Deck 20: Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

Bartlett in his book,Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology,demonstrated:

A)that memory is greatly influenced by personal,cognitive themes and schemas
B)that information is always encoded,stored,and recalled in terms of a person's preconceptions and attitudes
C)information is stored in serial fashion
D)that memory is greatly influenced by personal,cognitive themes and schemas and that information is always encoded,stored,and recalled in terms of a person's preconceptions and attitudes

Answer 1

that memory is greatly influenced by personal,cognitive themes and schemas and that information is always encoded,stored,and recalled in terms of a person's preconceptions and attitudes

Question 2

____ is interested in the transformation that information undergoes as it enters a communication system,as it operates within the system,and as it leaves the system.

A)cybernetics
B)artificial intelligence
C)information theory
D)theory of cognitive dissonance

Answer 2

information theory

Question 3

Hebb's preferred approach to studying cognitive processes was to speculate about

A)neural networks
B)computer modeling
C)their implications on behavior
D)their biological foundations

Answer 3

their biological foundations

Question 4

It is inaccurate to say that psychology is becoming cognitively oriented because:

A)radical behaviorism is as popular today as it has ever been
B)the most popular model of humans today is the computer model,and computers do not think
C)with only a few exceptions psychology has always been cognitively oriented
D)the study of cognitive processes is less popular today than it has ever been

Question 5

In the 1930's and 1940's,Hull and Tolman postulated intervening variables.For Hull,these variables were ____;for Tolman,they were ____.

A)mainly cognitive;also mainly cognitive
B)mainly physiological;mainly affective
C)mainly physiological;mainly cognitive
D)mainly affective;mainly cognitive

Question 6

Whose name is correctly associated with the theory of cognitive dissonance?

A)Jerome Bruner
B)George Miller
C)Howard Kendler
D)Leon Festinger

Question 7

According to Miller,the magical number for humans' capacity to process information is:

A)five
B)seven
C)nine
D)seven +/- two

Question 8

The field of artificial intelligence (AI)was influenced by:

A)cybernetics
B)information theory
C)computer technology
D)all of these choices

Question 9

How are Bandura's social cognitive theory and Tolman's learning theory similar?

A)both use mentalistic concepts to explain behavior
B)neither require the concept of reinforcement to explain learning
C)both make a distinction between learning and performance
D)all of these choices are similarities in the two theories

Question 10

In 1960,Donald Hebb referred to the American revolution in psychology.The first phase of the revolution consisted of:

A)the behavioristic movement
B)a switch from studying behavior to studying cognition
C)a search for the biological correlates of behavior
D)the widespread recognition and acceptance of psychoanalysis

Question 11

Who founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960?

A)Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
B)George Miller and Jerome Bruner
C)Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
D)Tracy Kendler and Howard Kendler

Question 12

Who created the field that came to be known as information theory?

A)Norbert Wiener
B)Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
C)Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
D)Noam Chomsky

Question 13

According to the text,Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory can be considered a direct descendent of ____ theory.

A)Ebbinghaus's
B)Piaget's
C)Hebb's
D)Tolman's

Question 14

Cognitive dissonance exists when

A)a person has incompatible ideas that motivates him or her to change beliefs or behavior
B)a person has compatible ideas that motivates him/her to change beliefs or behavior
C)a person is motivated to change their thinking about something
D)a person is trying to stop engaging in bad habits

Question 15

Cybernetics:

A)is the study of motivational systems in humans
B)is the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems
C)is interested in how mechanical or biological systems can achieve a goal or maintain a balance by using feedback from their own activities
D)is both the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems and is interested in how mechanical or biological systems can achieve a goal or maintain a balance by using feedback from their own activities

Question 16

Who emphasized the importance of conscious experience in a therapeutic situation?

A)Maslow
B)Rogers
C)Freud
D)Harlow

Question 17

Miller has argued that cognitive psychology had its beginnings at the 1956 symposium at MIT.Among the topics listed below,which one was not presented at the conference?

