Deck 9: Gender and Identity: Process, Roles, and Culture

Question 1

The term transgender implies same-sex attraction.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Girls display covert aggression or hostility as a tool to use against someone.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The causes of gender variance are the interaction of biology,culture,and individual characteristics such as personality and temperament.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Adolescent peers,males especially,are sensitive to gender nonconformity and may react against it with bullying,aggression,hazing,and sexual coercion.

Question 5

Conformity in the social sphere is looked down upon by many adolescents and adhering to traditional gender roles tends to jeopardize social acceptance by peers.

Question 6

Intersexuality is congenital,and involves chromosomal,genital,and gonadal variations.

Question 7

As transgender identities have increased in visibility,heterosexism has declined.

Question 8

The hormone for female-to-male (FTM)procedures is estrogen.

Question 9

In many societies gender roles are the foundation for the ideas of what constitutes masculinity and femininity.

Question 10

Gender stereotypes and sexism can result in a gender gap and marriage inequity but not violence.

Question 11

Every society has cultural meanings that surround gender roles and these meanings stay constant.

Question 12

Sex is based on external social,cultural,and environmental elements.

Question 13

Surgical procedures available to MTF individuals are more complicated than the FTM procedures.

Question 14

Gender expectations are conveyed through the toys that parents give their children.

Question 15

A feminine individual rates high on expressive traits and low on instrumental ones.

Question 16

Rights for people who are transgender are more controversial in some countries than in others.

Question 17

Gender is based primarily on biological elements.

Question 18

A person's biological sex is determined at the moment of birth.

Question 19

Studies of masculinity reveal that straight boys who were nonconforming in appearance or in their choice of activity were rated more acceptable than gay men who conformed to gender norms.

Question 20

What was once believed to be gender nonconforming behavior is now regarded by many people as less so,or perhaps even normal,especially for boys.

Question 21

Which of the following conditions occurs when a mother-to-be uses progestin during pregnancy?

A) Turner syndrome
B) Virilization
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
D) Klinefelter syndrome
E) Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 22

Desmond believes that women become nurses and men become doctors.This belief is based on a cultural:

A) sexual differentiation.
B) gender identity.
C) intersexuality.
D) gender role.
E) sexual dimorphism.

Question 23

Which of the following event may occur in an individual with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?

A) Girls develop sex-typical behaviors.
B) Boys engage in many sex-atypical behaviors.
C) High levels of hormones feminize the male body.
D) Girls show high levels of aggression.
E) CAH is present in persons with XY chromosomes.

Question 24

Many researchers have suggested that sexuality is:

A) determined entirely by social learning.
B) determined entirely by biology.
C) determined entirely by culture.
D) determined by an interaction of biology,social learning and culture.
E) determined entirely by psychological preferences.

Question 25

An individual's sense of being male (maleness)or female (femaleness)is known as _____.

A) sex
B) gender schema
C) gender identity
D) gender role
E) sexual dimorphism

Question 26

The social assignment of people to one sex or the other based on social,cultural and environmental elements is called _____.

A) gender
B) sex
C) intersexuality
D) gender role
E) gender identity

Question 27

Which of the following steps generally happens at conception?

A) Each ovum normally carries an X chromosome.
B) Each ovum may carry either an X or a Y chromosome.
C) A typical combination that produces a female child is XY.
D) Both the ovum and sperm cells carry sex chromosomes.
E) An XX combination will typically produce a male child.

Question 28

Which of the following is true of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)?

A) Individuals with XY sex chromosomes cannot have CAH.
B) CAH enhances breast development and pubic hair growth.
C) It is a disorder in which the ovaries produce abnormally low levels of hormones.
D) The body is masculinized due to the production of abnormally high levels hormones.
E) Researchers have found boys typically develop sex-atypical behaviors while girls show sex-typical behaviors.

Question 29

Which of the following is true in the context of intersexuality?

A) All fetuses go through these multiple processes of sexual differentiation.
B) It results when the fetus has anatomy that is either female or male.
C) Intersexuality may result when sexual differentiation follows a typical path.
D) Intersexuality occurs at the chromosomal level,but not at the gonadal level.
E) It refers to human beings whose biological sex cannot be classified as either male or female.

Question 30

In an intersexed fetus,which of the following states is present?

A) A female fetus is born with XX chromosomes.
B) A male fetus is born with XY chromosomes.
C) A typical path of sexual differentiation has occurred.
D) A fetus does not develop a clear set of male or female genitals.
E) Anatomy and biological characteristics of either male or female are developed.

Question 31

Which of the following is true in a developing fetus?

