Deck 19: Financing and Valuation

Question 1

One calculates the after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) as

A)WACC = r_D (D/V) + r_E (E/V); (where V = D + E).
B)WACC = r_D (1 - T_C)(D/V) + r_E (E/V); (where V = D + E).
C)WACC = r_D (D/V) + r_E (1 - T_C)(E/V); (where V = D + E).
D)WACC = (1 - T_C) × ( r_D (D/V) + r_E (E/V)); (where V = D + E).

Answer 1

WACC = r_D (1 - T_C)(D/V) + r_E (E/V); (where V = D + E).

Question 2

Given are the following data for year 1: Profits after taxes = $14 million; Depreciation = $6 million; Interest expense = $6 million; Investment in fixed assets = $12 million; Investment in working capital = $3 million.The corporate tax rate is 25 percent.Calculate the free cash flow (FCF) for year 1.

A)$4 million
B)$9.5 million
C)$6 million
D)$7 million

Answer 2

$9.5 million

Question 3

When one uses the after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to value a levered firm, the interest tax shield is

A)not accounted for by the use of the WACC.
B)considered by deducting the interest payment from the cash flows.
C)automatically considered because the after-tax cost of debt is included within the WACC formula.
D)capitalized by the levered cost of equity.

Answer 3

automatically considered because the after-tax cost of debt is included within the WACC formula.

Question 4

Consider the following data: FCF₁ = $7 million; FCF₂ = $45 million; FCF₃ = $55 million.Assume that free cash flow grows at a rate of 4 percent for year 4 and beyond.If the weighted average cost of capital is 10 percent, calculate the value of the firm.

A)$953.33 million
B)$801.12 million
C)$716.25 million
D)$736.02 million

Question 5

Given are the following data for year 1: Profits after taxes = $20 million; Depreciation = $6 million; Interest expense = $4 million; Investment in fixed assets = $12 million; Investment in working capital = $4 million.The corporate tax rate is 25 percent.Calculate the free cash flow (FCF) for year 1.

A)$4 million
B)$6 million
C)$8 million
D)$13 million

Question 6

Capital budgeting projects that incorporate both investment and financing decision side effects can be properly analyzed by

A)adjusting the project's present value (APV).
B)adjusting the project's discount rate (WACC).
C)relying only on Modigliani-Miller Propositions I and II.
D)adjusting the project's present value (APV) and adjusting the project's discount rate (WACC).

Question 7

Given are the following data for Vinyard Corporation: $\begin{array}{c|c}\text { Vinyard Corporation }& \text { Liquidating values, \$Millions) }\\\hline\text { Asset Value }\$ 1.500 &\$ 750 \text { Debt }\\--- & \$ 750 \text { Equity }\\\$ 1.500 &\$ 1.500\end{array}$ \begin{array}{c|c}\text { Vinyard Corporation }&\text { (Book values, \$Millions) }\\\hline\text { Asset Value }\$ 2,500 & \$ 1.000 \text { Debt }\\--- & \$ 1.500\text { Equity }\\\\$ 2,500&\$ 2.500\end{array} \begin{array}{c|c}\text { Vinyard Corporation }&\text { (Market values, \$Millions) }\\\hline\text { Asset Value }\$ 4.000 & \$ 1.000 \text { Debt }\\--- & \$ 3.000\text { Equity }\\\\$ 4.000 & \$ 4.000\end{array} $\begin{array}{c|c}\text { Vinyard Corporation }& \text { Liquidating values, \$Millions) }\\\hline\text { Asset Value }\$ 1.500 &\$ 750 \text { Debt }\\--- & \$ 750 \text { Equity }\\\$ 1.500 &\$ 1.500\end{array}$ Calculate the proportions of debt (D/V) and equity (E/V) that you would use for estimating Vinyard's weighted average cost of capital (WACC).

A)40 percent debt and 60 percent equity
B)50 percent debt and 50 percent equity
C)25 percent debt and 75 percent equity
D)75 percent debt and 25 percent equity

Question 8

While calculating the weighted average cost of capital, which values should one use for D, E, and V?

