Deck 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

To Freud,much of our personality is determined by our _____.

A) unconscious
B) semi-conscious
C) conscious
D) subconscious

Answer 1

unconscious

Question 2

The ego operates according to the _____ principle in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the individual's safety and to help integrate the person into society.

A) pleasure
B) reciprocity
C) attitude
D) reality

Answer 2

reality

Question 3

According to Freud,much of our behavior is motivated by:

A) the unconscious.
B) semi-conscious processes.
C) conscious experience.
D) the subconscious mind.

Answer 3

the unconscious.

Question 4

_____ approaches to personality are approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control.

A) Humanistic
B) Behavioral
C) Evolutionary
D) Psychodynamic

Question 5

Which of Freud's personality structures is CORRECTLY described?

A) Ego-represents the rights and wrongs of society
B) Id-consists of primitive,instinctual urges
C) Superego-raw,inborn part of personality
D) Id - balances inner desires with the demands of the outside world

Question 6

The _____ is part of the personality that contains the memories,knowledge,beliefs,feelings,urges,drives,and instincts of which the individual is not aware.

A) semi-conscious
B) conscious
C) subconscious
D) unconscious

Question 7

Which of Freud's personality structures is CORRECTLY matched with a descriptive term?

A) Id-pleasure principle
B) Ego-conscience
C) Superego-reality principle
D) Ego-psychic energy

Question 8

The _____ provides a "safe haven" for our recollections of threatening events.

A) semi-conscious
B) unconscious
C) conscious
D) subconscious

Question 9

Why do dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue offer important data,in the view of psychoanalytic psychologists?

A) Dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue offer clues to the contents of the conscious mind.
B) Dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue allow us to observe the contents of the unconscious mind directly.
C) Dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue allow us to observe the contents of the preconscious mind directly.
D) Dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue offer clues to the contents of the unconscious mind.

Question 10

The _____ is the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world.

A) ego
B) alter ego
C) superego
D) conscience

Question 11

The _____ contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind,such as the knowledge that 2 + 2 = 4.

A) preconscious
B) semi-conscious
C) conscious
D) subconscious

Question 12

The _____ is the raw,unorganized,inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger,sex,aggression,and irrational impulses.

A) ego
B) id
C) superego
D) conscience

Question 13

Which of the following alternatives best expresses the relationship between the preconscious and the unconscious in Freud's theory?

A) The preconscious contains the most threatening material in the unconscious mind.
B) The preconscious is the largest portion of the unconscious mind.
C) The preconscious is a small portion of the unconscious mind.
D) The preconscious mind is separate from the unconscious mind.

Question 14

The id operates according to the _____ principle in which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction.

A) pleasure
B) reciprocity
C) attitude
D) reality

Question 15

_____ refers to the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person.

A) Personality
B) Maturation
C) Development
D) Cognition

Question 16

According to Freud's theory,_____ is only a small part of our psychological makeup and experience.

A) unconscious conflicts
B) preconscious processes
C) conscious experience
D) instinctual drive

Question 17

Which of the following psychologists is NOT aligned with the psychodynamic perspective on personality?

A) Jung
B) Adler
C) Horney
D) Skinner

Question 18

Ashworth is interested in the pattern of enduring characteristics of people that produce consistency and individuality in a given person.Ashworth is interested in people's _____.

A) personality
B) perception
C) emotions
D) cognitive growth

Question 19

Dr.Chase believes that one's personality largely reflects inner forces over which one has no control.Dr.Chase appears to take a(n)_____ approach to personality.

A) humanistic
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) evolutionary

Question 20

Which of the following statements best describes the nature of the id,ego,and superego in Freud's theory?

A) The id,ego,and superego correspond to specific structures in the brain.
B) The id,ego,and superego are abstract conceptions of a general model of personality and do not correspond to physical parts of the brain.
C) The id,ego,and superego correspond to broad,distributed networks of structures in the brain.
D) The id,ego,and superego relate to specific structures in the unconscious,preconscious,and conscious parts of the mind.

Question 21

What do the id and the superego have in common?

