Deck 8: The Biomechanics of the Human Lower Extremity

Question 1

Which of the following is not true about pelvic girdle movements?

A) position the acetabulum favorably for femoral movement
B) occurs in all 3 planes
C) occurs around the lumbosacral joint
D) all of the above are true

Answer 1

all of the above are true

Question 2

Which of the following is not true about the menisci in the knee joint?

A) made of cartilage
B) larger surface area to distribute load
C) absorb shock
D) all of the above are true

Answer 2

all of the above are true

Question 3

Which of the following is not a hamstring muscle?

A) semimembranosus
B) semitendinosus
C) biceps femoris
D) gluteus maximus

Answer 3

gluteus maximus

Question 4

The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments limit which type of knee motion?

A) knee hyperextension
B) forward and backward sliding of the femur on the tibia during knee flexion and extension
C) lateral knee motion
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 5

Which knee ligament is most likely to be damaged from a lateral blow?

A) medial collateral
B) lateral collateral
C) anterior cruciate (ACL)
D) posterior cruciate

Question 6

Which of the following statements is/are true?

A) The iliopsoas complex is the major flexor of the hip.
B) Two-joint muscles function more effectively at one joint when the position of the other joint stretches the muscle slightly.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 7

The hip joint is the articulation between the ______ and the _______.

A) femur, acetabulum
B) femur, spine
C) femur, tibia
D) none of the above

Question 8

Lateral pelvic tilt positions the acetabulum in a more favorable position for hip ______.

A) flexion
B) extension
C) abduction
D) adduction

Question 9

Knee extensors cross the joint _______ to the _______ axis.

A) anterior, anteroposterior
B) posterior, anteroposterior
C) anterior, mediolateral
D) posterior, mediolateral

Question 10

What is/are the purpose(s) of the patella?

A) increase the angle between the tendon and tibia
B) increase the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps
C) to protect the anterior aspect of the knee
D) all of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is not true about the hip joint?

A) triaxial
B) more stable than shoulder
C) several bursae present
D) all of the above are true

Question 12

Which of the following muscles serves to "unlock" the knee from full extension?

A) plantaris
B) gracilis
C) popliteus
D) sartorius

Question 13

Which of the following inserts on the patella?

A) hamstrings
B) quadriceps
C) both A & B
D) none of the above

Question 14

Which muscle does not affect both the hip and the knee?

A) rectus femoris
B) vastus intermedius
C) biceps femoris
D) semimembranosus

Question 15

Which of the following is part of the pelvic girdle?

A) the ilium
B) the ischium
C) the pubis
D) all of the above

Question 16

Which of the following is/are two-joint muscle(s)?

A) rectus femoris
B) sartorius
C) pectineus
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 17

Anterior pelvic tilt positions the acetabulum in a more favorable position for hip ______.

A) flexion
B) hyperextension
C) abduction
D) adduction

Question 18

Which of the following conditions must be met for rotation of the tibia relative to the femur?

A) the knee is not bearing weight
B) the knee is in flexion
C) the knee is in extension
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 19

When the legs are not free to move (i.e. they are supporting your body weight), what action will result from contraction of the hip flexors?

A) hip flexion
B) hip extension
C) anterior pelvic tilt
D) posterior pelvic tilt

Question 20

Which of the following statements is/are true?

A) When the knee undergoes a significant amount of flexion, it is necessary for the femur to slide forward on the tibia in order to prevent its rolling off of the tibial plateau.
B) During extension, the femur must slide backwards on the tibia.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true regarding ACL injuries?

A) occur more frequently in during player contact
B) occur more frequently during non-contact
C) occurrence is approximately equal between contact and non-contact
D) it is unknown whether contact or non-contact ACL injuries are more frequent

Question 22

Which of the following does not attach to the calcaneus?

A) sartorius
B) gastrocnemius
C) plantaris
D) soleus

Question 23

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is likely associated with what?

