Deck 15: Early Diagnosis, Explanation, and Treatment of Mental Illness

Question 1

The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body,mainly the brain.

A)psychological
B)supernatural
C)medical
D)contagious

Answer 1

medical

Question 2

Primitive man viewed illness as a result of evil forces or spirits entering the body.This led to attempts to rid the body of those spirits or evil forces by various means including:

A)trepanation
B)bleeding the patient
C)special diets
D)both trepanation and bleeding the patient

Answer 2

both trepanation and bleeding the patient

Question 3

During the Renaissance,abnormal behavior was generally taken as a sign of:

A)sinfulness
B)holiness
C)witchcraft
D)sinfulness and witchcraft

Answer 3

sinfulness and witchcraft

Question 4

Through the centuries,mental illness has always been defined relative to:

A)the experiences of the average members of the community
B)religious ideals
C)cultural ideals
D)a community's history

Question 5

As discussed in the text,there are two types of sympathetic magic.____ is based on the principle of similarity,while ____ is based on the principle of contiguity.

A)Contagious;homeopathic
B)Unsympathetic;neosympathetic
C)Homeopathic;contagious
D)Sympathetic;homeopathic

Question 6

Which of the following is true of the Hippocratics?

A)they encouraged the naturalistic treatment of physical illness but not mental illness
B)they encouraged the naturalistic treatment of mental illness but not physical illness
C)they encouraged the naturalistic treatment of both physical and mental illness
D)they encouraged the naturalistic treatment of neither physical nor mental illness

Question 7

Hippocrates used all of the following treatments except:

A)baths
B)fresh air
C)proper diet
D)trepanation

Question 8

All of the following were common elements in all forms of psychotherapy through the centuries except:

A)a sufferer
B)a helper
C)trepanation
D)some form of ritual

Question 9

The procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape was called:

A)trepanation
B)incantation
C)spiritual ventilation
D)spirit letting

Question 10

The Hippocratics believed that hysteria afflicted only

A)women
B)men
C)children
D)the mentally ill

Question 11

What book became the official manual of the Inquisition?

A)The Deception of Demons
B)Malleus Maleficarum
C)Discovery of Witchcraft
D)Philosophy of Madness

Question 12

The 18th century belief that mental illness was punishment for a sinful life was called:

A)natural law
B)sympathetic magic
C)trepanation
D)the supernatural model of mental illness

Question 13

Throughout history,the basic reasons for seeking help have been to obtain assistance in:

A)removing,modifying or controlling anxiety,depression,alienation,or other distressing psychological states
B)changing undesirable behavior patterns such as timidity or drug abuse
C)promoting more positive personal growth and the development of greater meaning in one's life
D)all of these choices

Question 14

The naturalistic and humane treatment of patients that was inspired by Hippocrates and Galen lasted until the:

A)Renaissance
B)collapse of the Roman Empire in approximately A.D.476
C)Reformation
D)present time

Question 15

What type of magic was based on the principle of contiguity?

A)black
B)homeopathic
C)contagious
D)white

Question 16

What type of magic was based upon the principle of similarity?

A)black
B)homeopathic
C)contagious
D)white

Question 17

For the Hippocratics,physical health was determined by ____ and mental health was determined by ____.

A)the condition of the brain;the condition of the four humors of the body
B)the condition of the four humors of the body;the condition of the brain
C)homeopathic magic;contagious magic
D)contagious magic;homeopathic magic

Question 18

The ____ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief,conflict,and frustration.

A)psychological
B)supernatural
C)medical
D)contagious

Question 19

Various terms have been used historically to refer to what is today typically called mental illness.Among the following,which term has not been used to refer to mental illness?

A)mad
B)lunatic
C)maniac
D)Ptolemic

Question 20

Which of the following is not a recurring theme (as presented in the text)in characterizing mental illness?