A) They both reflect society's rules and constraints.
B) They are both unrealistic.
C) They are both motivated by primitive drives.
D) They are direct opposites.

Question 22

Which component of the personality uses defense mechanisms,and why?

A) The id uses defense mechanisms to express its impulses.
B) The superego uses defense mechanisms to help the id express its impulses.
C) The superego uses defense mechanisms to help the individual conform to society.
D) The ego uses defense mechanisms to prevent excessive anxiety.

Question 23

Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is CORRECTLY matched with an age range?

A) Oral - 3-6 years
B) Phallic - 0-1 years
C) Anal - 1-3 years
D) Genital - 6-12 years

Question 24

According to Freud,a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals is known as the _____ stage.

A) oral
B) phallic
C) anal
D) genital

Question 25

_____ is the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible,imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values.

A) Identification
B) Projection
C) Reflection
D) Sublimation

Question 26

According to Freud,the _____ stage is the period from puberty until death,marked by mature sexual behavior (that is,sexual intercourse).

A) oral
B) genital
C) anal
D) phallic

Question 27

From around age 12 to 18 months until 3 years of age-a period when the emphasis in Western cultures is on toilet training-a child enters the _____ stage.

A) oral
B) phallic
C) anal
D) genital

Question 28

The _____ is the final personality structure to develop in childhood,represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by a person's parents,teachers,and other significant individuals.

A) ego
B) alter ego
C) superego
D) id

Question 29

Young children resolve the Oedipus conflict by wanting to be as much like the same-sex parent as possible,a process termed:

A) identification.
B) projection.
C) reflection.
D) sublimation.

Question 30

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development,mature adult sexuality develops during the:

A) latency period.
B) genital stage.
C) phallic stage.
D) oral stage.

Question 31

After the resolution of the Oedipal conflict,typically around age 5 or 6,children move into the _____ period,which lasts until puberty.

A) oral
B) genital
C) anal
D) latency

Question 32

According to Freud,the developing child must negotiate the Oedipal conflict during which stage of psychosexual development?

A) Oral
B) Genital
C) Anal
D) Phallic

Question 33

In Freud's theory,concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur are termed:

A) fixations.
B) defense mechanisms.
C) complexes.
D) conflicts.

Question 34

According to Freud,the _____ stage is a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months,in which an infant's center of pleasure is the mouth.

A) oral
B) phallic
C) anal
D) genital

Question 35

Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges are known as _____ stages.

A) psychosexual
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) socio-cultural

Question 36

The _____ includes the conscience,which prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way by making us feel guilty if we do wrong.

A) ego
B) alter ego
C) superego
D) id

Question 37

Which of the following sequences indicates the order of the first three stages in Freud's theory of psychosexual development,from first to last?

A) Oral → phallic → anal
B) Anal → oral → phallic
C) Anal → phallic → oral
D) Oral → anal → phallic

Question 38

Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is CORRECTLY matched with a key task or term?

A) Oral-weaning
B) Anal-Oedipal conflict
C) Phallic-toilet training
D) Genital-identification

Question 39

Which of the following components of personality is related to the reality principle?

A) Ego
B) Id
C) Superego
D) Conscience

Question 40

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which Freud's personality structures develop during infancy and childhood,from first to last?

A) Superego → ego → id
B) Id → superego → ego
C) Id → ego → superego
D) Superego → id → ego

Question 41

How do neo-Freudians' thought differ from Freud's original theory?

A) The neo-Freudians placed even more emphasis on sex than did Freud himself.
B) The neo-Freudians tended to emphasize the importance of the ego rather than that of the id.
C) The neo-Freudians paid less attention to cultural influences on behavior.
D) The neo-Freudians focused less on the social environment.

Question 42

According to Jung,_____ are universal symbolic representations of a particular person,object,or experience (such as good and evil).

A) prototypes
B) archetypes
C) stereotypes
D) subtypes

Question 43

Karen Horney's conceptualizations were developed in the:

A) 1920s.
B) 1930s and 1940s.
C) 1950s.
D) 1960s and 1970s.

