Deck 16: Performance-Enhancing Drugs

Question 1

Why has it been more difficult to determine scientifically whether adult men with normal testosterone can get much stronger from using extra steroids?

A) Pure steroids have not been available for medical research
B) No drug company will fund the research
C) It would be unethical to expose research participants to the high doses of multiple steroids used by athletes
D) The FDA doesn't want to find out that they might really work

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What have the laboratory studies of endurance on stationary bicycles found regarding caffeine consumption?

A) Caffeine can significantly improve work output at doses of 300-500 mg
B) Caffeine can double endurance at 80 mg, the amount in a can of Red Bull
C) Caffeine does not appear to improve performance
D) Caffeine does not work as well as it did in studies of marathon runners

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Why has it been difficult to do double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on the effects of steroids?

A) The federal government will not allow research with controlled substances
B) They produce detectable psychological effects, so the participants can tell when they are being given the steroid and when they are being given the placebo
C) The potency of the drugs is so variable from one sample to another
D) The researchers could face a massive lawsuit

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In 2004, what ingredient was banned by the FDA that was previously included in dietary supplement after a Major League Baseball pitcher died from heatstroke after using it?

A) St. John's wort
B) Caffeine
C) Creatine
D) Ephedrine

Question 5

An ingested powder created by which animal's hooves was thought to help an athlete run faster?

A) An ass
B) A horse
C) A giraffe
D) A gazelle

Question 6

What was one side effect of the tougher 2006 drug testing policies in Major League Baseball?

A) As many as one-fourth of the players on some teams have been permanently banned from the league
B) Steroid use has increased further, because the players now cannot use amphetamines
C) Chewing tobacco use has increased
D) More players are diagnosed with ADHD perhaps so they can have therapeutic-use exemptions to take stimulant drugs

Question 7

The 2003 BALCO scandal involved a laboratory that was

A) Accused of taking bribes not to report positive urine tests
B) Selling amphetamines to professional football players
C) Importing testosterone from China
D) Selling a previously undetectable steroid to baseball players

Question 8

In which year did the International Olympics Committee first established rules disqualifying competitors who failed or who refused to take drug tests?

A) 1936
B) 1968
C) 1980
D) 1992

Question 9

Historically as well as today, where did the concerns and suspicions regarding doping originate?

A) Medial doctors
B) Coaches
C) The athletes
D) Sports officials

Question 10

What has the extensive testing of the effects of amphetamines concluded?

A) Amphetamines do not really improve athletic performances
B) Amphetamines can improve performances by a few percentage points
C) Amphetamines actually make people perform more poorly
D) Amphetamines enhance total work output by 30 percent or more

Question 11

In the 1800s, the French cycling team endorsed Mariani's "wine for athletes" which contained which of the following?

A) Testosterone
B) Amphetamine
C) A trace of bull's blood
D) Cocaine

Question 12

During and after World War II, it was found that malnourished people could gain weight more rapidly if they were treated with which of the following?

A) Testosterone
B) Cocaine
C) Ephedrine
D) St. John's wort

Question 13

Which early type of stimulant drug was reported to have been used by boxers and others?

A) Strychnine
B) Arsenic
C) Laudanum
D) Clenbuterol

Question 14

Which of these was NOT one of the three reasons given for why we focus so much attention on drug use by athletes?

A) They are seen as role models for youth.
B) Athletes make so much money.
C) Drugs may give an unfair advantage and diminish the sport.
D) The athletes may be endangering their health.

Question 15

An American physician came back from the 1956 Olympic games after learning about the Soviets' use of a steroid drug and helped to develop and test more for what type of selective steroid?

A) Short-acting
B) Untraceable
C) Anabolic
D) Psychoactive

Question 16

Which of the following describes the outcome that resulted when the National Football League banned the distribution of amphetamines in 1971?

A) Random urine tests were used to make sure the players were not taking them
B) There were half as many injuries as before the ban
C) Individual players could still get a prescription and use amphetamines if they wanted
D) The ban was ignored, and most teams still bought amphetamines in large quantities for their players

Question 17

Stimulant drugs like caffeine, amphetamines, and cocaine are sometimes considered to increase energy output and are, therefore, referred to as what type of drug?

A) Androgenic
B) Pharmacokinetic
C) Ergogenic
D) Tachyphylactic

Question 18

Which sport was the target of an article published by Jack Swarbick which provided tips for athletes on how to avoid being disqualified for using banned substances?

A) Boxing
B) Cycling
C) Gymnastics
D) Running sports

Question 19

After using a mixture of strychnine and brandy, what sport was Thomas Hicks participating in when he died at the completion of his competition?

A) Boxing
B) Cycling
C) Marathon
D) Wrestling

Question 20

In 1995, Silken Laumann was stripped of her gold medal for rowing because she failed a drug test. What ingredient was in the drug Benadryl that was a banned substance?

A) Amphetamine
B) Ephedrine
C) Pseudoephedrine
D) Caffeine

Question 21

The use of steroids is surprisingly high among Canadian women, even higher than use by men.

Question 22

In 2013, how many Major League Baseball players were accused of obtaining performance-enhancing drugs, specifically human growth hormone?

A) 9
B) 13
C) 25
D) 37

Question 23

Our use of the word dope for illicit drugs is derived from a Dutch word used in South Africa to refer to a cheap wine.