A)computer logic by Newell and Simon
B)capacity of short term memory by Miller
C)language as an inherited,rule-governed system by Chomsky
D)new connectionism by Hebb

Question 18

According to Hebb,the second phase of the American revolution in psychology would consist of:

A)exclusively studying overt behavior
B)developing third-force or humanistic psychology
C)applying the rigorous scientific methodology employed by the behaviorists to the study of cognitive processes
D)synthesizing behaviorism and psychoanalysis

Question 19

Who created the field of cybernetics?

A)Norbert Wiener
B)Claude Shannon
C)George Miller
D)Herbert Simon

Question 20

The person who developed a cognitive development theory and who was a more prolific writer than Wundt was:

A)Bartlett
B)Ebbinghaus
C)Piaget
D)Wiener

Question 21

Along with recent interest in cognitive psychology came renewed interest in:

A)faculty psychology
B)positivism
C)the mind-body problem
D)faculty psychology and the mind-body problem

Question 22

Largely because of its relationship with ____,faculty psychology came into disfavor among scientists and was essentially discarded.

A)the mind-body problem
B)materialism
C)phrenology
D)rationalistic philosophy

Question 23

Who argues against the usefulness of any form of artificial intelligence (AI)in an effort to understand humans?

A)radical behaviorists
B)humanistic psychologists
C)methodological behaviorists
D)radical behaviorists and humanistic psychologists

Question 24

The purpose of Searle's Chinese Room experiment was to demonstrate that:

A)computers manipulate symbols without understanding them
B)proponents of strong AI are correct
C)computers have syntax but not semantics
D)computers manipulate symbols without understanding them and computers have syntax but not semantics

Question 25

The information-processing psychologist uses ____ as his or her model while studying humans.

A)the white rat
B)the computer
C)Newtonian physics
D)more than one of these choices

Question 26

____ and ____ argue against the usefulness of AI,while ____ argues for the potential usefulness of AI for understanding humans.

A)radical behaviorists and methodological behaviorists;humanists
B)methodological behaviorists and humanists;radical behaviorists
C)radical behaviorists and humanists;methodological behaviorists
D)radical behaviorists and humanists;physiological psychologists

Question 27

Searle concluded all of the following except:

A)computers have syntax but not semantics
B)humans display intentionality but computers do not
C)computers cannot even simulate human cognitive abilities
D)a computer can pass the Turing test without being able to think

Question 28

According to the author of your text,the mind-body problem:

A)is solved when cognitive events are shown to be caused by neurophysiological events in the brain
B)is no longer a problem within contemporary cognitive psychology
C)remains one of psychology's persistent problems
D)is only a problem for radical behaviorists

Question 29

According to proponents of weak AI:

A)computer programs can only simulate human cognitive abilities
B)computer programs can duplicate human cognitive abilities
C)an appropriately programmed computer qualifies as a mind
D)computer programs can only simulate human cognitive abilities and an appropriately programmed computer qualifies as a mind

Question 30

There is a kinship between information-processing psychology and all of the following except:

A)Kantian philosophy
B)radical behaviorism
C)Piaget's theory of intellectual development
D)Gestalt psychology

Question 31

According to proponents of strong artificial intelligence (AI):

A)computer programs can only simulate human cognitive abilities
B)computer programs can duplicate human cognitive abilities
C)an appropriately programmed computer is a mind
D)computer programs can duplicate human cognitive abilities and an appropriately programmed computer is a mind

Question 32

According to Flanagan,when cognitive scientists are asked about their philosophical forebears,one hears the name of ____ more than any other.