Question 44

_____ is the primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.

A) Denial
B) Repression
C) Projection
D) Sublimation

Question 45

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a personality assessment widely used in business,industry,and education.Ultimately,it stems from _____ theory.

A) Freud's
B) Jung's
C) Adler's
D) Erikson's

Question 46

_____ is often considered the first feminist psychologist.

A) Karen Horney
B) Mary Calkins
C) Bertha Pappenheim
D) Anna Freud

Question 47

In order to protect herself from experiencing anxiety,Nancy is attributing her own unacceptable aggressive impulses to another individual.Nancy is using a(n):

A) self-actualization principle.
B) fixation process.
C) defense mechanism.
D) preconscious process.

Question 48

Which of the following defense mechanisms is used when people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual,but threatening,reason for their behavior?

A) Rationalization
B) Reaction formation
C) Projection
D) Sublimation

Question 49

Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges Allport's trait categories from the MOST SPECIFIC to the BROADEST?

A) Secondary → central → cardinal
B) Secondary → cardinal → central
C) Cardinal → secondary → central
D) Cardinal → central → secondary

Question 50

In order to protect herself from unconscious anxiety,Susie convinces herself that she hates action movies,whereas on an unconscious level she actually loves them.This illustrates the defense mechanism known as:

A) repression.
B) reaction formation.
C) projection.
D) rationalization.

Question 51

When regression is used as a defense mechanism people:

A) divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts,feelings,or behaviors.
B) behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development.
C) provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual,but threatening,reason for their behavior.
D) attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else.

Question 52

According to _____,parents can facilitate their children's development by:

A) Adler;helping them overcome feelings of personal inferiority.
B) Horney;helping them master key tasks like weaning and toilet training.
C) Horney;providing consistently and adequately for their needs.
D) Adler;helping them master key tasks like weaning and toilet training.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT one of the neo-Freudian psychoanalysts?

A) Adler
B) Cattell
C) Jung
D) Erikson

Question 54

Probably the most primary of the defense mechanisms is that of:

A) denial.
B) repression.
C) projection.
D) sublimation.

Question 55

The study of defense mechanisms is associated not only with Sigmund Freud but also with:

A) Bertha Pappenheim.
B) Alfred Adler.
C) David Buss.
D) Anna Freud.

Question 56

Which of the following Freudian notions appears to have been supported in current research?

A) Unconscious processes contribute to dreams and implicit memory.
B) Much of our behavior reflects an attempt to guard against unacceptable sexual and aggressive impulses.
C) Adult personality reflects fixation at particular childhood psychosexual development.
D) None of these ideas have received much empirical support.

Question 57

A _____ trait is a single characteristic that directs most of a person's activities.

A) secondary
B) central
C) primary
D) cardinal

Question 58

Which neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theorist is CORRECTLY matched with a key concept?

A) Rogers;inferiority complex psychology
B) Adler;unconditional positive regard
C) Horney;archetype
D) Jung;collective unconscious

Question 59

Which defense mechanism is CORRECTLY matched with a definition?

A) Displacement - an unwanted feeling is redirected from a threatening individual to a less threatening one
B) Reaction formation - unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable activities
C) Projection - unacceptable impulses are expressed as their opposites
D) Sublimation - unacceptable impulses are attributed to another person

Question 60

Read the following: (1)Liz has become more responsive to her partner's advances since a real "hottie" moved in next door; (2)unable to accept his desire for other young men,15-year-old Juan pours himself into his studies; (3)Shauntel tells people that her coworker Mary dislikes her;if she were honest,though,Shauntel would realize that it is actually she who dislikes Mary; (4)"Ben's nasty;he's disgusting," says Renee;really,Renee secretly finds Ben sexy.Which individual is CORRECTLY matched with the defense mechanism he or she is using?

A) Liz-projection
B) Juan-sublimation
C) Shauntel-repression
D) Renee-displacement

Question 61

Dr.Plater believes that personality is simply the sum of learned responses to the external environment.Dr.Plater endorses the _____ approach to personality.

A) trait
B) learning
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

Question 62

Which of the following phrases is CORRECTLY labeled with one of Eysenck's major personality dimensions?