A) The Wolffian ducts differentiate into fallopian tubes,the uterus,and the upper part of the vagina.
B) The Müllerian ducts are dependent on the presence of androgens (testosterone)and become the vas deferens system and seminal vesicles.
C) In the female fetus,the Wolffian ducts degenerate.
D) The development of the Wolffian ducts is dependent on the presence of estrogen.
E) The Müllerian ducts begin to differentiate in the human embryo at around 9 months.

Question 32

Which of the following is a feature of progestin-induced virilization?

A) Absence of ovaries
B) Lack of menstruation
C) Absence of urethra
D) Retarded breast development
E) Development of female sex characteristics at puberty

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true for sexual differentiation?

A) It begins before conception and continues during fetal development.
B) It determines whether the individual will socialize as a male or a female.
C) It is limited to the production of hormones and does not feature of the development of reproductive structures.
D) It begins with the sex differentiation of the brain and culminates with development of gonads.
E) It begins and ends at the moment of conception.

Question 34

Sexual differentiation is:

A) the social activity of selecting a partner.
B) the social activity of differentiating male or female traits.
C) the psychological differentiation of brain as male or female.
D) the socialization of people as males or females.
E) the biological process of developing into a male or female.

Question 35

When a child is born with reversed sex chromosomes,the child is said to be _____.

A) transgendered
B) virilized
C) sexually differentiated
D) intersexed
E) androgynous

Question 36

When a female fetus has XY chromosomes or when a male fetus has XX chromosomes,which of the following conditions is said to have occurred?

A) Intersexuality
B) Transgender
C) Sexual dimorphism
D) Sexual differentiation
E) Absence of conception

Question 37

A person's _____ is determined at the moment of conception.

A) gender
B) sex
C) sexual orientation
D) gender role
E) gender identity

Question 38

In the case of a developing fetus,which of the following is true?

A) The anatomy and physiology present at birth is neither male nor female.
B) The genitals are distinguishable as male or female right from early pregnancy.
C) The genitals of the fetus tend toward the default condition of being male.
D) The presence of androgens activates female development.
E) The genitals of typical male and female humans emerge from the same tissues.

Question 39

When virilization occurs:

A) the uterus or uterine tract degenerate.
B) the ovaries are absent.
C) masculinization of the human body and genital structures happens.
D) it is not apparent on a physical,structural level.
E) it is typically apparent only in persons with XY sex chromosomes.

Question 40

According to researchers,the primary determinants of gender is/are:

A) biological sex.
B) hereditary.
C) psychology.
D) individual preferences.
E) biopsychosocial factors.

Question 41

Which of the following factors is responsible for an increased rate of occurrence of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency?

A) Use of progestin during pregnancy
B) Increased incidences of circumcision
C) Increased acceptance of intersexuality
D) Inbreeding among communities
E) Estrogen replacement therapy

Question 42

When people inherit an extra X chromosome from either the father or the mother,the condition which occurs is called:

A) Turner syndrome.
B) progestin-induced virilization.
C) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
D) Klinefelter syndrome.
E) androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Question 43

Which of the following is a characteristic of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency?

A) Inability of a fetus to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
B) Cells with partial or missing X chromosome
C) Incapability to ejaculate
D) Absence of sperm in the ejaculate
E) Swollen hands and feet

Question 44

Curtis,a genetic male,has a female gender identity.She decides that she would like to undergo surgical procedures to obtain a body that more closely reflects her gender identity.Which of the following procedures is she likely to opt for?

A) Bilateral mastectomy
B) Estrogen therapy
C) Vaginectomy
D) Metoidioplasty
E) Oophorectomy

Question 45

Androgen insensitivity syndrome occurs when:

A) a women uses progestin during pregnancy.
B) the adrenal glands produce abnormally high levels of hormones.
C) a fetus with XX sex chromosomes develops female genitalia.
D) estrogen is converted into testosterone.
E) a fetus with XY sex chromosomes is unable to respond to androgens.

Question 46

The condition of changing one's biological sex to a self-identified gender,through actions,dress,hormone therapy,or surgery is called _____.

A) transphobia
B) genderism
C) androgyny
D) transsexualism
E) sexism

Question 47

Which of the following is an effect of Klinefelter syndrome?

A) Overgrowth of facial and body hair
B) Absence of sperm in the ejaculate
C) Large penis and masculine body
D) High sperm count in the ejaculate
E) Well-developed muscles

Question 48

Which of the following is a feature of extreme virilization?

A) Absence of ovaries
B) Lack of menstruation
C) Presence of clitoris
D) Fully-developed phallus
E) Absence of uterine tract

Question 49

The presence of XXY sex chromosomes indicates which of the following conditions?