A)Skinner
B)Piaget
C)James
D)Kant

Question 33

According to the Turing test:

A)when a human can solve a computational problem as quickly as a computer,the human can be considered intelligent
B)if an observer cannot differentiate between the answers to questions given by a human and those given by a computer,the computer can be said to think
C)a computer must score at least 100 on an IQ test in order to be considered intelligent
D)it must be demonstrated that a computer understands what it is doing before it can be said to think

Question 34

Developments in cybernetics,information theory,and computer technology combined to form:

A)the field of information processing psychology.
B)cognitive science
C)the field of artificial intelligence (AI)
D)analytical connectionism

Question 35

For information-processing psychologists,____ replaces stimulus and ____ replaces behavior and response.

A)encoding;output
B)input;processing
C)storage;retrieval
D)input;output

Question 36

The field of artificial intelligence (AI)investigates:

A)the extent to which the mental powers displayed by human beings can be replicated by machines
B)intelligence that is not real
C)how intelligence can be enhanced by genetic engineering
D)how humans can be made to be as intelligent as computers

Question 37

The founder of artificial intelligence was

A)Turing
B)Hebb
C)Searle
D)Fetzer

Question 38

It is generally agreed that an article by ____ in 1958 marked the transition between artificial intelligence and information-processing psychology.

A)Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
B)Allen Newell,J.Shaw,and Herbert Simon
C)John Searle
D)Alan Turing

Question 39

For whom would artificial intelligence (AI)be viewed as potentially useful in an effort to understand humans :

A)methodological behaviorists
B)humanistic psychologists
C)radical behaviorists
D)materialists

Question 40

According to the author of your text,information-processing psychology follows in the tradition of:

A)empiricism
B)rationalism
C)romanticism
D)associationism

Question 41

Hebb's speculations concerning how cell assemblies and phase sequences develop has led to a new research area called:

A)cybernetics
B)computer simulation
C)information-processing models
D)new connectionism

Question 42

The radical behaviorists "solved" the mind-body problem by:

A)denying the existence of the mind
B)changing it to the mind-brain problem
C)accepting epiphenomenalism
D)accepting interactionism

Question 43

Neisser,in his book Cognition and Reality,argues that we:

A)move away from computer models of cognition
B)move away from the narrow confines of laboratory research
C)study cognition as it occurs naturally in the real-life situations
D)all of these choices

Question 44

New connectionism takes as its model a complex system of artificial neurons called a:

A)neural network
B)phase sequence
C)cell assembly
D)corpus callosum

Question 45

Neural networks based on Hebb's rule ____;however,back-propagation systems ____.

A)require extensive training;require a "teacher" to provide feedback on performance
B)require feedback;are self-correcting
C)process several sequences simultaneously;are self-correcting
D)are self-correcting;require a "teacher" to provide feedback about performance

Question 46

In a popular type of neural network,the strengths of the connections among units that are active together are increased by mathematically increasing their weights.Such a network is said to operate according to:

A)back-propagation
B)Hebb's rule
C)drive reduction
D)good old fashion artificial intelligence (GOFAI)

Question 47

Within new connectionism,learning is explained in terms of changing patterns of:

A)parallel distributed processing
B)if-then statements
C)excitation and inhibition
D)mathematical weights

Question 48

The physiological changes that are proposed to occur between neurons when they become associated are simulated in neural networks by:

A)drawing new related connections
B)modifying the colors on the network flowchart
C)modifiable mathematical weights
D)none of these choices

Question 49

In the 1970's,information-processing psychologists combined their efforts to understand cognition with other professionals such as philosophers,linguists,engineers,and computer scientists,thus creating the field of:

A)artificial intelligence
B)information theory
C)cognitive science
D)ecological psychology

Question 50

Although new connectionism with the neural network systems has been well accepted,it does have its critics.Who,among those listed,is not mentioned as a critic in the text?