A) Distorted reality - psychoticism
B) Degree of sociability - openness
C) Emotional stability - conscientiousness
D) Distorted reality - neuroticism

Question 63

One of the main proponents of the social cognitive approach to personality is:

A) Allport.
B) Skinner.
C) Cattell.
D) Bandura.

Question 64

Which of the following specific traits is CORRECTLY paired with a description in terms of the Big Five dimensions?

A) Kind - high extraversion
B) Impulsive - low conscientiousness
C) Calm - high agreeableness
D) Imaginative - high openness

Question 65

Which approach to personality emphasizes the role played by self-efficacy?

A) Bandura's social cognitive approach
B) Skinner's behaviorist approach
C) Allport's trait theory
D) Rogers's humanistic theory

Question 66

_____ is the belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

A) Self-efficacy
B) Self-regulation
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-actualization

Question 67

In Allport's view,how many central traits do most people possess?

A) 5-10
B) 20-25
C) 0 or 1
D) dozens

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality dimensions?

A) Extraversion
B) Openness
C) Neuroticism
D) Psychoticism

Question 69

Which trait theorist is CORRECTLY matched with the number of basic personality dimensions proposed in his theory?

A) Allport;16
B) Cattell;5
C) Eysenck;3
D) Cattell;10

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT one of Eysenck's major personality dimensions?

A) Extraversion
B) Agreeableness
C) Neuroticism
D) Psychoticism

Question 71

Carlos is emotionally unstable,insecure,anxious,and moody.Quinn is disorganized,careless,and impulsive.Johann is quiet,serious,and somewhat timid.Finally,Kristy is imaginative,independent,and fond of variety.Which of these individuals is CORRECTLY matched with a Big Five personality description?

A) Quinn - low conscientiousness
B) Carlos - low openness
C) Kristy - high extraversion
D) Johann - high agreeableness

Question 72

A graduate student is using a statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns.She is performing a _____ analysis.

A) trend
B) matrix
C) factor
D) correlation

Question 73

Garner is imaginative,independent,and prefers variety.Brandy is conventional,down-to-earth,and has limited interests.It is likely that Garner scores high while Brandy scores low on the Big Five personality dimension of:

A) neuroticism.
B) openness.
C) extraversion.
D) agreeableness.

Question 74

An all-consuming need for power is sometimes known as Machiavellianism.Because the trait is named in his honor,it would be reasonable to suppose that the need for power was a _____ trait for the Italian prince.

A) secondary
B) auxiliary
C) peripheral
D) cardinal

Question 75

Rhiannon is confident she can complete a difficult problem set in one of her engineering courses.Rhiannon has high self-:

A) esteem
B) efficacy
C) actualization
D) awareness

Question 76

_____ traits are characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than other traits.

A) Secondary
B) Central
C) Primary
D) Cardinal

Question 77

Pearl is kind,cooperative,appreciative,and sympathetic.Ruby is outgoing,talkative,fun-loving,and sociable.Pearl probably scores high on the Big Five dimension of _____,whereas Ruby likely scores high on _____.

A) openness;agreeableness
B) eagerness;cheerfulness
C) agreeableness;extraversion
D) extraversion;openness

Question 78

Mrs.Linley is a middle school math teacher.She provides constant,consistent feedback on her students' math assignments.She wants her students to have faith in their abilities to produce positive outcomes.Mrs.Linley is trying to develop her students' self-:

A) awareness.
B) regulation.
C) efficacy.
D) actualization.

Question 79

Dr.Montgomery,a personality theorist,seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality and consistencies in individuals' behavior.Dr.Montgomery is a(n)_____ theorist.

A) trait
B) psychosexual
C) humanistic
D) cognitive

Question 80

Which of the following alternatives INCORRECTLY identifies an advantage or disadvantage of the trait approach to personality?

A) Con: trait approaches are merely descriptions of personality,not explanations.
B) Con: trait approaches do not facilitate the objective comparison of one person with another.
C) Pro: trait approaches have led to many useful personality assessment inventories.
D) Pro: trait approaches provide a clear,straightforward explanation of people's behavioral consistencies.