A)harmful behavior
B)inappropriate behavior
C)unrealistic emotions
D)excessive behavior

Question 21

The widespread acceptance of the medical model of mental illness in modern times resulted in all of the following except:

A)it discouraged mystical,superstitious explanations of mental illness
B)it discouraged a search for psychological causes of mental illness
C)it encouraged an explanation of mental illness in terms of a person's conflicts,frustrations,and emotional disturbances
D)it encouraged the classification of "mental" diseases

Question 22

Although in the 16^th and 17^th centuries mental illness increasingly came to be viewed as being caused by natural causes rather than supernatural causes,it was still poorly understood and treatment was quite harsh.Treatment included:

A)bloodletting
B)spinning patients at high speeds
C)throwing cold water on chained patients
D)all of these choices

Question 23

Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses:

A)brought order to an otherwise chaotic mass of clinical observations
B)encouraged the treating of labels rather than individual patients
C)gave support to the psychological model of mental illness
D)is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Question 24

Who wrote a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches' Hammer)and referred to witch burning as "Godlessness"?

A)Paracelsus
B)Agrippa
C)Weyer
D)Plater

Question 25

The York Retreat was founded by ____;it provided freedom,respect,and medical treatment for the mentally ill and became a model for mental health institutions throughout the world.

A)Dix
B)Pinel
C)Tuke
D)Chiarugi

Question 26

Benjamin Rush:

A)argued against slavery and inhumane treatment of prisoners
B)argued for education for women
C)argued for teaching practical skills in school
D)all of these choices

Question 27

The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees?

A)Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD)
B)Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD)
C)Master of Arts degree (MA)
D)Master of Science degree (MS)

Question 28

In the United States,who caused 18 states to reform their mental institutions and increased the percentage of those needing help and actually receiving it from 15% to 70%?

A)Pinel
B)Rush
C)Tuke
D)Dix

Question 29

Who noted the effectiveness of herbal remedies in treating mental and physical disorders and claimed that health resulted when people were in harmony with the "universal spirit"?

A)Paracelsus
B)Agrippa
C)Weyer
D)Plater

Question 30

The work of several individuals contributed to the improvement of physical surroundings and maintenance of the mentally ill.However,treatment was still lacking.Alexander and Selsenick suggested three reasons for poor treatment provided for patients.Which of the following is not one of those reasons?

A)ignorance of the nature of mental illness
B)fear of the mentally ill
C)lack of public interest in the plight of the mentally ill
D)the belief that mental illness is incurable

Question 31

Witmer did all of the following except:

A)found the first psychological clinic
B)found the profession of clinical psychology
C)provide the first comprehensive catalog of mental illnesses and their possible causes and treatments
D)demonstrate how the principles from scientific psychology might be used to help troubled individuals

Question 32

Who was the first physician to argue against labeling individuals as witches?

A)Paracelsus
B)Agrippa
C)Weyer
D)Pinel

Question 33

Who,even before Pinel,argued that the mentally ill should be spared physical restraint and harsh treatment?

A)Chiarugi
B)Tuke
C)Dix
D)no one

Question 34

Until the end of the 18th century,the most common way of treating mental and physical disorders was:

A)burning at the stake
B)bloodletting
C)praying
D)fresh air and a balanced diet

Question 35

Who was one of the first to systematically study the effects of drugs on various cognitive and behavioral functions?

A)Witmer
B)Wundt
C)Kraepelin
D)Hippocrates

Question 36

Lightmer Witmer made three lasting impressions on clinical psychology.Of the following,which is not reflective of those lasting impressions?

A)scientific psychology,if utilized appropriately,can be useful in helping people
B)the idea that help can best be provided through the instrumentation of a profession dedicated to this practice and is independent of medicine and education
C)a committed view that clinical psychology should be highly research oriented
D)a conception that clinical psychologists should be eclectic

Question 37

Which of the following is true of the efforts of such individuals as Pinel,Tuke,Chiarugi,Rush,and Dix?