A) Turner syndrome
B) progestin-induced virilization.
C) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
D) androgen insensitivity syndrome.
E) Klinefelter syndrome.

Question 50

The phenomenon of having characteristics of a male or female who has a high degree of both feminine (expressive)and masculine (instrumental)characteristics is known as _____.

A) misogyny
B) androgyny
C) sexual dimorphism
D) gender stereotyping
E) homonegativity

Question 51

Which of the following is a feature of gender identity?

A) Gender identity is something a child is born with,right at the moment of conception.
B) Gender identity cannot be developed and learned.
C) Gender identity is not influenced by biological sex.
D) Gender identity develops from internal cues and external environmental forces.
E) Gender identity does not influence one's idea who one is.

Question 52

Which of the following is true about gender identity?

A) Intersexed gender identity does not exist.
B) Gender identity is expressed through the sex organs but not through outward personality,dress and behavior.
C) A person can freely alter his gender identity.
D) Gender identity does not impact how one interacts with the world.
E) Biological and cultural factors influence the internal experience of gender identity.

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of a surgery that occurs to the bottom half of the body or a "bottom surgery"?

A) Bilateral mastectomy
B) Chest reconstruction
C) Reduction thyroid chrondroplasty
D) Voice surgery
E) Phalloplasty

Question 54

Which of the following is a feature of Androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A) Presence of XXY chromosomes
B) Presence of reversed chromosomes
C) Missing Y chromosome
D) Inability to respond to androgens
E) High sensitivity to testosterone

Question 55

Max,a genetic female,identifies and behaves like a male.He exhibits characteristics,preferences,and behaviors of males and is attracted to females.However,he does not feel the need to have his body altered or to undergo surgery.Max can be referred to as a _____ person.

A) transsexual
B) transgendered
C) transphobic
D) misogynistic
E) bisexual

Question 56

_____ provides a starting point for the process of gender identity development in childhood.

A) Cultural factors
B) Fetal sexual differentiation
C) Gendered expectations
D) Gendered environment
E) Gender stereotypes

Question 57

Which of the following is one of the potential side effects of female-to-male (FTM)procedures?

A) Reduced muscle mass
B) Decreased aggression
C) Development of acne
D) Decrease in facial and body hair
E) Softening of the skin

Question 58

Which of the following is true of Turner Syndrome?

A) It occurs only in males.
B) Cells are missing all or part of an X chromosome.
C) It does not affect breast growth.
D) It is characterized by undescended or partially descended testes.
E) People inherit an extra X chromosome.

Question 59

Which of the following is true of transgender persons?

A) Their behavior conforms to that typically associated with the sex assigned to them at birth.
B) Transgender generally implies same-sex attraction.
C) Transgender generally implies a specific form of sexual orientation.
D) Transgender people invariably wish to have their genitals and bodies altered and undergo surgery.
E) Transgender people have typical genitals at birth,and they do not require reassignment.

Question 60

A child is born to a couple with ambiguous genitalia.It has a small penis which doctors determine to be capable of ejaculation,but it looks like a clitoris at birth.When additional sex hormones are released during puberty the genitalia look more like an adult male penis and testes,though smaller.Which of the following conditions is the child said to have?

A) Turner syndrome
B) Progestin-induced virilization
C) 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
D) Androgen insensitivity syndrome
E) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 61

Which of the following is a scenario in which gender roles are emphasized?

A) A school takes its students out on a picnic.
B) A group of girls and boys play basketball together.
C) A football coach teaches boys but not girls.
D) A movie depicts women as equal with men in making music.
E) A religion teaches that both men and women are equal before God.

Question 62

Marlon's participation in the online art forum is an example of:

A) media influencing gender roles.
B) parents influencing gender roles.
C) religion influencing gender roles.
D) peers influencing gender roles.
E) school influencing gender roles.

Question 63

Marlon's friends' behavior can be said to be an example of:

A) media influencing gender roles.
B) parents influencing gender roles.
C) religion influencing gender roles.
D) peers influencing gender roles.
E) school influencing gender roles.

Question 64

Most cultures divide gender roles into masculine roles and feminine roles because:

A) the number of transgender incidences has reduced over time.
B) they are concerned with security,reproduction,and economic production.
C) heterosexism has increased.
D) society rejects gender and its variations.
E) gender roles and their meanings remain constant with time.

Question 65

Which of the following is a feature of androgyny?

A) As people age,many become less androgynous than when they were younger.
B) Males in the second half of life become more androgynous.
C) Lifespan development has no effect on androgyny.
D) Cultural gender traits which are used to judge androgyny remain constant.
E) Judgment of androgyny is independent of cultural variations.

