Deck 17: Physiology of the Kidneys

Question 1

Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures?

A)distal convoluted tubule,loop of Henle,proximal convoluted tubule,Bowman's capsule
B)proximal convoluted tubule,Bowman's capsule,distal convoluted tubule,loop of Henle
C)Bowman's capsule,proximal convoluted tubule,loop of Henle,distal convoluted tubule
D)loop of Henle,Bowman's capsule,proximal convoluted tubule,distal convoluted tubule

Answer 1

C

Question 2

________ are composed of crystals and proteins that grow until they break loose and pass into the urine collection system.

A)Renal columns
B)Renal calculi
C)Renal calyces
D)Renal pyramids

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The process of urination is called

A)deglutition.
B)micturition.
C)incontinence.
D)glomerular filtration.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Urine collects in the urinary bladder prior to entry into the urethra.

Question 5

The _______________ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine.

A)juxtamedullary
B)cortical
C)pelvic
D)calical

Question 6

The efferent arteriole delivers blood to the

A)peritubular capillaries
B)vasa recta
C)glomerulus
D)juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 7

The __________ is the functional unit of the kidney.

A)calyx
B)nephron
C)neuron
D)medulla

Question 8

What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A)ureters
B)urethras
C)calyces
D)pyramids

Question 9

The main function of the kidneys is the regulation of the intracellular fluid.

Question 10

The __________ is a capillary network that produces a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules.

A)vasa recta
B)peritubular capillary
C)glomerulus
D)interlobar capillary

Question 11

_______________ is an autosomal dominant inherited condition in which progressive renal failure develops due to expanded portions of the renal tubule.

A)Glomerulonephritis
B)Renal calculus
C)Polycystic kidney disease
D)Pyelonephritis

Question 12

What structure is an arteriole capillary bed - drained by an arteriole instead of a venule?

A)peritubular capillaries
B)vasa recta
C)glomerulus
D)juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 13

The renal pelvis receives urine from the

A)minor calyces.
B)ureters.
C)renal pyramids.
D)major calyces.

Question 14

The guarding reflex allows the urinary bladder to fill by

A)inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation of the detrusor muscle.
B)stimulating sympathetic nerves to the external urethral sphincter to contract.
C)responding to stretch receptors in the bladder wall.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 15

Damage to the lumbar region of the spinal cord could impair micturition.

Question 16

Incontinence could develop as a result of

A)pressure on the detrusor muscle.
B)poor bladder compliance.
C)damage to the external urethral sphincter.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

Blood pressure is regulated through the actions of the kidneys.

Question 18

Shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat

A)polycystic kidney disease.
B)glomerulonephritis.
C)acute renal failure.
D)renal calculi.

Question 19

Damage to which of the following neurons would impair micturition?

A)parasympathetic neurons
B)sympathetic neurons
C)pudendal somatic motor neurons
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 20

The actions of the kidney include regulation of

A)blood plasma pH.
B)blood plasma volume.
C)blood plasma electrolyte concentration.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 21

The sensor in tubuloglomerular feedback is a group of cells called the

A)macula densA.
B)glomerulus.
C)vasa recta.
D)macula lutea.

Question 22

A decrease in blood pressure will cause an increase in GFR through sympathetic stimulation.

Question 23

The ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite fluctuating blood pressures is called as

A)renal plasma threshold.
B)renal transport maximum.
C)renal plasma clearance.
D)renal autoregulation.

Question 24

What is the order that filtrate must pass through to the glomerular capsule?

A)podocytes of glomerular epithelium,glomerular basement membrane,capillary fenestrae
B)capillary fenestrae,glomerular basement membrane,podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium
C)glomerular basement membrane,capillary fenestrae,podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium
D)capillary fenestrae,podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium,glomerular basement membrane

Question 25

Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.

Question 26

Highly elevated blood pressure would stimulate an increased glomerular filtration rate.

Question 27

The primary filter to exclude proteins from the filtrate is the

A)glomerular basement membrane
B)capillary fenestrae
C)parietal layer of the capsule
D)slit diaphragm

Question 28

Where is the micturition center?

A)S2-S4 of the spinal cord
B)medulla oblongata
C)urinary bladder
D)pons

Question 29

ATP and adenosine from macula densa cells stimulate vasodilation of the afferent arteriole.

Question 30

What is the net filtration pressure of the glomerular capillaries?

A)10 mm Hg inward
B)15 mm Hg outward
C)15 mm Hg inward
D)10 mm Hg outward

Question 31

The guarding reflex prevents voiding.

Question 32

Hypotension would induce __________ of afferent arterioles.

A)constriction
B)dilation
C)no change

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a potential filtration barrier in the glomerular capsule?

A)glomerular basement membrane
B)capillary fenestrae
C)parietal layer of the capsule
D)slit diaphragm

Question 34

Which sphincter is under voluntary control?

A)internal urethral sphincter
B)external urethral sphincter

Question 35

What type of cells form the third filtration barrier?

A)podocytes
B)ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells
C)capillary simple squamous epithelial cells
D)glomerulocytes

Question 36

Which of the following is a layer of the renal corpuscle?

A)glomerular visceral epithelium
B)glomerular parietal epithelium
C)glomerular endothelium
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 37

An increased GFR leads to an increase in urine production.

Question 38

Dilation of the afferent arteriole would increase glomerular pressure.

Question 39

Increased sympathetic neuron activity will cause

A)vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.
B)increased GFR.
C)increased urine production.
D)decreased blood volume.

