Deck 21: Contemporary Psychology

Question 1

Which of the following is true about psychologists' jobs during Witmer's time?

A)Psychologists worked primarily with veterans.
B)Psychologists worked as therapists.
C)Psychologists worked with children who had speech,motor,or learning disorders.
D)Psychologists conducted rigorous intelligence testing.

Answer 1

Psychologists worked with children who had speech,motor,or learning disorders.

Question 2

The methodologies most often used throughout the history of psychology have been:

A)introspection and naturalistic observation
B)introspection and experimentation
C)introspection,naturalistic observation,and experimentation
D)introspection and rationalistic phenomenology

Answer 2

introspection,naturalistic observation,and experimentation

Question 3

After World War II,the dominant type of psychotherapy was:

A)psychoanalysis
B)client-centered therapy
C)humanistic therapy
D)cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 3

psychoanalysis

Question 4

Which of the following is true concerning the tension between pure,scientific psychology and applied psychology?

A)it is a recent phenomenon
B)it never really existed
C)it was once intense but no longer exists
D)it characterized psychology from its very inception and continues to do so

Question 5

In 1937,members of the clinical division of the APA paired with ACP (Association of Consulting Psychologists)to create the ____.

A)American Psychological Society
B)American Association of Clinical Psychologists
C)American Association of Applied Psychology
D)Psychonomic Society

Question 6

Between World War I and World War II,applied/clinical psychology primarily:

A)administered tests assessing troubled youth
B)administered tests of intelligence,personality,and vocational aptitude
C)did psychotherapy in hospitals
D)administered tests assessing troubled youth and administered tests of intelligence,personality,and vocational aptitude

Question 7

Since clinicians did not receive greater recognition and status within the APA at first,they created their own organizations.The first one was called:

A)American Psychological Society
B)American Association of Clinical Psychologists
C)American Association of Applied Psychology
D)Psychonomic Society

Question 8

The original members of the American Psychological Association (APA)believed that anything in psychology worth applying to practical matters came from:

A)scientific psychology
B)philosophical psychology
C)common sense
D)animal research

Question 9

According to the author of your text,when did psychology come close to being a single paradigm discipline:

A)during the Dark and Middles Ages under church domination
B)during the period from about 1930 through the 1950s when behaviorism was extremely popular
C)just recently because of the popularity of the computer model of humans
D)during the Dark and Middle Ages under church domination and during the period from about 1930 through the 1950's when behaviorism was extremely popular

Question 10

What one word best describes contemporary psychology?

A)behavioristic
B)cognitive
C)eclectic
D)scientific

Question 11

Who opposed applied psychology:

A)Wundt
B)Cattell
C)Titchener
D)Wundt and Titchener

Question 12

Which of the following is true?

A)The APA currently has approximately 100,000 members.
B)In 2005,72% of new Ph.D.s in psychology were obtained by women.
C)In 2005,72% of new Ph.D.s in psychology were obtained by men.
D)APA members can only belong to one division.

Question 13

Which of the following students of Wundt were interested in individual differences and applied psychology in the U.S.?

A)Hall
B)Witmer
C)Cattell
D)all of these choices

Question 14

In 1925,the APA had created the category of associate member for psychologists with a doctorate but with no scientific publications beyond the dissertation.Which of the following was true for associate members?

A)Associate members had full voting privileges.
B)Associate members had no voting privileges.
C)Associate members had numerous publications past their dissertations.
D)Associate members were primarily academic psychologists.

Question 15

Who,in 1917,founded the Journal of Applied Psychology?

A)William James
B)G.Stanley Hall
C)Lightner Witmer
D)Robert Yerkes

Question 16

Evidence suggests that the diversity among psychologists is:

A)increasing
B)decreasing
C)actually nonexistent
D)about the same as it has been historically

Question 17

How many divisions does the APA currently have?

A)53
B)54
C)55
D)56

Question 18

In 1946,the APA published a new journal,which was the voice of the new,unified psychology called

A)American Psychologist
B)Journal of Clinical Psychology
C)Journal of Applied Psychology
D)Journal of American Psychology

Question 19

Which of the following is true concerning the original members of the American Psychological Association (APA)?

A)they valued only scientific psychology
B)they valued only applied psychology
C)they valued both scientific and applied psychology
D)they valued neither scientific psychology nor applied psychology

Question 20

Within psychology in the U.S. ,interests in individual differences and ____ have always been closely related.

A)animal research
B)psychophysics
C)applied psychology
D)IQ testing

Question 21

The first Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D. )was offered by the:

A)California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP)
B)University of Illinois
C)American Psychological Association (APA)
D)Vail Institute

Question 22

Who believes that psychology is a science with a core content and widely accepted processes and principles?

A)James
B)Koch
C)Staats
D)Matarazzo

Question 23

Which of the following does not answer the question,"Is psychology a science?"