A)Book values
B)Liquidating values
C)Market values
D)Market value of debt and book value of equity

Question 9

Given are the following data for year 1: Profit after taxes = $5 million; Depreciation = $2 million; Investment in fixed assets = $4 million; Investment net working capital = $1 million.Calculate the free cash flow (FCF) for year 1.

A)$7 million
B)$3 million
C)$11 million
D)$2 million

Question 10

To calculate the total value of the firm (V), one should rely on the

A)market values of debt and equity.
B)market value of debt and the book value of equity.
C)book values of debt and the market value of equity.
D)book values of debt and equity.

Question 11

When using the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to discount cash flows from a project, we assume the following:

A)The project's risks are the same as those of the firm's other assets and remain so for the life of the project.
B)The project supports the same fraction of debt to value as the firm's overall capital structure, and that fraction remains constant for the life of the project.
C)The project's risks are the same as those of the firm's other assets and remain so for the life of the project, and the project supports the same fraction of debt to value as the firm's overall capital structure, and that fraction remains constant for the life of the project.
D)The project's risks are the same as those of the firm's other assets and remain so for the life of the project; the project supports the same fraction of debt to value as the firm's overall capital structure, and that fraction remains constant for the life of the project; and the cash flows from the project occur in perpetuity.

Question 12

Project M requires an initial investment of $25 million.The project is expected to generate $2.25 million in after-tax cash flow each year forever.If the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is 9 percent, calculate the NPV of the project.

A)-2.5 million
B)+2.5 million
C)Zero
D)+2.1 million

Question 13

Given are the following data for Golf Corporation: Market price/share = $12; Book value/share = $10; Number of shares outstanding = 100 million; Market price/bond = $800; Face value/bond = $1,000; Number of bonds outstanding = 1 million.Calculate the proportions of debt (D/V) and equity (E/V) for Golf Corporation that you should use for estimating its weighted average cost of capital (WACC).

A)40 percent debt and 60 percent equity
B)50 percent debt and 50 percent equity
C)45.5 percent debt and 54.5 percent equity
D)66.7 percent debt and 33.3 percent equity

Question 14

Consider the following data: FCF₁ = $20 million; FCF₂ = $20 million; FCF₃ = $20 million.Assume that free cash flow grows at a rate of 5 percent for year 4 and beyond.If the weighted average cost of capital is 12 percent, calculate the value of the firm.

A)$300 million
B)$261.57 million
C)$213.53 million
D)$238.69 million

Question 15

A firm has a total market value of $10 million while its debt has a market value of $4 million.What is the after-tax weighted average cost of capital if the before-tax cost of debt is 10 percent, the cost of equity is 15 percent, and the tax rate is 35 percent?

A)13 percent
B)11.6 percent
C)8.8 percent
D)10.4 percent

Question 16

Project M requires an initial investment of $25 million.The project is expected to generate $2.25 million in after-tax cash flow each year forever.Calculate the IRR for the project.

A)10 percent
B)9 percent
C)8 percent
D)7 percent

Question 17

One should determine the after-tax weighted average cost of capital by

A)multiplying the weighted average after-tax cost of debt by the weighted average cost of equity.
B)adding the weighted average before-tax cost of debt to the weighted average cost of equity.
C)adding the weighted average after-tax cost of debt to the weighted average cost of equity.
D)dividing the weighted average before-tax cost of debt to the weighted average cost of equity.

Question 18

Given are the following data: Cost of debt = r_D = 6%; Cost of equity = r_E = 12.1%; Marginal tax rate = 35%; and the firm has 50 percent debt and 50 percent equity.Calculate the after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC).