Question 40

The average glomerular filtration rate is equal to

A)180 L/day.
B)5.5 L/min.
C)100 mmHg/hour.
D)8 mg/hour.

Question 41

What creates a Na⁺ concentration gradient in the proximal tubule?

A)Na⁺/K⁺ pump
B)diffusion of Na⁺
C)osmosis of water
D)diffusion of Cl^-

Question 42

The obligatory water loss needed to excrete metabolic wastes is _____ per day.

A)300 mL
B)400 mL
C)600 mL
D)800 mL

Question 43

The reabsorption of Na⁺ in the proximal tubule creates an osmotic gradient for the diffusion of _____ to occur.

A)Cl^-
B)H₂O
C)K⁺
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 44

The return of molecules from the tubules to the blood is called as

A)reabsorption.
B)secretion.
C)filtration.
D)autoregulation.

Question 45

Glomerular filtration would be decreased by

A)increased plasma protein concentration.
B)increased glomerular filtrate protein concentration.
C)decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
D)increased mean arterial pressure.

Question 46

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs approximately 65% of water and ions salt entering it.

Question 47

The proximal tubule and loop of Henle are subject to hormonal regulation of sodium and water.

Question 48

The majority of reabsorption occurs in the

A)collecting duct.
B)distal convoluted tubule.
C)loop of Henle.
D)proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 49

Na⁺ is actively transported into the tubule cells of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle from the tubular lumen.

Question 50

Na⁺ reabsorption is a(n)__________ process,while Cl^- reabsoprtion is a(n)__________ process.

A)active,active
B)active,passive
C)passive,passive
D)passive,active

Question 51

The transport of water is always an active process.

Question 52

The __________ surface of the simple cuboidal epithelia in the proximal convoluted tubule contains microvilli.

A)lateral
B)basal
C)basolateral
D)apical

Question 53

As the tubular filtrate moves through the descending limb of the loop of Henle,the osmolality of the filtrate increases.

Question 54

Under conditions of severe dehydration approximately 99.2% of the glomerular ultrafiltrate volume is reabsorbed.

Question 55

Through renal autoregulation,an increase in blood pressure will cause the afferent arteriole to ____ and therefore the GFR will ____.

A)dilate,not change
B)dilate,decrease.
C)constrict,decrease.
D)constrict,not change.

Question 56

Epithelial cells of the proximal tubule have a lower concentration of Na+ than the filtrate.

Question 57

The __________ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.

A)ascending
B)descending
C)both limbs
D)neither

Question 58

Since water follows the reabsorption of Na⁺ in the proximal tubule,the filtrate is isomotic with the blood.

Question 59

The minimum urine volume needed to excrete metabolic wastes produced by the body is called as

A)renal plasma threshold.
B)renal autoregulation.
C)obligatory water loss.
D)renal transport minimum.

Question 60

Na⁺ moves by _____ from the filtrate into the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule.

A)active transport
B)Na⁺/K⁺ pump
C)diffusion
D)pinocytosis

Question 61

The collecting duct is naturally impermeable to salt but permeable to water.

Question 62

The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the

A)proximal convoluted tubule.
B)base of the Loop of Henle.
C)distal convoluted tubule.
D)cortical portion of the collecting duct.

Question 63

What is present in the vasa recta to remove water for the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla?

A)Na⁺/K⁺ pump
B)urea transporters
C)aquaporins
D)ADH receptors

Question 64

Urea is transported out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle to add to the high osmolarity of the medulla.

Question 65

Water permeability in the collecting duct is varied by altering the number of aquaporins present.

Question 66

Countercurrent multiplication occurs by the actions of the

A)vasa rectA.
B)peritubular capillaries.
C)loop of Henle.
D)Both vasa recta and loop of Henle are correct.

Question 67

Antidiuretic hormone exerts its effect via a cAMP second messenger system.

Question 68

The __________ acts as a countercurrent exchanger.

A)juxtaglomerular apparatus
B)peritubular capillaries
C)vasa recta
D)macula densa

Question 69

Water permeability of the proximal convoluted tubule is regulated by antidiuretic hormone.

Question 70

Inhibition of the functions of the descending limb of the loop of Henle would stimulate

A)decreased water reabsorption.
B)increased Na⁺ reasbsorption.
C)decreased Na⁺ reabsorption.
D)increased water reabsorption.

Question 71

Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with the inadequate secretion or action of ADH.

Question 72

Urea transport in the collecting duct is a(n)__________ process.

A)active
B)passive
C)exocytosis
D)endocytosis

Question 73

_________ is a nonsalt molecule that contributes to the hypertonicity of the interstitial fluid of the renal tubules.

A)Urea
B)Protein
C)Creatinine
D)Xenobiotic molecule

Question 74

The vasa recta have the net effect of concentrating solutes in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla.

Question 75

The presence of antidiuretic hormone causes aquaporins to be formed in the collecting duct cells.

Question 76

The maximal response to antidiuretic hormone occurs in the cortical nephrons.

Question 77

The ____ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to salt.

A)ascending
B)descending
C)both limbs
D)neither

Question 78

The tubular filtrate osmolarity __________ as it flows through the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

A)increases
B)decreases
C)remains unchanged

Question 79

Salt leaving the ascending limb of the loop of Henle causes the loss of water from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question 80

Neurohypophyseal secretion of __________ stimulates formation of concentrated urine.

A)aldosterone
B)renin
C)antidiuretic hormone
D)angiotensin I