Deck 19: Protest and Reform

Question 1

Describe the issues of the Protestant Reformation and their impact on the arts.

Answer 1

The Protestant Reformation began in Germany,where voices that opposed to Church authority were most vocal.The movement was galvanized by Martin Luther,whose inflammatory sermons and essays offered radical remedies to what he called "the misery and wretchedness of Christendom." In 1517,in pointed criticism of Church abuses,Luther posted on the door of the collegiate church at Wittenberg a list of ninety-five subjects he intended for dispute with the leaders of the Church of Rome.Extending his criticism of Church abuses and Church doctrine,he attacked monasticism and clerical celibacy and was unwilling to accept the pope as the ultimate source of religious authority.Luther held that the ultimate source of authority in matters of faith and doctrine was Scripture,as interpreted by the individual Christian.
Luther,himself a student of music,emphasized music as a source of religious instruction,encouraged the writing of hymnals,and reorganized the German Mass to include both congregational and professional singing.Luther held that all religious texts should be sung in German,so that the faithful might understand their message.He was partial to the chorale,a congregational hymn that served to enhance the spirit of Protestant worship.Luther's chorales had a major influence on religious music for centuries.And although in the hands of later composers the chorale became a complex polyphonic vehicle for voices and instruments,at its inception it was performed with all voices singing the same words at the same time.It was thus an ideal medium for the communal expression of Protestant piety.
The Protestant Reformation also cast a long shadow upon the religious art of the North.Protestants rejected the traditional imagery of medieval piety,along with church relics and sacred images,which they associated with superstition and idolatry.Protestant iconoclasts stripped the stained glass from cathedral windows,shattered religious sculpture,whitewashed church frescoes,and destroyed altarpieces.At the same time,however,the voices of reform encouraged the proliferation of private devotional art,particularly that which illustrated biblical themes.

Question 2

________ was the voice of the Protestant Reformation.

A)Albrecht Dürer
B)Martin Luther
C)John Calvin
D)Thomas More

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Explain some of the technological advances of the Renaissance era.

Answer 3

The Renaissance saw both artistic and technological innovations.Both the explosion of European culture and empire expansion had their roots in technological advancements.For example,advancements in navigation,shipbuilding,and maritime instrumentation (the magnetic compass)propelled Europe into a dominant position in the world.Gunpowder,the light cannon,muskets,and other military devices made warfare increasingly deadly,but allowed for European dominance.
Culturally,the most significant innovation was the perfection of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg that made it possible to fabricate books more cheaply,more rapidly,and in greater numbers than ever before.As information became a commodity for mass production,vast areas of knowledge-heretofore the exclusive domain of the monastery,the Church,and the university-became available to the public.The printing press facilitated the rise of popular education and encouraged individuals to form their own opinions by reading for themselves.It accelerated the growing interest in vernacular literature,which in turn enhanced national and individual self-consciousness.

Question 4

The leading Christian humanist of his day,________ led the critical study of the Bible and writings of the church fathers.

A)Pliny the Elder
B)Plato
C)Cicero
D)Erasmus

Question 5

The founder of Protestantism favored above all others which of the following types of music?

A)the Mass
B)the chorale
C)the concerto
D)the Gregorian chant

Question 6

Besides the Bible,which of the following was the most frequently published book in the Christian West well into modern times?

A)the Divine Comedy
B)The Book of Hours
C)Imitatio Christi
D)Canterbury Tales

Question 7

Across the loose confederation of German territories,the Church's sale of indulgences for the specific purpose of ________ provoked harsh lay criticism and was the final straw that eventually led to the Protestant Reformation.

A)rebuilding Saint Peter's Cathedral in Rome
B)sending missionaries to the Orient
C)repaving the streets in Paris
D)outfitting the pontiff in several new outfits

Question 8

The most powerful form of literary expression to evolve in the late sixteenth century was secular

A)readings.
B)dance.
C)drama.
D)sermons.

Question 9

A Geneva-based Protestant sect named ________ emphasized the predestined nature of humanity from birth for salvation or damnation.

A)Lutherans
B)Calvinists
C)the Anabaptists
D)Anglicans

Question 10

The literary genre of the novel was first created in Japan;which of the following is considered the first Western novel?

A)the Divine Comedy
B)Tale of Genji
C)Don Quixote
D)Canterbury Tales

Question 11

Discuss the printing press and its impact on the Protestant Reformation.

Question 12

The 1517 call for Church reform posted on the Wittenberg Cathedral's door was titled

A)The Prince.
B)the Divine Comedy.
C)the Ninety-Five Theses.
D)Imitatio Christi.

Question 13

Discuss the significance of Shakespeare's contribution to world literature.

Question 14

List some of the leading figures of Northern Renaissance music,art,and literature.

Question 15

A Zurich-based radical wing of Protestantism called ________ rejected all seven of the Catholic sacraments,turning instead to individual acceptance of God.

A)Lutherans
B)Calvinists
C)the Anabaptists
D)Anglicans

Question 16

The devotio moderna movement first took root in which of the following countries?

A)Italy
B)Switzerland
C)Spain
D)the Netherlands

Question 17

The pioneer of Northern Realism in painting was the Flemish artist

A)Giovanni Nicolas Arnolfini.
B)Hieronymus Bosch.
C)Raphael.
D)Jan van Ecyk.

Question 18

In 1526,Henry VIII declared himself head of which of the following organizations?

A)Lutherans
B)Calvinists
C)the Anabaptists
D)Anglicans

Question 19

The technological innovation that spurred the Protestant Reformation was the

A)compass.
B)ability to pave roadways.
C)printing press.
D)long bow.

Question 20

German princes either held fast in their allegiance to Rome,or banded together under the name of

A)Lutherans.
B)Calvinists.
C)the Anabaptists.
D)Anglicans.