Deck 23: The Scientific Revolution and the New Learning

Question 1

Explain the fundamental ideas of Bacon,Descartes,and Locke.

Answer 1

Francis Bacon was the leading advocate of the empirical method,one of the most characteristic features of the Scientific Revolution.The empirical method is a type of inductive reasoning,a process that draws on the particulars of sensory evidence for the formulation of general principles (or axioms).In his work,Novum Organum,he argued that human beings might become "the masters and possessors of Nature" only through scientific study guided by precise methods.He promoted an objective system of experimentation,tabulation,and record keeping that became the touchstone of modern scientific inquiry.Further,Bacon distrusted human subjectivity,calling it a "false mirror" and called for objectivity and experimentation,which led to the founding of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge.
Descartes favored a more rational and philosophical approach to understanding.As opposed to inductive reasoning,he favored deductive reasoning.The deductive process begins with clearly established general premises and moves toward the establishment of particular truths.Descartes challenged all things and trusted that the clear and unbiased mind was the source of all natural understanding.His approach lead to Cartesian dualism,the view that holds the mind (a thinking entity)as distinct from the body.His rationalism also bridged the gap between religion and the new sciences.He associated God with "the mathematical order of nature," an approach that bridged the gap between religion and science.This belief is known as deism,a "natural" religion based on human reason rather than revelation.
John Lock also championed the empirical method,using it to make sense of human nature.According to Locke,the human mind at birth is a tabula rasa ("blank slate")upon which experience-consisting of sensation,followed by reflection-writes the script.There are no innate moral principles or ideas;human knowledge consists only of the progressive accumulation of the evidence of the senses.

Question 2

Which of the following was a seventeenth-century artist famous for his self-portraits?

A)Goya
B)Reuben
C)Rembrandt
D)Vermeer

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Differentiate between inductive and deductive reasoning.

Answer 3

Inductive reasoning is a method of inquiry that depends on direct observation and scientific experimentation as the bases from which one arrives at general conclusions.It draws on the particulars of sensory evidence for the formulation of general principles (or axioms).The empirical method is an example of inductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning is the opposite of inductive reasoning.The deductive process begins with clearly established general premises and moves toward the establishment of particular truths.Descartes elucidated the deductive process in his Discourse:never accept anything as true that you do not clearly know to be true;dissect a problem into as many parts as possible;reason from simple to complex knowledge;and finally,draw complete and exhaustive conclusions.

Question 4

Newton's Principia promoted the idea of a uniform and intelligible universe that operated as systematically as a well-oiled machine;his monumental work became the basis of modern

A)physics.
B)meteorology.
C)chemistry.
D)engineering.

Question 5

English scientist ________,author of the Novum Organum,championed induction and the empirical method,which gave priority to knowledge gained through the senses.

A)René Descartes
B)John Locke
C)Francis Bacon
D)Galileo

Question 6

List the central figures of the Scientific Revolution and their contributions.

Question 7

The "father of modern Western philosophy," ________ gave priority to deductive reasoning and mathematical analysis in his Discourse on Method.

A)René Descartes
B)John Locke
C)Francis Bacon
D)Galileo

Question 8

Which of the following was the Hellenistic astronomer whose geocentric model of the cosmos was put in danger by the Scientific Revolution?

A)Andreas Vesalius
B)Philippus Ambrosius Paracelsus
C)Claudius Ptolemy
D)Johannes Kepler

Question 9

Which of the following was NOT one of the three main types of musical composition in the seventeenth century,as mentioned in the text?

A)sonata
B)minuet
C)suite
D)concerto

Question 10

Which of the following was the Flemish physician who published the first accurate analysis of human anatomy?

A)Andreas Vesalius
B)Philippus Ambrosius Paracelsus
C)Claudius Ptolemy
D)Johannes Kepler

Question 11

English philosopher and physician ________ defended the empirical tradition with the theory that all experience is imprinted on the human mind,a tabula rasa ("blank slate")at birth.

A)René Descartes
B)John Locke
C)Francis Bacon
D)Galileo

Question 12

The idea of God as a master mechanic of the universe who does not interfere or has turned his back on humanity is called

A)atheism.
B)agnosticism.
C)deism.
D)transference.

Question 13

________ formulated the law of falling bodies and used the telescope to confirm empirically the previously theoretical model of a heliocentric universe.

A)René Descartes
B)John Locke
C)Francis Bacon
D)Galileo

Question 14

Which of the following was the Swiss-born chemist who was first to base medical remedies on combinations of minerals rather than botanicals?

A)Andreas Vesalius
B)Philippus Ambrosius Paracelsus
C)Claudius Ptolemy
D)Johannes Kepler

Question 15

Discuss deism and how it formed a bridge of faith between religion and science in this age.

Question 16

Discuss the impact of the Scientific Revolution on European art and music.

Question 17

Which of the following was the famous seventeenth-century Dutch painter and camera obscura user who only produced some forty canvases in his career?

A)Goya
B)Reuben
C)Rembrandt
D)Vermeer

Question 18

________ inquiries on planetary movements confirmed Copernicus' theories,and showed that the planets moved around the sun in elliptical paths.

A)Andreas Vesalius'
B)Philippus Ambrosius Paracelsus'
C)Claudius Ptolemy's
D)Johannes Kepler's

Question 19

According to the text,which of the following was NOT a focus of the Scientific Revolution?

A)the exercise of direct observation and experimentation
B)combining science with so-called religious truths
C)the invention of instruments by which to measure and test
D)the reliance on mathematical verification

Question 20

Developed by J.S.Bach,the ________ was a musical polyphonic composition which featured the same musical theme repeated in different,sequential manners.

A)toccata
B)quartet
C)fugue
D)symphony