A)8 percent
B)7.1 percent
C)9 percent
D)5.9 percent

Question 19

Free cash flow (FCF) and net income (NI) differ in the following ways:

A)Net income accrues to shareholders, calculated after interest expense; free cash flow is calculated assuming all flows go to equity holders.
B)Net income accrues to shareholders, calculated after interest expense; free cash flow is calculated assuming all flows go to equity holders and net income is calculated after various noncash expenses, including depreciation; FCF adds back depreciation.
C)Net income accrues to shareholders, calculated after interest expense; free cash flow is calculated assuming all flows go to equity holders; net income is calculated after various noncash expenses, including depreciation; FCF adds back depreciation; and capital expenditures and investments in working capital do not appear in net income calculations; they do reduce free cash flows.
D)Net income accrues to shareholders, calculated after interest expense; free cash flow is calculated assuming all flows go to equity holders; net income is calculated after various noncash expenses, including depreciation; FCF adds back depreciation; capital expenditures and investments in working capital do not appear in net income calculations; they do reduce free cash flows; and net income is never negative; free cash flows can be negative for rapidly growing firms, even if the firm is profitable, because investments can exceed cash flows from operations.

Question 20

The following situations typically require that the financial manager value an entire business:

A)If firm A is about make a takeover offer for firm B, then A's financial managers have to decide how much the combined business A + B is worth under A's management.
B)If firm A is about make a takeover offer for firm B, then A's financial managers have to decide how much the combined business A + B is worth under A's management; and if firm C is considering the sale of one of its divisions or a business line, it has to decide what the division or the business line is worth in order to negotiate with potential buyers.
C)When a firm goes public, the investment bank must evaluate how much the firm is worth in order to set the price.
D)If firm A is about make a takeover offer for firm B, then A's financial managers have to decide how much the combined business A + B is worth under A's management; if firm C is considering the sale of one of its divisions or a business line, it has to decide what the division or the business line is worth in order to negotiate with potential buyers; and when a firm goes public, the investment bank must evaluate how much the firm is worth in order to set the price.

Question 21

A firm uses $30 million of debt, $10 million of preferred stock, and $60 million of common equity to finance its assets.If the before-tax cost of debt is 8 percent, the cost of preferred stock is 10 percent, and the cost of common equity is 15 percent, calculate the weighted average cost of capital for the firm assuming a tax rate of 35 percent.

A)12.40 percent
B)11.56 percent
C)10.84 percent
D)19.27 percent

Question 22

The Granite Paving Company is all-equity financed and has the following free cash flows in years 1?4: $3 million ($3M); $3.7M; $4M; $4.2M.After year 4, the firm is expected to grow at a sustainable rate of 3 percent per annum.With a WACC of 12 percent, what is the horizon value in year 4 of Granite Paving Co?

A)$4.3M
B)$4.2M
C)$46.7M
D)$48.1M

Question 23

The flow-to-equity method uses

A)cash flows to equity, after interest and after taxes, and the cost of equity capital as the discount rate.
B)the cost of equity capital as the discount rate and the weighted average cost of capital for discount rate.
C)cash flows to equity, after interest and after taxes, and the weighted average cost of capital for discount rate.
D)the cost of equity capital as the discount rate and after-tax cash flows without considering interest and dividend payments.

Question 24

Mirion, Inc., has a debt-equity ratio of 50 percent, with no preferred stock.However, Mirion now plans to raise enough preferred stock to retire half of its outstanding common stock.Its common equity is currently valued at $7 million.Which of the following choices displays Mirion's market value capital structure, in market values (i.e., V = D + P + E), after the preferred stock issue?

A)10.5[V] = 3.5[E] + 3.5[P] + 3.5[D].
B)10.5[V] = 7 [E] + 3.5[P] + 0[D].
C)14[V] = 3.5[E] + 3.5[P] + 7[D].
D)D) 14[V] = 7[E] + 3.5[P] + 3.5[D].

Question 25

Johnston Company has a 7 percent cost of debt, a 50 percent debt ratio, and a 15 percent cost of equity.The marginal tax rate is 25 percent.What is Johnston's WACC if it were 100 percent equity financed?

A)11 percent
B)10.13 percent
C)7.50 percent
D)15 percent

Question 26

The flow to equity method provides an accurate estimate of the value of a firm if

A)the debt-equity ratio remains constant for the life of the firm.
B)amount of debt remains constant for the life of the firm.
C)free cash flows remain constant for the life of the firm.
D)the firm's financial leverage changes significantly over the life of the firm.

Question 27

Lowering the debt-equity ratio of the firm can change the firm's

A)cost of equity and cost of debt.
B)financial leverage.
C)financial leverage, cost of equity, and cost of debt.
D)financial leverage, cost of equity, cost of debt, and effective tax rate.