A) weakness of vastus medialis relative to vastus lateralis
B) weakness of vastus lateralis relative to vastus medialis
C) weakness of biceps femoris relative to semitendinosus
D) weakness of semitendinosus relative to biceps femoris

Question 24

Which of the following does not bear weight?

A) femur
B) tibia
C) fibula
D) talus

Question 25

Fractures in the ankle region occur most often to which of the following structures?

A) the lateral malleolus
B) the medial malleolus
C) the talus
D) none of the above

Question 26

The strong layer of fibrous tissue which covers the plantar muscles of the foot is called what?

A) plantar fascia
B) plantar flexion
C) longitudinal ligament
D) plantar interossei

Question 27

Which of the following is/are nonaxial joint(s)?

A) tarsometatarsal joint
B) intermetatarsal joint
C) subtalar joint
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 28

Runner's knee is associated with which of the following structures?

A) lateral meniscus
B) ACL
C) iliotibial band
D) medial meniscus

Question 29

Symptoms of plantar fascitis include which of the following?

A) pain in the arch
B) pain in the heel
C) pain on top of the foot
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 30

Which of the following is the most typical cause of ankle sprain?

A) forced inversion of the ankle during landing while the foot is plantar flexed
B) forced eversion of the ankle during landing while the foot is dorsiflexed
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 31

During walking, which of the following actions is combined to cause supination?

A) dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction
B) dorsiflexion, inversion, and abduction
C) plantar flexion, inversion, and abduction
D) plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction

Question 32

What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?

A) hip
B) shoulder
C) knee
D) ankle

Question 33

Where is the weakest point of the femur?

A) head
B) neck
C) shaft
D) greater trochanter

Question 34

Which of the following is the most common of all knee injuries?

A) rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament
B) rupture of the medial collateral ligament
C) tear of the lateral meniscus
D) tear of the medial meniscus

Question 35

What is the anatomical name for the big toe?

A) pollicis
B) hallux
C) digiti maximi
D) digiti minimi

Question 36

Which of the following causes hip abduction?

A) gluteus medius
B) gluteus minimus
C) gluteus maximus
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 37

The medial and lateral collateral ligaments limit which type of knee motion?

A) knee hyperextension
B) forward and backward sliding of the femur on the tibia during knee flexion and extension
C) lateral knee motion
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 38

Which of the following characterizes a "bow-legged" condition?

A) femoral varus and tibial valgus
B) femoral valgus and tibial varus
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true regarding ACL injuries?

A) occur more frequently in women than in men
B) occur more frequently in men than in women
C) occurrence is approximately equal between men and women
D) frequency between men and women is sport specific

Question 40

Which of the following causes hip adduction?

A) adductor magnus
B) adductor longus
C) gracilis
D) both A & B
E) all of the above

Question 41

Osteoarthritis can cause a spontaneous meniscal tear.

Question 42

Discuss anterior cruciate ligament injuries, including probable causes, most commonly affected persons, symptoms and treatment options.

Question 43

Hip fractures among the elderly greatly increase the risk of death.

Question 44

List and describe at three common overuse injuries of the lower extremity, including symptoms, probably causes and treatment options.

Question 45

Supination of the foot combines the motions of ___________________, ___________________, and ___________________ ___________________.

Question 46

List the four major ligaments of the knee, describe the location of each and explain the role each one plays in providing stability to the joint.

Question 47

High body mass is not associated with osteoarthritis.

Question 48

The lower extremity is well structured for its functions of weight __________________ and __________________.

Question 49

Describe iliotibial band friction syndrome, including affected area, symptoms and probable causes.

Question 50

Hamstring strains typically occur during the eccentric contraction phase of gait.

Question 51

The three hamstring muscles are ___________________, ___________________, and ___________________.

Question 52

The pelvic girdle is comprised of three bones, ___________________, _________________, and ___________________.

Question 53

List and describe the four quadriceps muscles, including location, actions, and possible injury implications in the case of imbalance.

Question 54

A condition of inward deviation in alignment from the proximal to the distal end of a segment is called ___________________.

Question 55

Excessive tightness of the iliotibial band can cause maltracking of the patella.