Question 24

People of excessive size or "giants" often die at an early age because their internal organs continue to grow due to excessive production of which of the following?

A) Red blood cells
B) Testosterone
C) Creatine
D) Human growth hormone

Question 25

Steroid use by Major League Baseball players was brought to light by the 2003 BALCO scandal.

Question 26

One concern about the use of high doses of steroids is increased aggressiveness, known as "roid rage."

Question 27

Use of substances to enhance performance in athletic competition has been traced back to ancient Egyptians, early Greeks, and the Aztecs.

Question 28

In the National Football League, use of both amphetamines and steroids by players was banned in 1971.

Question 29

Which widely used legal dietary supplement has been shown to increase strength?

A) Ginseng
B) Taurine
C) Creatine
D) High fructose corn syrup

Question 30

It is acceptable for CFL athletes to use dietary supplements containing ephedrine.

Question 31

We have had scientific evidence of the effectiveness of amphetamines in enhancing athletic performance for over 50 years.

Question 32

Clenbuterol was first detected in Olympic athletes in 1992. Originally developed as a bronchodilator for treating asthma, what is this drug?

A) An anabolic steroid
B) A beta-2 agonist
C) A serotonin agonist
D) A derivative of strychnine

Question 33

Anabolic steroids are controlled substances in Canada, listed under Schedule IV of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. As such what does this mean?

A) They must be removed from dietary supplements and are prescription-only drugs
B) They cannot be sold in Canada and it is illegal to buy or sell them
C) They are listed as controlled substances, with limited prescription refills
D) They are required to be accurately labeled when they are sold to the public

Question 34

Which of these was NOT mentioned as one of the psychological side effects of high doses of steroids?

A) Memory loss
B) Paranoid jealousy
C) Mood swings
D) Increased aggressiveness

Question 35

When applied to a drug, the word ergogenic means "energy-producing."

Question 36

Some bodybuilders are trying to appear not only big and strong, but also lean. How is this sometimes described?

A) Hot and heavy
B) Wired or hacked
C) Cut, ripped, or shredded
D) Smooth or dry

Question 37

What irreversible effects might be produced in women who use steroids to increase their strength?

A) Fluid retention
B) Increased facial hair
C) Breast enlargement
D) Mood swings

Question 38

What is an ideal body fat range for a healthy male?

A) 6 to 9 percent
B) 14 to 20 percent
C) 25 to 30 percent
D) 35 to 37 percent

Question 39

Mariani's Coca Wine, which was sold as "wine for athletes," was an early version of a cola drink containing large amounts of caffeine.

Question 40

As a result of a 2013 publication, which statement describes the change in steroid use among Canadian youth?

A) An estimated 2.0% of students reported having used steroids, a decrease from 1999 estimates of 4.3%
B) An estimated 4.0% of students reported having used steroids, a decrease from 1999 estimates of 6.3%
C) An estimated 4.0% of students reported having used steroids, an increase from 1999 estimates of 2.3%
D) An estimated 6.0% of students reported having used steroids, an increase from 1999 estimates of 3.3%

Question 41

What are the concerns about the effects of steroid use on the body in young users who have not attained their full height?

Question 42

Describe why the powdered hooves of an ass were used historically.

Question 43

Female sex hormones have been used to feminize men so that they could compete in women's events.

Question 44

What is known regarding the early use of Strychnine in sports and its consequence to the athletes who used it?

Question 45

What is the role of amino acids in the human body?

Question 46

How does Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act define growth hormones?

Question 47

Distinguish between the terms anabolic and androgenic when referring to steroid effects. What natural male hormone does both? What happens if women use anabolic steroids?

Question 48

What is the possible outcome for athletes and others who use amphetamines or cocaine regularly?

Question 49

Anabolic steroids, technically known as anabolicandrogenic steroids, are drugs that mimic the effects of the endogenous hormones testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.

Question 50

Besides amphetamine, what other stimulant drugs have been or are being used by athletes to improve performance? Describe the current status of each of these.

Question 51

Creatine has been shown to actually be a "fat burner."

Question 52

According to the Major League Baseball Drug Policy, what are the specific Penalties for violating their policies relating specifically to steroid use, after the third positive test?

Question 53

Describe the development and current state of International Drug Testing.

Question 54

The Canadian government has not yet restricted the amount of ephedra allowed in OTC products and NHPs, which can significantly increase the ability of ripped products to promote weight loss.

Question 55

How do anabolic steroids affect skeletal muscle size?

Question 56

Hormone receptor-blocking drugs have probably been used to delay puberty in female gymnasts.

Question 57

What was the purpose of the article published in a magazine by Jack Swarbick, and who was he?

Question 58

Some beta-2 agonists sold for treating asthma have been used by athletes as "nonsteroidal anabolic agents."

Question 59

Describe the development and current state of the drug ephedrine in sports.

Question 60

What evidence exists today that described the effects of creatine?

Question 61

Increasingly, bodybuilders are seeking the look of someone who is both strong and lean, with lots of muscle definition. What is often their ideal body fat goal and what is considered the norm for men?

Question 62

Describe several legally available dietary (nutritional) supplements that are used as possible performance enhancers, and what is known about their effectiveness.

Question 63

Describe the role of human growth hormone on the human body and potential problems.