A)they added a great deal to our understanding of the nature of mental illness
B)they stimulated improvements in the surroundings and maintenance of mentally ill patients
C)they demonstrated that mental illness was a psychological rather than an organic disorder
D)they created the impression that the mentally ill were like broken machines that needed to be repaired

Question 38

Kraepelin originally called which of the following mental illnesses dementia praecox?

A)Alzheimer's disease
B)hysteria
C)depression
D)schizophrenia

Question 39

Rush recommended all of the following as treatment of the mentally ill except:

A)fresh air,sunlight,and pleasant walks
B)bloodletting
C)the use of rotating and tranquilizing chairs
D)exorcism

Question 40

As a treatment for the mentally ill,Pinel approved of ____ and argued effectively against the use of ____.

A)bloodletting;the use of punishment and exorcism
B)mild punishment;physical abuse
C)whirling in a chair;harsh punishment
D)bathing and mild purgatives;the use of punishment and exorcism

Question 41

In Charcot's time,most physicians dismissed hysteria as malingering because:

A)only women became hysteric
B)it could be cured by hypnosis
C)no organic cause could be found for its symptoms
D)it appeared to be caused by unconscious thought processes

Question 42

Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment of Charcot?

A)he described a disease of the motor neurons still called Charcot's disease
B)he discovered the process of hypnosis,as it is known today.
C)he instituted temperature taking as a daily hospital routine.
D)he helped identify features of the spinal cord associated with multiple sclerosis.

Question 43

Which of the following is true of Pierre Janet?

A)he disagreed with Charcot regarding the idea that parts of the personality could "split off" or be dissociated
B)he thought it was the role of the therapist to discover the hidden traumatic memories and make the patient aware of them
C)he thought hypnotism could be used to discover the dissociated memories
D)he thought it was the role of the therapist to discover the hidden traumatic memories and make the patient aware of them and he thought hypnotism could be used to discover the dissociated memories

Question 44

Which of the following is true of Franz Mesmer?

A)through debating,he was able to help dispel exorcism as a form of "psychotherapy"
B)he believed that a person's health could be restored by redistributing the magnetic force field within the body
C)he believed that some people have stronger magnetic force fields than other people,these people with stronger magnetic fields are natural healers
D)all of these choices

Question 45

The group commissioned to investigate the validity of Mesmer's claims concerning animal magnetism concluded that:

A)Mesmer's claims were valid
B)there was no such thing as animal magnetism
C)any positive results from Mesmer's treatments were due to the imagination
D)there was no such thing as animal magnetism and any positive results from Mesmer's treatments were due to the imagination

Question 46

According to Szasz,the diagnosis of mental illness reflects all of the following except:

A)a social judgment
B)a medical judgment
C)a moral judgment
D)a political judgment

Question 47

Which of the following best describes Charcot's explanation of hysteria?

A)all hysteric symptoms are caused by lesions in the brain
B)hysteric symptoms occur only in patients who are hypnotized
C)because there is no apparent biological basis for hysteria,it cannot be considered a real disease
D)traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms

Question 48

The founder of the Nancy School of hypnosis was

A)Bernheim
B)Charcot
C)Braid
D)Liébeault

Question 49

What important lesson did Freud learn from Charcot?

A)ideas can cause physical disorders
B)only something physical can influence something physical
C)hysteria is best explained as malingering
D)psychological disorders can cause physical problems

Question 50

According to Szasz,psychiatry can be a worthy profession if it:

A)attempts to cure patients of mental illness
B)accepts the medical model of mental illness
C)helps clients better understand themselves,others,and life
D)recognizes that mentally ill people must be segregated from other members of society

Question 51

Members of the Nancy School believed that hypnotizability was ____,whereas Charcot believed it to be ____.