Question 28

Financial practitioners usually include short-term debt in WACC calculations if

A)short-term debt is at least 10 percent of total liabilities and net working capital is positive.
B)short-term debt is at least 10 percent of total liabilities and net working capital is negative.
C)short-term debt is at least 10 percent of the total assets and net working capital is positive.
D)short-term debt is at least 10 percent of the total assets and net working capital is negative.

Question 29

Given are the following data for Outsource Company: PV (of FCFs for years 1-3) = $35 million; PV (horizon value) = $65 million.Calculate the value of the firm.

A)$100 million
B)$65 million
C)$30 million
D)$170 million

Question 30

Consider the following data for Kriya Company: $\begin{array} { r l l l l l } \text { Year: } & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\\text { Free Cash Flow (FCF) (in millions) : } & 4 & 5 & 6 & 6.24\end{array}$ A constant growth rate of 4 percent is sustained forever after year 3.The weighted average cost of capital is 10 percent.Calculate the present value of the horizon value.(Assume that the horizon value includes the 6.24M FCF in year 4.)

A)$90.4 million
B)$104 million
C)$78.1 million
D)$75.1 million

Question 31

Given are the following data for Outsource Company: PV (of FCFs for years 1-3) = $35 million; PV (horizon value) = $65 million.Suppose that the market value of the debt = $30 million and the number of shares outstanding = 5 million.Calculate the share price.

A)$20
B)$14
C)$13
D)$6

Question 32

Mirion Tech, Inc., has r_E of 12 percent, an r_D of 6 percent, at a debt-equity ratio of 0.50.Mirion plans to raise enough preferred stock to retire half of their outstanding common stock, which currently has a market value of $7 million.If the preferred stock has an expected rate of return of 10 percent, what is the new WACC? (Assume a 35 percent marginal corporate tax rate and that r_D remains at 6 percent.)

A)14.23 percent
B)11.02 percent
C)9.30 percent
D)6.60 percent

Question 33

Which of the following is an important assumption required if using the WACC formula?

A)Companies rebalance their capital structure to maintain a constant debt ratio.
B)WACC must be used on public companies with actively traded securities.
C)Management bonuses must be added back to free cash flows.
D)The firm cannot issue any further debt without adjusting its WACC.

Question 34

The opportunity cost of capital, used to calculate the base-case for adjusted present value analyses, can be thought of as

A)the promised yield rather than the expected yield of an investment.
B)the rate corresponding to an average debt level among firms in the industry.
C)the WACC of an all-equity financed version of the firm.
D)the return on the opportunities exploited by a firm's competitors.

Question 35

Given are the following data for Outsource Company: PV (of FCFs for years 1-3) = $35 million; PV (horizon value) = $65 million.Suppose that the market value of the debt = $30 million.Calculate the total market value of equity of the firm.

A)$100 million
B)$70 million
C)$30 million
D)$35 million

Question 36

Consider the following data for Kriya Company: $\begin{array} { r l l l l l } \text { Year: } & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\\text { Free Cash Flow (FCF) (in millions) : } & 4 & 5 & 6 & 6.24\end{array}$ A constant growth rate of 4 percent is sustained forever after year 3.The weighted average cost of capital is 10 percent.
Calculate the value of the firm.

A)$90.4 million
B)$104 million
C)$82.6 million
D)$83.3 million

Question 37

A firm finances itself with 30 percent debt, 60 percent common equity, and 10 percent preferred stock.The before-tax cost of debt is 5 percent, the firm's cost of common equity is 15 percent, and that of preferred stock is 10 percent.The marginal tax rate is 30 percent.What is the firm's weighted average cost of capital?

A)10.05 percent
B)11.05 percent
C)12.50 percent
D)10.75 percent

Question 38

If a firm has preferred stock, the after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) equals

A)r_D (D/V) + r_P (P/V) + r_E (E/V); (where V = D + P + E).
B)r_D (1 - T_C)(D/V) + r_P (P/V) + r_E (E/V); (where V = D + P + E).
C)r_D (D/V) + (1 - T_C)[r_P (P/V) + r_E (E/V)]; (where V = D + P + E).
D)(1 - T_C)[r_D (D/V) + r_P (P/V) + r_E (E/V)]; (where V = D + P + E).