A)Hubert Dreyfus
B)John Searle
C)Jerry Fodor
D)David Rumelhart

Question 51

In neural network systems,information processing occurs throughout the system therefore:

A)substantial portions of the system would have to be destroyed for disruption in learning and memory to occur
B)the principle of mass action of Lashley is represented in and applies to neural networks
C)it can represent GOFAI also
D)substantial portions of the system would have to be destroyed for disruption in learning and memory to occur and the principle of mass action of Lashley is represented in and applies to neural networks

Question 52

A major difference between new connectionism (neural networks)and good old fashioned AI (GOFAI)is that GOFAI processes ____ and neural networks processes ____.

A)information one sequence at a time;information in what seems to be random
B)several sequences of information simultaneously;information one sequence at a time
C)one sequence of information at a time;several sequences simultaneously
D)input in random manner;input with added feedback

Question 53

NETtalk exemplifies the type of neural network that utilizes:

A)Hebb's rule
B)back-propagation
C)good old-fashioned artificial intelligence (GOFAI)
D)the sequential processing of information

Question 54

Neisser,in his book Cognition and Reality,argues that information-processing psychology should be replaced by

A)ecological psychology
B)artificial intelligence
C)neural networks
D)back-propagation systems

Question 55

Neural networks consist of kinds of neurons or units.These are:

A)input units
B)hidden units
C)output units
D)all of these choices

Question 56

As research continued,the neural network systems have shown their ability to:

A)recognize patterns and objects
B)recognize phonemes,words,and process sentences
C)learn concepts and generalize
D)all of these choices

Question 57

Hebb's rule states:

A)scientific explanations should always be as parsimonious as possible
B)the knowledge sought by scientists should always have practical value
C)if neurons are successively or simultaneously active,the strength of the connections among them increases
D)never concern yourself with an old connection when a new connection is available

Question 58

Hebb's rule was not original to him;it is based on associative laws of ____ and ____.

A)contiguity;cause and effect
B)cause and effect;frequency
C)frequency;contiguity
D)cause;effect

Question 59

Cognitive psychology assumes the existence of cognitive events.These events are viewed sometimes as

A)the by-products of brain activity
B)automatic,passive processors of sensory information
C)important causes of behavior
D)all of these choices

Question 60

Which of the following is true of neural networks?

A)they process information one sequence at a time
B)they store and retrieve symbolic representations
C)they process several sequences of information simultaneously
D)they are incapable of learning

Question 61

The neural networks use parallel distributed processing by which they process several sequences of information simultaneously.

Question 62

The increase in popularity in cognitive psychology increased interest in the mind-body issue again in psychology.

Question 63

Describe and discuss information-processing psychology.

Question 64

Information-processing psychology follows in the rationalistic tradition and therefore does not have a nativistic component.

Question 65

In the neural network there are typically three types of "neurons" - input units,interconnect units,and output units.

Question 66

To say that psychology is becoming more cognitively oriented is inaccurate;psychology has almost always been cognitively oriented.

Question 67

Bandura's social cognitive theory may be said to be a direct descendent of Hull's theory.

Question 68

Developments in cybernetics,information theory,and computer technology combined to form the field of artificial intelligence.

Question 69

Piaget's theory followed the Kantian rationalistic tradition.

Question 70

Describe and discuss the issues regarding weak and strong artificial intelligence.

Question 71

Hebb's rule states if neurons are successively or simultaneously active,the strength of the connections among them increases.

Question 72

Discuss the development of new connectionism.

Question 73

In his 1960 publication of his APA presidential address,Hebb was not encouraged regarding the use of computers as models for studying cognitive processes.

Question 74

Miller argued that the symposium at MIT did much to delay the development of modern cognitive psychology.

Question 75

Describe neural network models and how they work.

Question 76

Hebb's speculations about cell assemblies and phase sequences led directly to the research area called new connectionism.

Question 77

The name most associated with the theory of cognitive dissonance is Leon Festinger.

Question 78

Discuss the developments before1950 that contributed to the development of contemporary cognitive psychology.

Question 79

According to Searle,computers and computer programs contain and use syntax,but they do not and cannot employ semantics.

Question 80

The neural networks process one sequence of information at a time.