A)a sign of mental pathology;perfectly normal
B)perfectly normal;a sign of mental pathology
C)a sign of sexual conflict;the result of prolonged concentration
D)the result of prolonged concentration;a sign of sexual conflict

Question 52

Szasz argues that:

A)The belief that mental illness is a real medical illness has hurt more people than it has helped
B)labeling problems in living as an illness or a disease implies the person is not responsible for their behavior and not responsible for solving their problems
C)diagnosing a person as having a particular mental illness or disease may encourage him or her to think and act in ways dictated by the diagnosis
D)all of these choices

Question 53

What was the outcome of Mesmer's proposal that 10 of his patients be treated by him and 10 be treated by members of the French Academy of Medicine,and then the results compared?

A)Mesmer's treatment was far more effective
B)the treatment of the French Academy members was much more effective
C)the treatments of Mesmer and of the medical doctors were equally effective
D)Mesmer's proposal was rejected

Question 54

While studying artificial somnambulism,Puységur discovered the phenomenon later called:

A)posthypnotic suggestion
B)posthypnotic amnesia
C)the contagion effect
D)Both posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia

Question 55

Who made the phenomenon of neuro-hypnology (later shortened to "hypnosis")respectable within the medical community?

A)Mesmer
B)Esdaile
C)Braid
D)Elliotson

Question 56

Posthypnotic suggestion is

A)where an individual is told to perform some act while in a hypnotic trance and then they actually perform the act after being aroused from the trance
B)where individuals cannot remember what occurred while in a hypnotic trance
C)where patients do not respond when alone with a physician,but only in the presence of others
D)a situation in which an individual is told to perform some act before being hypnotized

Question 57

After studying with Charcot,Sigmund Freud believed that

A)hypnosis was a cure-all for mental illness
B)ideas could lodge in the unconscious part of the mind,which could produce bodily symptoms
C)hypnotizability indicated a sign of hysteria
D)childhood experiences had no effect on adult mental illness

Question 58

After Mesmer sank into obscurity as a result of a commission's findings about his practices,which of the following men gave well-received lectures on animal magnetism in the United States?

A)Poyen
B)Gassner
C)Hell
D)Puységur

Question 59

The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a physician will do so in a group is called:

A)the Zeigarnik effect
B)mesmerism
C)the contagion effect
D)animal magnetism

Question 60

According to Charcot,the sequence of events from trauma to pathogenic ideas,to physical symptoms could only occur in individuals who were:

A)hypnotized
B)inherently predisposed to hysteria
C)below average in intelligence
D)willing to cooperate with their physicians

Question 61

In contemporary times there is little debate between the medical model and the psychological model.

Question 62

Briefly discuss the history of the gradual improvement in treatment of the mentally ill.

Question 63

Mesmer's "therapy" was eventually called animal magnetism.

Question 64

Discuss the common themes that run through all forms of psychotherapy as presented in the text.

Question 65

The collapse of the Roman Empire ushered in a return to the nonrational thinking,which characterized the time before the Greek naturalists.

Question 66

The Hippocratics implicated the heart as the source of mental health or illness.

Question 67

Discuss the controversy between the psychological model and the medical model of mental illness.

Question 68

Benjamin Rush urged that patients be unchained,no longer punished,and be allowed to go for pleasant walks.

Question 69

Discuss the recurrent themes among the characteristics of mental illness.

Question 70

Charcot agreed with the popular malingering theory of hysterical symptoms.

Question 71

Witmer suggested that scientific psychology and clinical psychology should not interact or influence each other.

Question 72

Homeopathic magic is based on the principle of similarity.

Question 73

Szasz proposed that there should not be any surprise that diagnosing and labeling acts as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 74

Dorothea Dix visited several states and brought about institutional reforms in most of them.

Question 75

Marquis de Puységur's method employed a sleeplike trance,which he called artificial somnambulism.

Question 76

The present DSM IV used by most clinicians is a direct descendant of Kraepelin's work.

Question 77

The biological model assumes that all disease is caused by malfunctioning of some aspect of the body,mainly the brain.

Question 78

Describe Lightner Witmer's role in the development of clinical psychology.

Question 79

Pinel advocated the unchaining of the mentally ill but still felt that bloodletting was an effective treatment for the illness.

Question 80

The belief that you get what you deserve in life is called cathartic law.