Deck 10: Sensory Physiology

Question 1

Proprioceptors allow for individuals to determine the position of a limb or body part.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Which of the following is a special sense?

A)touch
B)vision
C)pain
D)All apply.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Our senses can perceive a wide range of energies.
B)Different modalities of sensations have different types of impulses.
C)Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses.
D)The brain cannot distinguish between impulses of cold and heat.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a cutaneous receptor?

A)muscle spindle
B)touch receptor
C)heat receptor
D)pain receptor

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a touch or pressure cutaneous receptor?

A)Golgi Corpuscle
B)Pacinian Corpuscle
C)Merkel's Disk
D)Meissner's Corpuscle

Question 6

_____________ receptors undergo slow adaptation.

A)Tonic
B)Phasic

Question 7

Having the ability to ignore constant phasic stimuli is called

A)the law of specific nerve energies.
B)tonic adaptation.
C)sensory adaptation.
D)phasic adaptation.

Question 8

An individual would normally perceive pain when the chemoreceptors are stimulated.

Question 9

The potential produced by sensory receptors is called a

A)local potential.
B)generator potential.
C)receptor potential.
D)Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.

Question 10

The law of specific nerve energies can be used to explain

A)phantom limbs.
B)paradoxical cold.
C)sensory adaptation.
D)lateral inhibition.

Question 11

Functional classes of sensory receptors include chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors.

Question 12

Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also

A)interoceptors.
B)proprioceptors.
C)special senses.
D)exteroceptors.

Question 13

Phasic receptors adapt rapidly to maintained stimuli.

Question 14

The least amount of energy that produces adequate stimulation of a receptor is the

A)sensory adaptation.
B)generator potential.
C)all-or-none law.
D)law of specific nerve energies.

Question 15

Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following except

A)pain.
B)thermal sensations.
C)body position.
D)touch.

Question 16

Cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also

A)proprioceptors.
B)interoceptors.
C)exteroceptors.
D)special senses.

Question 17

As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the _____________ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases.

A)adaptation
B)frequency
C)amplitude
D)sensitivity

Question 18

The magnitude of the generator potential is directly proportional to the frequency of the action potentials being produced.

Question 19

Encapsulated cutaneous receptors are used to detect thermal sensations.

Question 20

Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane?

A)chemoreceptors
B)photoreceptors
C)thermoreceptors
D)mechanoreceptors

Question 21

Sensations are sharpened via

A)two-point discrimination.
B)adaptation.
C)lateral inhibition.
D)phantom limb.

Question 22

The ________________ phenomenon refers to amputees reporting sensations in limbs that are no longer there.

A)phantom limb
B)lateral inhibition
C)referred pain
D)adaptation

Question 23

Transmission of thermal sensations to the sensory cortex would be impaired by damage to the

A)lateral spinothalamic tract.
B)anterior spinothalamic tract.
C)medial lemniscus tract.
D)anterior spinocerebellar tract.

Question 24

Where do the tracts carrying impulses of proprioception and pressure cross?

A)in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord
B)in the medulla oblongata
C)in the thalamus
D)the axons do not cross

Question 25

Second-order neurons from the medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus.

Question 26

The capsaicin receptor serves as both an ion channel and a receptor for the molecule in chili peppers that causes sensations of

A)heat and pain.
B)cold and pain.
C)pressure and pain.
D)heat and pressure.

Question 27

As ____________ increases,the two-point threshold decreases.

A)receptor number
B)receptor density
C)receptor sensitivity
D)receptor sensation

Question 28

Impulses of pain are also transmitted to the _____ which is part of the limbic system.

A)cingulate gyrus
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)caudate nucleus

Question 29

The capsaicin receptor produces both heat and pain sensations by allowing Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ to diffuse into the neuron through transient receptor potential channels.

Question 30

Where do the fibers of the spinothalamic tracts cross?

A)in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord
B)in the medulla oblongata
C)in the thalamus
D)the axons do not cross

Question 31

Areas of the skin with small receptive fields would have a greater sensory acuity.

Question 32

The __________ fibers are thin myelinated axons that carry sensations of heat,cold,and pain to the spinal cord.

A)A-delta
B)B-gamma
C)C
D)A-beta

Question 33

Acute itch is produced by _______ binding to its receptors.

A)capsaicin
B)menthol
C)histamine
D)glutamate

Question 34

The palm of the hand would have a higher receptor density than the upper arm.

Question 35

The ________________________ is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8º to 28ºC range by producing a depolarization.

A)capsaicin receptor
B)two-point threshold
C)cold or menthol receptor
D)pacinian corpuscle

Question 36

Nociceptors relay sensory information to the cortex via the lateral spinothalamic tract.

Question 37

How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 38

Proprioception and pressure impulses are carried by large,_______ neurons in the ______ columns of the spinal cord and are ____.

A)myelinated,ventral,contralateral
B)unmyelinated,lateral,ipsilateral
C)myelinated,dorsal,ipsilateral
D)unmyelinated,dorsal,contralateral

Question 39

Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated and function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using ____________ and ________________ as neurotransmitters.

A)substance P,norepinephrine
B)glutamate,acetylcholine
C)substance P,glutamate
D)acetylcholine,substance P

Question 40

_____________ is the perception of pain in a somatic location that is caused by damage to an internal organ and not by the activity somatic nociceptors.

A)Sensory adaptation
B)Lateral inhibition
C)Referred pain
D)Phantom limb

Question 41

Which of the following is TRUE of taste?