Question 39

The Miles-Ezzell formula for the adjusted cost of capital assumes that

A)the firm rebalances its debt ratio only once per year.
B)the project cash flow is a perpetuity.
C)the project's risk is a carbon copy of the firm's risk.
D)MM's Proposition I corrected for taxes holds .

Question 40

A firm has debt beta of 0.2 and an asset beta of 1.9.If the debt-equity ratio is 75 percent, what is the levered equity beta?

A)1.90
B)3.18
C)2.42
D)2.63

Question 41

The BSC Co.was planning to raise $2.5 million in perpetual debt at 11 percent.However, they just received an offer from the governor of a nearby state to raise the financing for them at 8 percent if they locate a new facility in that state.What is the total value added from debt financing if the tax rate is 34 percent and the state subsidizes the loan for the company?

A)$2.5 million
B)$1.2 million
C)$1.3 million
D)$0.9 million

Question 42

The APV method includes the NPV of a project assuming all-equity financing and then adds in the NPV of financing effects.The financing effects are

A)tax subsidy of dividends, cost of issuing new securities, subsidies of financial distress, and cost of debt financing.
B)cost of issuing new securities, cost of financial distress, tax subsidy of debt, and other subsidies.
C)cost of issuing new securities, cost of financial distress, tax subsidy of dividends, and cost of debt financing.
D)subsidies of financial distress, tax subsidy of debt, cost of other debt financing, and cost of issuing new securities.

Question 43

The MFC Corporation needs to raise $200 million for its mega project.The NPV of the project using all-equity financing is $40 million.If the cost of raising funds for the project is $20 million, what is the APV of the project?

A)$40 million
B)$240 million
C)$20 million
D)$160 million

Question 44

The MM formula for the adjusted cost of capital takes into consideration only the effect of the interest tax shield on permanent debt.

Question 45

What effect will subsidized loans have?

A)They will increase the APV of a project.
B)They will decrease the APV of a project.
C)They will not affect APV.
D)None of the options.

Question 46

A project costs $14 million and is expected to produce cash flows of $4 million per year for 15 years.The opportunity cost of capital is 20 percent.If the firm has to issue stock to undertake the project and issue costs are $1 million, what is the project's APV?

A)$3.7 million
B)$4.5 million
C)$4.7 million
D)$3 million

Question 47

APV = NPV(base-case assuming all equity financing) - NPV(financing decisions caused by project financing).

Question 48

In the case of large international investments, the project might include

A)custom-tailored project financing and special contracts with suppliers.
B)custom-tailored project financing, special contracts with suppliers, and special contracts with customers.
C)custom-tailored project financing, special contracts with suppliers, special contracts with customers, and special arrangements with governments.
D)special arrangements with governments.

Question 49

A project costs $15 million and is expected to produce cash flows of $3 million a year for 10 years.The opportunity cost of capital is 14 percent.If the firm has to issue stock to undertake the project and issue costs are $500,000, what is the project's APV?

A)-$352,000
B)$148,350
C)$648,350
D)$952,000

Question 50

The MFC Corporation has decided to build a new facility.It estimates the cost of the facility at $9.7 million.MFC wishes to finance this project using its traditional debt-to-equity ratio of 1.5.The issue cost of equity is 6 percent, and the issue cost of debt is 1 percent.What is the total flotation cost of raising funds?

A)$300,000
B)$100,000
C)$600,000
D)$970,000

Question 51

A project costs $7 million and is expected to produce cash flows of $2 million per year for 10 years.The opportunity cost of capital is 16 percent.If the firm has to issue stock to undertake the project and issue costs are $0.5 million, what is the project's APV?

A)$9.67 million
B)$2.17 million
C)$1.67 million
D)$0.67 million

Question 52

Which of the following statements regarding guarantees and government restrictions on international projects is (are) true?

