Deck 4: The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and Development

Question 1

Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?

A) the skull
B) the humerus
C) the sternum
D) all of the above

Answer 1

the humerus

Question 2

Which of the following is true regarding epiphyseal plate injuries?

A) These injuries can terminate longitudinal bone growth.
B) These injuries can result from acute trauma.
C) These injuries can result from repetitive loading of a low magnitude.
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

Where is articular cartilage located?

A) It covers all bone surfaces.
B) It covers all bone surfaces at articulations.
C) It covers all long bone surfaces.
D) It covers all long bone surfaces at articulations.

Answer 3

It covers all long bone surfaces at articulations.

Question 4

In a child, severe injury to an epiphysis may result in which of the following?

A) premature closure of the epiphyseal junction
B) termination of bone growth
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is a possible symptom of osteoporosis?

A) vertebral crush fractures
B) reduced body height
C) dowager's hump
D) all of the above

Question 6

Which of the following occurs in the absence of gravitational forces?

A) bone hypertrophy
B) bone atrophy
C) bone modeling
D) all of the above

Question 7

Loss of bone mass has been found in which of the following?

A) bed-ridden patients
B) astronauts
C) tennis players
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 8

Which of the following terms is defined as deformation divided by original length?

A) stress
B) strain
C) strength
D) elasticity

Question 9

Cortical bone is strongest in resisting which type of stress?

A) tensile stress
B) shear stress
C) compressive stress
D) none of the above

Question 10

Which of the following statements regarding bone growth is true?

A) Longitudinal growth continues only as long as the epiphyses exist.
B) Circumferential growth continues throughout most of the lifespan.
C) both A and B are true
D) neither A nor B is true

Question 11

How do bones typically respond to stress?

A) atrophy
B) hypertrophy
C) no change, as long as the epiphysis has sealed
D) it is impossible to predict how a bone will respond to stress

Question 12

Which of the following components of bone provides it with flexibility?

A) water
B) calcium carbonate
C) calcium phosphate
D) collagen

Question 13

Which of the following is an irregular bone?

A) radius
B) rib
C) femur
D) vertebrae

Question 14

The tarsals are examples of what type of bones?

A) long bones
B) short bones
C) flat bones
D) irregular bones

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?

A) talus
B) maxilla
C) radius
D) scapula

Question 16

Which of the following terms is used to describe bone with relatively high porosity?

A) cortical
B) trabecular
C) spongy
D) all of the above

Question 17

What is the most common symptom of osteoporosis?

A) frequent headaches
B) joint pain in the extremities
C) back pain derived from vertebral fractures
D) swelling of the distal extremities

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding Osgood-Schlatter's disease?

A) It occurs at the tibial tubercle where the patellar tendon attaches.
B) It is more common in children than adults.
C) It is an epiphyseal injury.
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is known as the longitudinal "growth center" of a bone?

A) osteoclast
B) periosteum
C) osteoblast
D) epiphysis

Question 20

Appropriate strategies to lessen the likelihood of acquiring osteoporosis include which of the following?

A) adequate dietary calcium intake
B) regular weight-bearing exercise
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 21

Which of the following activities would likely produce the greatest bone mineral density?

A) swimming
B) cycling
C) walking
D) all of the above would provide equal contribution to bone health

Question 22

The water content of bone makes up approximately what percentage of the total bone weight?

A) 5%-10%
B) 15%-20%
C) 25%-30%
D) 40%-50%

Question 23

The "female athlete triad" can result in which of the following?

A) stress fractures
B) irreversible bone loss
C) death
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 24

What happens when osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity?

A) bone hypertrophy
B) bone modeling
C) increased bone mass
D) all of the above

Question 25

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?

A) the skull
B) the vertebrae
C) the sternum
D) all of the above

Question 26

A fracture caused by a tendon or ligament pulling a small chip of bone away from the rest of the bone is called what?

A) simple fracture
B) compound fracture
C) avulsion fracture
D) spiral fracture

Question 27

After age 60, what percentage of fractures are osteoporosis related?

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 90%

Question 28

Which of the following could contribute the most in preventing or prolonging osteoporosis?

A) girls jumping rope before puberty
B) boys running after puberty
C) middle-age women walking before menopause
D) all of the above are of equal importance

Question 29

Which of the following factors can predispose runners to stress fractures?

A) increased training duration or intensity without allowing time for bone remodeling
B) abrupt changes in running surface
C) both A and B
D) runners are not predisposed to stress fractures

Question 30

Undesirably low body weight in young female athletes can lead to what?

A) amenorrhea
B) osteoporosis
C) menopause
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 31

Specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue are called what?

A) periosteum
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoclasts
D) epiphysis

Question 32

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the strength of bone?

A) Cortical bone can withstand more stress than trabecular bone.
B) Trabecular bone can withstand more strain than cortical bone.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 33

Which type of fracture results from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude?

A) spiral
B) impacted
C) depressed
D) stress

Question 34

What happens when osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity?

A) bone mass increases
B) bone modeling
C) bone mass decreases
D) none of the above

Question 35

Which of the following is/are part of the "female athlete triad"?

A) osteoporosis
B) disordered eating
C) cessation of menses
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 36

Reduced bone mass and density without the presence of a fracture defines what?

A) osteoporosis
B) osteopenia
C) osteoblast
D) osteoclast

Question 37

When a skier's body rotates in a direction opposite of the foot (held steady by the boot), what type of fracture is likely in the tibia?

A) spiral
B) impacted
C) depressed
D) stress

Question 38

Which of the following is/are known risk factor(s) for developing osteoporosis?

A) smoking
B) calcium deficiency
C) excessive caffeine consumption
D) all of the above

Question 39

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding bone growth?

A) When bone remodeling occurs, bone mass may stay the same.
B) When bone remodeling occurs, bone mass may decrease.
C) When bone modeling occurs, bone mass increases.
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 40

Which of the following is true regarding greenstick fractures?

A) They are incomplete fractures.
B) They are caused by bending or torsional loads.
C) They are more common in adults than children.
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 41

Long distance runners have a much higher prevalence of secondary amenorrhea than the general population.

Question 42

List and describe the four types of bones, including function and examples.

Question 43

__________________ refers to an excessive loss of bone mass and strength resulting in one or more fractures.

Question 44

The effects of several months intervention treatment with whole body vibration appear to include improved bone mineral density.

Question 45

Bone ______________ refers to the increase in bone mass.

Question 46

Explain the female athlete triad.

Question 47

__________________ __________________ is the fracture resulting from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude.

Question 48

In practical terms, a fast childhood game of hopscotch favors bone building over a very slow one.

Question 49

Summarize the recommendations from the ACSM pronouncement on "Physical Activity and Bone Health" for children and adolescents.

Question 50

Dynamic loading during gymnastics has been show to affect bone size and strength more than muscle mass.

Question 51

An epiphyseal injury can terminate __________________ bone growth.

Question 52

A condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes the individual to fractures is called ___________________.

Question 53

Explain Wolff's law, including why it is important.

Question 54

Name four of the five genetic risk factors for osteoporosis.

Question 55

The link between cessation of menses and osteoporosis is estrogen deficiency.