A)Taste receptors are considered interoceptors.
B)Sweet is sensed at the tip of the tongue.
C)Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells.
D)All apply.

Question 42

Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called

A)interoceptors.
B)nociceptors.
C)proprioceptors.
D)exteroceptors.

Question 43

Gustducin

A)is an olfactory G-protein.
B)is related to transducin of the eye.
C)activates second-messenger systems that hyperpolarize the receptor cell.
D)All apply.

Question 44

Taste cells are modified neurons.

Question 45

Olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their nonmotile cilia and are coupled to

A)cAMP.
B)cGMP.
C)Ca²⁺.
D)G-proteins.

Question 46

What extracellular ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes?

A)Mg²⁺
B)K⁺
C)Na⁺
D)Ca²⁺

Question 47

What causes the release of neurotransmitter when bitter taste has stimulated a taste cell?

A)release of Ca²⁺ from endoplasmic reticulum
B)opening of extracellular Ca²⁺ channels
C)closing K⁺ channels
D)closing Na⁺ channels

Question 48

A given gustatory sensory neuron may be stimulated by more than one taste cell located in a number of different taste pores.

Question 49

Monosodium glutamate stimulates bitter taste receptors.

Question 50

Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins?

A)umami
B)salty
C)sour
D)All apply.

Question 51

Which of the following are NOT types of tongue papillae?

A)foliate papillae
B)circumvallate papillae
C)glossoform papillae
D)fungiform papillae

Question 52

Solutions containing a high concentration of hydrogen ions would maximally stimulate taste buds for sweet.

Question 53

Information obtained via _____________ is transmitted directly to the limbic system.

A)gustation
B)audition
C)olfaction
D)touch

Question 54

Which of the following cranial nerves conveys gustatory information?

A)facial
B)glossopharyngeal
C)hypoglossal
D)Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.

Question 55

Damage to cranial nerve _____________ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances.

A)VII
B)V
C)X
D)XII

Question 56

Sweet,umami,and bitter receptors activate gustducin G-proteins that lead to depolarization.

Question 57

What causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes?

A)opening of extracellular Ca²⁺ channels
B)closing of K⁺ channels
C)release of Ca²⁺ from endoplasmic reticulum
D)closing of Na⁺ channels

Question 58

Where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent?

A)prefrontal cortex,postcentral gyrus,and insula
B)temporal lobe,precentral gyrus,and prefrontal cortex
C)thalamus,insula,and postcentral gyrus
D)medulla oblongata,insula,and thalamus

Question 59

Specialized cells on the tongue that distinguish salty,sour,sweet,meaty,or bitter flavors are called

A)taste buds.
B)umami cells.
C)gustducin.
D)taste cells.

Question 60

Where is the primary gustatory cortex?

A)postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
B)prefrontal cortex
C)temporal lobe
D)insula

Question 61

When stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium,the cell membrane will be

A)hyperpolarized.
B)depolarized.
C)releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter.
D)Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct.

Question 62

Basal stem cells in the olfactory epithelium produce new olfactory receptors every one to two months.

Question 63

Inability to detect rotational acceleration occurs when the saccule is damaged.

Question 64

Vertigo occurs due to activation of the

A)utricle.
B)semicircular canals.
C)saccule.
D)cochlea.

Question 65

The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the

A)vestibular apparatus.
B)cochlea.
C)bony labyrinth.
D)organ of Corti.

Question 66

Nodding your head up and down would stimulate receptors in the utricle.

Question 67

There are stones in the inner ear.

Question 68

What characteristic does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual?

A)It is similar to the perilymph that surrounds the membranous labyrinth.
B)It has a higher than normal concentration of Na⁺.
C)It has a lower than normal concentration of Cl^-.
D)It has a higher than normal concentration of K⁺.

Question 69

Olfactory receptors are coupled to

A)transducins.
B)Na⁺/Ca²⁺ channels directly.
C)G-proteins.
D)adenylate cyclase.

Question 70

Stimulation of the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus sends impulses to the cerebellum and _________ by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

A)cerebrum
B)midbrain
C)pons
D)medulla oblongata

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear?

A)cochlea
B)utricle
C)semicircular canals
D)saccule

Question 72

Otoliths are associated with the

A)crista ampullaris.
B)cupula.
C)macula.
D)semicircular canals.

Question 73

What is the role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A)produce new bipolar receptor cells
B)to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble
C)to repair damaged receptor cells
D)to form basal stem cells

Question 74

As the endolymph in the semicircular canals bends the cupula,the stereocilia are stimulated.

Question 75

Which of the following is true of vestibular nystagmus?

A)It consists of involuntary oscillations of the eyes.
B)It may be a symptom of Ménière's disease.
C)It is loss of equilibrium.
D)All apply.

Question 76

The opening of Na⁺/Ca²⁺ channels by cAMP produces a graded depolarization in the olfactory bulb.

Question 77

The cupula is part of the

A)semicircular canals.
B)utricle.
C)saccule.
D)cochlea.

Question 78

Which of the special senses is most closely linked with the limbic system?

A)hearing
B)olfaction
C)taste
D)vision

Question 79

Which of the following is true of olfaction?

A)There may be as many as a 1000 different olfactory receptor proteins.
B)Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors.
C)Humans have the most acute sense of smell of all the mammals.
D)All apply.

Question 80

Each olfactory glomerulus receives input from several types of olfactory receptors.