A)No,it is a preparadigmatic discipline
B)No,but it could be and it should be
C)No,because its subject matter is too subjective to be investigated scientifically
D)It is a silly question and no one asks it anymore

Question 24

In 1988,a group of scientific psychologists protested the domination of the American Psychological Association (APA)by professional psychologists by creating the:

A)Psychonomic Society
B)American Psychological Society (APS)
C)California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP)
D)Institute of Hard-Core Psychologists

Question 25

The term "modernism" means about the same thing as:

A)perspectivism
B)enlightenment
C)postmodernism
D)romanticism

Question 26

Those supporting the Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D. )argue in favor of:

A)the scientist-practitioner tradition
B)Witmer's vision of clinical psychology
C)a clinical degree modeled after the Doctor of Medicine degree (MD)
D)the Boulder model of training clinical psychologists

Question 27

As it now stands,the only thing psychiatrists can do that clinical psychologists cannot do is:

A)perform psychoanalysis
B)be certified as legal providers of mental health services
C)prescribe medication
D)serve as expert witnesses in court on matters concerning mental health

Question 28

Premodernism refers to the belief prevalent during the Middle Ages that all things,including human behavior,could be explained by employing:

A)the scientific method
B)introspection
C)church dogma
D)skepticism

Question 29

It is currently estimated that about ____ of the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA)identify themselves as health care providers.

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)70%

Question 30

Kimble speculates that the tension between scientific and applied psychologists exists because:

A)the American Psychological Association (APA)is poorly organized
B)applied psychologists are greedier than scientific psychologists
C)each group represents a separate culture that embraces values incompatible with those of the other group
D)psychologists holding Ph.D.s feel superior to those holding Psy.D.s

Question 31

Those who argue that mental disorders are most effectively treated by medication are accepting the ____ model of mental illness.

A)medical
B)supernatural
C)psychological
D)economic

Question 32

According to Sternberg and Grigorenko,what creates unproductive diversity within psychology?

A)the tension between those who hold Ph.D.s and those who hold Psy.D.s
B)the tendency of psychologists to identify with a specific perspective or methodology
C)the tension between academic and clinical psychologists
D)the tension between the APA and the APS

Question 33

As reactions to the increasing applied/clinical orientation of APA membership:

A)a group of scientifically oriented psychologists formed the Psychonomic Society
B)the American psychological Society was formed by a group of scientific psychologists in 1988
C)funding for clinical psychology decreased
D)a group of scientifically oriented psychologists formed the Psychonomic Society and the American Psychological Society was formed by a group of scientific psychologists in 1988

Question 34

The Psy.D.degree:

A)provides professional training for clinical psychologists
B)provides training in research and methodology
C)was recognized following the Vail conference in 1973
D)provides professional training for clinical psychologists and was recognized following the Vail conference in 1973

Question 35

Kimble found all of the following except:

A)undergraduate psychology students showed a slight inclination toward accepting humanistic values
B)officers of the divisions of the American Psychological Association showed a slight inclination toward accepting scientific values
C)like experimental psychologists,humanistic psychologists showed a strong inclination toward accepting scientific values
D)experimental psychologists showed a strong inclination toward accepting scientific values

Question 36

Koch believes that it is more accurate to refer to the discipline of psychology as ____ rather than as ____.

A)the science of psychology;psychological studies
B)psychological studies;the science of psychology
C)empirical;rational
D)rational;empirical

Question 37

The first school independent of any college or university to offer the Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D. )was the:

A)Crane Institute
B)Vail Institute
C)California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP)
D)Boulder Psychological Institute

Question 38

The two cultures described by P.Snow consisted of:

A)tender-minded and tough-minded philosophers
B)literary intellectuals and scientists
C)scientifically oriented and humanistically oriented psychologists
D)more than one of these choices

Question 39

James believed that the single most informative thing you could know about a person was his or her:

A)early experience
B)worldview
C)genetic makeup
D)cultural environment

Question 40

When psychologists began performing psychotherapy following World War II,they came into competition with:

A)psychiatrists
B)the medical profession
C)applied psychologists
D)both psychiatrists and the medical profession

Question 41

According to Wittgenstein:

A)language reflects reality
B)communities cannot determine the meaning of its own language;it is in reality
C)we must oppose the relativity of the postmodernists
D)many of the disputes among philosophers and psychologists could be avoided or resolved if we realize that philosophical and psychological paradigms have their own language games

Question 42

The ideas of the enlightenment:

A)brought an emphasis on experience and reason in the quest for knowledge
B)were challenged by philosophers such as Hume and Kant
C)were supported by romanticism and existentialism
D)brought an emphasis on experience and reason in the quest for knowledge and were challenged by philosophers such as Hume and Kant

Question 43

According to Popper,psychology's persistent questions would be persistent even if they were scientific questions because:

A)scientific questions are ultimately philosophical questions
B)they would still violate the principle of falsifiability because of their subjective nature
C)they are still the wrong questions whether scientific or not
D)the highest status that the solution to a scientific problem can ever attain is "not yet disconfirmed"

Question 44

James argued that philosophers could be divided into two general groups,____ and ____.

A)rationalists/pragmatists
B)weak-minded/strong-minded
C)humanists/behaviorists
D)tender-minded/tough-minded

Question 45

For Wundt:

A)psychology's purpose was to explain the human mind in general
B)the study of individual differences was important
C)application was not part of psychology's purposes
D)psychology's purpose was to explain the human mind in general and application was not part of psychology's purposes

Question 46

Which of the following has been described as "radical relativism"?

