description?

A) Babinski reflex;an infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of the foot is stroked
B) Sucking reflex;an infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) Startle reflex;an infant bites on things that touch its lips
D) Rooting reflex;an infant flings out the arms and arches its back in response to a sudden noise

Question 54

Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best.They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without uttering a word,and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not comply.In Baumrind's terms,Joan's parents are:

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) uninvolved.

Question 55

_____ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.

A) Habituation
B) Attachment
C) Polymorphism
D) Maturation

Question 56

As psychologists use the term,habituation means:

A) signs of recognition that infants exhibit on seeing familiar faces and things.
B) the repulsiveness toward certain things that children develop early in life depending on their environment.
C) the reaction that neonates exhibit when there is a disturbance in their environment.
D) decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Question 57

Compared to ambivalent or avoidant children,children who are securely attached during infancy:

A) are less socially and emotionally competent during childhood.
B) are less likely to have psychological problems later in life.
C) tend to have lesser successful romantic relationships in adulthood.
D) are more likely to suffer from mood disorders during their adolescence.

Question 58

At twelve months of age,Jordan is classified as a securely attached child by his pediatrician on the basis of the criteria set by Mary Ainsworth.Which of the following behaviors in the strange situation would be most consistent with this classification?

A) Jordan is moderately distressed when mother leaves him alone and pleased when she returns.
B) Jordan is unconcerned when his mother leaves and uninterested when she returns.
C) Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves and seems both relieved and angry when she returns.
D) Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves and he ignores her when she returns.

Question 59

While investigating the influence of culture on children's play,it was observed that:

A) Korean-American children were free of the influence of culture.
B) nature had no influence on Anglo-American children.
C) Anglo-American children were more likely to be influenced by nurture as compared to Korean-American children.
D) Korean-American children engage in proportionately less "pretend" play than do Anglo-American children.

Question 60

Baby Lisa automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek.This is the _____ reflex.

A) gag
B) rooting
C) sucking
D) Babinski

Question 61

According to Erikson,the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the _____ stage.

A) trust-versus-mistrust
B) id-versus-ego
C) autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
D) intimacy-versus-isolation

Question 62

Elizabeth is five years old,and she likes to help her mother in preparing supper.However,at the end of the day,her mother often loses her temper easily,and ends up scolding Elizabeth.She tells Elizabeth to stay out of the kitchen as rather than helping her,she makes more of a mess.Based on Erikson's theory,Elizabeth is most likely to develop:

A) a strong sense of independence.
B) feelings of guilt.
C) feelings of superiority.
D) a sense of jealousy.

Question 63

To stop baby Rudy fussing for a sharp knife on the kitchen table,Rudy's mother put it in her apron pocket."Out of sight,out of mind," she said,and it worked.Rudy's mother has capitalized on his lack of the concept of:

A) conservation.
B) egocentrism.
C) object permanence.
D) reversibility.

Question 64

During the sensorimotor period:

A) children begin to understand reversibility.
B) understanding is based mainly on basic sensory and motor abilities.
C) mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world.
D) individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions.

Question 65

Derwood is 8 years old and he likes to do art projects at school.However,the projects he has completed so far have not received good grades,and in several instances his friends have made fun of his work.Based on Erikson's theory,Derwood is most likely to develop:

A) feelings of inferiority.
B) a sense of pride.
C) a sense of stagnation.
D) a sense of independence.

Question 66

Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice.His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass.Jay is now content that he has more juice.Jay has failed to grasp the concept of:

A) object permanence.
B) egocentrism.
C) hypo deductive reasoning.
D) conservation.

Question 67

A child demonstrates that she understands the idea of object permanence and egocentrism,but fails to understand the concept of conservation.In the context of the Piagetian stages,she is most likely in the _____ stage.

A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational

Question 68

Bonnie is three months old.Her parents are inconsistent in attending to her needs.Sometimes they are very attentive,feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset.At other times,Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her.Based on Erikson's theory,it is likely that Bonnie will develop:

A) a general sense of mistrust.
B) a sense of superiority.
C) an inflated id.
D) memory impairment.

Question 69

Dawn is a week old.Ellis is six years of age.Fritzi is nine years of age.Girard is fifteen years of age.In the context of the stages of development suggested by Piaget,which of the following pairs is CORRECTLY matched?

A) Dawn - sensorimotor
B) Ellis - concrete operational
C) Fritzi - formal operational
D) Girard - post-operational

Question 70

Which of the following accurately reflects a positive aspect of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

A) Erikson focused equally on the development of both males and females.
B) The well-established accuracy of the concepts used by Erikson is a strong point of his theory.
C) Erikson's theory provided confirmed that nature has a greater influence than nurture on the development of an individual.
D) Erikson's theory encompassed the entire life span of an individual.

Question 71

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development,from birth through adolescence?

A) sensorimotor → concrete operational → preoperational → formal operational
B) preoperational → concrete operational → preoperational → formal operational
C) sensorimotor → preoperational → concrete operational → formal operational
D) nonoperational → preoperational → operational → post-operational

Question 72

Walter's parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions,so they set very few rules regarding homework,bedtime,and household chores.Since they believe that freedom and responsibility are important,they patiently tolerate all of Walter's behavior,whether childish or mature.The parenting style adopted by Walter's parents is called:

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) uninvolved.

Question 73

Which age range below is INCORRECTLY labeled with its Piagetian stage?

A) 0-2 years;sensorimotor stage
B) 2-7 years;preoperational stage
C) 7-12 years;concrete operational stage
D) 12 years-adulthood;post-operational stage

Question 74

Which of the following constructs primarily reflects that "nature" is more influential than "nurture"?

A) Attachment style
B) Temperament
C) Choice of mother tongue
D) Choice of friends

Question 75

According to Piaget,when an infant recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight,the infant has understood the principle of:

A) object permanence.
B) conservation.
C) formal operations.
D) reversibility.

Question 76

Mrs.Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece,or cut into two pieces.Colin asks her to keep it in one piece,because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces.In the context of Piaget's theory,Colin's answer suggests that he does not:

A) understand the concept of object permanence.
B) know how to add.
C) understand the concept of conservation.
D) have an egocentric view.

Question 77

Edward is eight years of age and is currently in the second grade.In the context of the theory propagated by Piaget,Edward is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 78

According to Piaget,mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the _____ stage of development.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) preoperational

Question 79

Which of the following Swiss scholars had suggested in the 1970s that children around the world proceed through a series of four stages in a fixed order?

A) Piaget
B) Freud
C) Bandura
D) Pavlov

Question 80

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the degree of cognitive sophistication among children in Piaget's preoperational stage of development?

A) They do not understand that objects exist even when they are not visible.
B) They can describe people,events,and feelings.
C) They master the principle of conservation.
D) They are capable of abstract,hypothetical thought.