A)The value of the guarantees is added to the APV and the value of the government restrictions is added to the APV.
B)The value of the guarantees is subtracted from the APV and the value of the government restrictions is added to the APV.
C)The value of the guarantees is subtracted from the APV and the value of the government restrictions is subtracted from the APV.
D)The value of the guarantees is added to the APV and the value of the government restrictions is subtracted from the APV.

Question 53

The WACC formula calculates the cost of capital for the "average risk" project.

Question 54

The APV method should be used

A)when the project's level of debt is known over the life of the project.
B)when the project's target debt to value ratio is constant over the life of the project.
C)when the project's debt financing is unknown over the life of the project.
D)when the level of debt doesn't change over the life of the firm.

Question 55

Flotation costs are incorporated into the APV framework by

A)adding them to the all-equity value of the project.
B)subtracting them from the all-equity value of the project.
C)incorporating them into the WACC.
D)Flotation costs should not be included into APV.

Question 56

The APV method is most useful in analyzing

A)large international projects.
B)domestic projects.
C)small projects.
D)projects having the same risk as the firm.

Question 57

The Modigliani-Miller (MM) formula for the after-tax discount rate, for the case of fixed perpetual debt, is given by

A)r_MM = r(1 - T_CD/V).
B)r_MM = r(1 + T_CD/V).
C)r_MM = r/(1 - T_CD/V).
D)r_MM = r/(1 + T_CD/V).

Question 58

The 1-year bonds of Casino, Inc., have a 12 percent coupon rate and trade in the market at a yield of 14 percent.There is a 5 percent chance that Casino will default and pay nothing.What cost of debt should be used in Casino's WACC?

A)14 percent
B)8.3 percent
C)12 percent
D)9.1 percent

Question 59

A firm has a project with an NPV of -$52 million.If it has access to risk-free government financing that can create a permanent annual tax shield of $5 million, what is the APV of the project assuming the risk-free interest rate is 6 percent?

A)-$52 million
B)$5 million
C)$31 million
D)$83 million

Question 60

A firm has issued $5 par value preferred stock that pays a $0.80 annual dividend.The stock currently sells for $9.50.In calculating WACC, what should one use for the value of the firm's preferred stock?

A)$0.80
B)$4.20
C)$5
D)$9.50

Question 61

The APV method can be used for valuing entire businesses.

Question 62

Government loan guarantees for firms may increase APV by reducing bankruptcy risk.

Question 63

Generally, APV is not suitable for international projects.

Question 64

Discounting free cash flows at the WACC assumes that debt is rebalanced every period to maintain a constant ratio of debt to market value of the firm.

Question 65

Under which circumstances would it be better to use the adjusted present value approach versus the WACC approach?

Question 66

Adjusted present value is equal to base-case NPV plus the sum of the present values of any financing side effects.

Question 67

The computation of a firm's WACC does not change after it issues preferred stock.

Question 68

If expected long-term growth is constant, the firm's horizon value at period H is given by PVH = (FCF_{H + 1})/(WACC - g).

Question 69

Briefly explain how the firm's equity beta changes with changes in its debt-equity ratio when taxes are considered.

Question 70

The total value of a firm is the present value of its free cash flows minus the present value of its horizon value.

Question 71

Generally, subsidized loans decrease the APV of a project.

Question 72

Discuss the advantages and limitations of using the weighted average cost of capital as a discount rate to evaluate capital budgeting projects.

Question 73

In the second step of the 3-step process to adjust WACC when debt ratios change, one should use the following formula: r_E = r + (r - r_D) × (D/V).

Question 74

When calculating the WACC for a firm, one should use the book values of debt and equity.

Question 75

Generally, the imposition of government restrictions increases the APV of a project.

Question 76

Discuss why WACC is used most often by managers to make capital budgeting decisions.

Question 77

Enterprise zone subsidies, a government program that provides financial incentives to make investments in a specific location, increase APV.

Question 78

The market value of short-term debt is very close to the book value of debt for healthy firms.

Question 79

Briefly explain how WACC can be used for valuing a business.

Question 80

One can estimate the value of a firm by calculating the present value of free cash flows using the WACC (weighted average cost of capital) for the discount rate.