A)modernism
B)enlightenment philosophy
C)postmodernism
D)more than one of the above

Question 47

Who developed the concept of "language games"?

A)Kierkegaard
B)Nietzsche
C)Wittgenstein
D)Hume

Question 48

According to ____,psychology's persistent questions are most appropriately addressed philosophically rather than scientifically.

A)Bertrand Russell
B)Peter Medawar
C)Karl Popper
D)Bertrand Russell and Peter Medawar

Question 49

According to Wittgenstein,disputes among philosophers and psychologists typically occur when:

A)terms and concepts are not operationally defined
B)language games are mixed
C)the tenets of science are violated
D)the profit motive is involved

Question 50

During the 1920's and 1930's when several schools of thought existed in psychology,there was:

A)active cooperation among the schools
B)a lack of research activity
C)open hostility among members of the various schools
D)active cooperation among the schools and a lack of research activity

Question 51

According to ____,all currently accepted scientific explanations will eventually be found to be false.

A)Thomas Kuhn
B)Peter Medawar
C)Karl Popper
D)Roger Sperry

Question 52

Which of the following is not considered a reaction to the enlightenment belief in abstract universal principles?

A)Kierkegaard's "truth is subjectivity"
B)Nietzche's "perspectivism"
C)James's radical empiricism and pragmaticism
D)May's human dilemma

Question 53

The ____ is most comfortable with the scientific search for the laws governing all human behavior.

A)modernist
B)postmodernist
C)skeptic
D)existentialist

Question 54

Wittgenstein replaced the traditional concept of essence or universal with that of

A)language games
B)human categorization
C)family resemblance
D)scientific revolution

Question 55

Various psychologists see psychology's diversity as:

A)necessary,given the complexity of humans
B)a sign that psychology has failed to employ the scientific method appropriately
C)expected since it is still in the paradigmatic stage
D)necessary,given the complexity of humans and a sign that psychology has failed to employ the scientific method appropriately

Question 56

According to the concept of "language games":

A)language is viewed as a tool created by members of a community to facilitate communication among them
B)all languages describe the same physical reality
C)the only meaning that the terms and concepts within a language have is that which is assigned to them by members of a community
D)language is viewed as a tool created by members of a community to facilitate communication among them and the only meaning that the terms and concepts within a language have is that which is assigned to them by members of a community

Question 57

According to the author of your text,psychology's persistent questions are persistent because:

A)they are the wrong questions
B)they have been asked improperly
C)they are philosophical questions and therefore have no final answers
D)psychology is not a science

Question 58

For Wittgenstein,language:

A)reflects reality
B)creates reality
C)is a tool used by members of a community to communicate with one another
D)creates reality and is a tool used by members of a community to communicate with one another

Question 59

Postmodernism (also called social constructionism):

A)believes that "reality" is created by individuals and groups within personal,historical,and cultural contexts
B)has much in common with romanticism and existentialism
C)has little in common with the ancient views of the skeptics and sophists
D)believes that "reality" is created by individuals and groups within personal,historical,and cultural contexts and has much in common with romanticism and existentialism

Question 60

The ____ believes that "truth" is always determined by cultural,group,or personal perspectives.

A)sophist
B)skeptic
C)postmodernist
D)all of these choices

Question 61

The concept of language games supports the relativism of the postmodernists.

Question 62

Briefly address,as the text does,the question "is there anything new in psychology?"

Question 63

When clinical psychologists started doing psychotherapy,psychiatry and the medical profession worked in harmony with them.

Question 64

The Boulder model advocates a scientist-practitioner model for clinical psychological training.

Question 65

Premodernism refers to the beliefs and ideas prior to 1950.

Question 66

Titchener,in reaction to those in the APA with applied interests,formed a group called the structuralists.

Question 67

Answers to psychology's questions will always be tentative and uncertain because psychological science is so poorly done.

Question 68

Since the inception of psychology as a discipline,there has been tension between those seeing psychology as a pure science and those wanting psychology to be an applied field.

Question 69

The terms modernism and Enlightenment have come to be used synonymously.

Question 70

It is rare to find a psychologist who believes that psychology is a unified discipline.

Question 71

Briefly describe the discussion in the text regarding psychology's two cultures.

Question 72

After World War II,the need for psychotherapy for returning veterans far exceeded the capacity with which the psychiatrists and psychoanalysts could deal.

Question 73

Discuss the history regarding the controversy about training clinical psychologists.

Question 74

According to James,it is the philosopher's educational background that determines his or her worldview.

Question 75

Currently there are intense debates among those advocating medication for treatment,those advocating strictly psychotherapy,and those advocating a combination of the two.

Question 76

Kelly simply created his own therapeutic technique as he went along.

Question 77

Discuss the tension between pure scientific psychology and applied psychology.

Question 78

In contemporary psychology,a spirit of eclecticism is prominent.

Question 79

Describe and discuss premodernism,modernism,and the reaction called postmodernism.

Question 80

World War I decreased the interest in,growth of,and popularity of psychology.