Question 66

Traditional notions about being masculine or feminine and simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes,differences,and roles of individuals and/or groups are collectively referred to as _____.

A) gender identity
B) gender stereotypes
C) androgyny
D) transsexualism
E) intersexuality

Question 67

Which of the following is a case of religion influencing gender roles?

A) A woman is required to give up her education as all her girl classmates have also dropped out of school.
B) A woman cannot study to become a pastor as her parish does not allow it.
C) A woman decides to join a nursing course because her mother was a nurse.
D) A woman joins a feminist movement after being inspired from an Internet survey.
E) A woman is convinced by her friends to drop out of sports team.

Question 68

Which of the following is a case of a school influencing gender roles?

A) A girl is not allowed to enter the playground by her protective mother.
B) A girl is gifted a tea-set to play with by her mother.
C) A girl is always dressed in pink.
D) A girl gets bullied by her male playmates.
E) A girl gets a bad grade in sports even when she performs well.

Question 69

Which of the following is an example in which parents and caregivers influence gender roles?

A) Tim takes his male child to the doctor.
B) Martha dresses her female child in pink.
C) Ben rocks his baby niece to sleep.
D) Gina throws a birthday party for her baby daughter.
E) Ron takes a picture of his baby son.

Question 70

Which of the following is a case of peers influencing gender roles?

A) A boy's father encourages him to play more outdoor sports.
B) A boy is encouraged by his playmates to indulge in fist-fighting.
C) A boy's kindergarten teacher punishes him for crying when he gets hurt.
D) A boy watches a show in which girls and boys bully other children at school.
E) A boy is encouraged to play with his sister at home than with other boys.

Question 71

In the context of sexism in the United States,which of the following observations is valid?

A) Male workers make more money compared to female workers in comparable positions.
B) Female workers make more money compared to male workers in comparable positions.
C) Female workers are promoted more quickly than male workers with equivalent qualifications.
D) Unmarried female workers make more money compared to unmarried male workers in comparable positions.
E) There is a gender gap but no marriage inequity among the workers.

Question 72

Which of the following is true about androgyny?

A) Androgyny rarely involves a person's appearance.
B) Androgyny is a phenomenon in which a person's self-identification and behavior do not match traditional gender role for their assigned sex.
C) As people age,many become less androgynous than when they were younger.
D) Cultural variations in androgyny have no importance.
E) Androgyny affects lifespan development and both females and males may become more "feminine" with age.

Question 73

An individual who is high on instrumental traits and low on expressive ones is:

A) masculine.
B) feminine.
C) undifferentiated.
D) androgynous.
E) intersexed.

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of gender stereotypes?

A) Many unisex hairstyles are extremely trendy.
B) Men paint their fingernails in bright colors when performing on stage.
C) Hiring women is discouraged because they may leave their jobs for their children.
D) Women joining a trekking course to break away from monotony.
E) Healthcare professionals are chosen based on their ability to provide service.

Question 75

Prejudice directed toward women is called _____.

A) feminism
B) sexism
C) chauvinism
D) heterosexism
E) cissexism

Question 76

Which of the following is a case of parents and caregivers influencing gender roles?

A) The girl child is given a female name.
B) A girl child is given a gender neutral name.
C) A girl child observes other girls in her neighborhood playing with dolls.
D) A girl is encouraged to participate in math class.
E) The TV shows a lot of boy children playing with stuffed animals.

Question 77

Which of the following is a case of media influencing gender roles?

A) A girl shares her parents' dreams of becoming an artist.
B) A girl is inspired to follow her sorority ambition of becoming a nurse.
C) A boy follows his professor's direction to become scientist.
D) A boy hopes to take an animation course after watching his favorite cartoon.
E) A girl joins a missionary group upon inspiration from her congregation.

Question 78

Which of the following is an argument presented against androgyny?

A) An androgynous person is psychologically unhealthy.
B) An androgynous person is low on both expressive and instrumental traits.
C) Androgyny is a culture-bound issue,relative to the historical period and society in which one grows up.
D) An androgynous gender role is less desirable because of the expressive nature of close relationships.
E) In individuals who are considered androgynous,there is a compelling need to change their gender identity or body.

Question 79

Marlon's drawing teacher's behavior can be said to be an example of:

A) media influencing gender roles.
B) parents influencing gender roles.
C) religion influencing gender roles.
D) peers influencing gender roles.
E) school influencing gender roles.

Question 80

Marlon's parents' behavior as he grows up can be said to be an example of:

A) media influencing gender roles.
B) parents influencing gender roles.
C) religion influencing gender roles.
D) peers influencing gender roles.
E) school influencing gender roles.