Deck 9: Pain

Question 1

All of the following are important cultural factors influencing the perception of pain EXCEPT:

A)genes
B)socioeconomic status (SES)
C)language
D)acculturation

Answer 1

genes

Question 2

There are many distinct processes critical to the process of experiencing pain._____ takes place at the level of the receptors where the nerve impulses are stimulated.

A)transmission
B)transduction
C)modulation
D)perception

Answer 2

transduction

Question 3

The ethnic group,when compared to European Americans,that has been shown to have the highest sensitivity to pain is:

A)Chinese Americans
B)Hmong Americans
C)African Americans
D)Native Americans

Answer 3

African Americans

Question 4

When pain is purely psychological in nature,with nociception,it is referred to as:

A)emotional pain
B)nontangible pain
C)suffering
D)heartache.

Question 5

In terms of types of pain,the only significant sex differences relate to:

A)headaches,facial,and back pain
B)limb,cardio,and stomach pain
C)chest,facial and stomach pain
D)back,internal,and external

Question 6

Pain experienced with disease,such as cancer,is classified as:

A)acute
B)chronic malignant
C)chronic sensory
D)acute malignant

Question 7

Pain or nociception,can best be defined as the:

A)activation of nerve fibers signaling tissue damage
B)activation of specific sensory areas of the brain
C)being hurt in body or spirit
D)experiencing severe physical or psychological discomfort

Question 8

Purely psychological pain without a physiological basis is referred to as:

A)imaginary
B)somatosensory
C)chronic sensory
D)acute malignant

Question 9

As we grow older,our:

A)threshold for pain decreases.
B)threshold for pain increases.
C)tolerance increases.
D)we report pain less.

Question 10

In an experimental design,Lawlis et al.(1984)induced pain in participants with chronic pain,and found that _____ reported the highest level of pain when the induced pain matched the chronic pain,but they were judge as not showing an "exaggerated" pain response.

A)African Americans
B)Asian Americans
C)Mexican Americans
D)European Americans

Question 11

There is evidence for sex differences at _____ level of the experience of pain.

A)the biological
B)the psychological
C)the social
D)every

Question 12

Expressing pain loudly is more acceptable within some ethnic groups than others.One explicit example of the cultural influences in pain experience would be:

A)boys are taught to yell when hurt
B)Middle Eastern women are expected to scream during labor
C)Japanese women are found to scream more during labor than Middle Eastern women
D)older adults are more likely to not ask for help when in pain

Question 13

Pain experienced for months or even years is:

A)chronic pain
B)acute pain
C)psychogenic pain
D)somatic pain

Question 14

The fastest growing ethnic group in North America is Latinos.In regards to health insurance,Latinos are _____ in ethnic groups who have health insurance.

A)underrepresented
B)the majority
C)decreasing
D)increasing

Question 15

Which of the following cultural groups has been found to report the highest pain ratings and least tolerance for painful stimuli?

A)children
B)older adults
C)Asian American
D)women

Question 16

Pain that is purely physiological with a minimal psychological component is referred to as:

A)neurogenic
B)psychogenic
C)somatosensory
D)neuropathic

Question 17

There are many cultural variations in the experience in pain.These differences are primarily due to:

A)genetics
B)age
C)socialization
D)tolerance.

Question 18

The bulk of clinical research done on ethnic differences in pain has compared:

A)Asian Americans with African Americans
B)Asian Americans with European Americans
C)Latinos with European Americans
D)African Americans with European Americans

Question 19

Cultural variations in pain are due to differences in socialization and expectations across different cultural groups.Two cultural factors that really stand out are:

A)sexual orientation and age
B)sex and ethnicity
C)regional location and socioeconomic status
D)ethnicity and age.

Question 20

_____ are more likely to report pain to a doctor and to experience more frequent episodes of pain (Muellersdorf & Soederback,2000).

A)children
B)men
C)older women
D)women

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a critical component of the gate control theory of pain?

A)A fibers
B)B fibers
C)C fibers
D)interneurons

Question 22

The neural activity leading to the control of pain transmissions between the various parts of the brain is referred to as:

A)transmission
B)transduction
C)modulation
D)perception

Question 23

Studies that provide participants with simulating natural environments found that:

A)they do not affect the pain control of patients.
B)they were not as affected as utilizing hypnosis.
C)participants who watched a blank screen were able to control pain as much as participants who watched simulated natural environments.
D)they do affect the pain control of patients.

Question 24

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)and the Beck Depression Inventory are psychological tests used to get a sense of a person's pain.Patients who are likely to experience chronic pain are likely to score _____.

A)low in the MMPI subscales of hypochondriasis and depression
B)high in MMPI subscales of depression and hysteria
C)low in the MMPI subscale of hysteria
D)low in the neurotic triad

Question 25

One of the earliest models of pain suggested that there were unique receptors responding to unique stimuli.This theory was called the:

A)Descartian hypothesis
B)specificity theory
C)pattern theory
D)rational hypothesis

Question 26

The researchers credited with gate control theory are:

A)Turk and Pagos
B)Melzack and Wall
C)Von Frey and Schneider
D)Meichenbaum and Genest

Question 27

Sensory fibers that transmit signals from the receptors to the spinal cord are called:

A)efferent fibers
B)afferent fibers
C)analgesic fibers
D)P fibers

Question 28

The pain-prone personality was thought to predispose a person to experience persistent pain.Although there is little empirical support for this theory,it did account for how pain itself can produce changes in personality.According to this theory the pain prone person tends to:

A)have a career that is more physical in nature.
B)be more sedentary in nature.
C)tends to deny emotional and interpersonal problems.
D)have a family history of anxiety disorders.

Question 29

Different patterns of stimulations causing different types of pain is the definition of:

A)specificity concept
B)pattern theory
C)pain-prone personality
D)somatic pain

Question 30

What psychological states can increase the levels of pain experienced?

A)anger or happiness
B)sadness or anger
C)jealousy or fear
D)anxiety or fear

Question 31

When ever a patient is checked into a hospital,five basic measures are taken.Pain is now one of these:

A)primary intakes
B)vital signs
C)essential indicators
D)classic indicators

Question 32

Predisposing factors,such as a reduced threshold of nociception,precipitating stimuli,such as an injury,and maintaining processes,such as the expectation that the pain will persist,are all important in explaining pain.This describes:

A)gate control theory of pain
B)the pattern theory
C)specificity of pain concept
D)the diathesis-stress model

Question 33

If you feel a sharp pain in a certain spot and try to scratch or itch around it to reduce the pain,the resulting relief is due to you activating the:

A)large A fibers to shut the gate
B)C fibers to open the gate
C)C fibers to close the gate
D)A fibers to open the gate

Question 34

One of the pain questionnaire measures of pain is the:

A)Rosenberg Pain scale
B)Melzack and Wall self diagnosis scale
C)Turk Pain Report
D)McGill Pain Questionnaire

Question 35

If patients play video games,how does this affect their pain?

A)It lowers experiences of pain and discomfort.
B)It lowers experiences of pain and discomfort in teens only.
C)It increased experiences of pain and discomfort.
D)It does not affect the brain regarding the experiences of pain and discomfort.

Question 36

One of the novel features of gate control theory is the presence of a(n)_____ that modulates the experience of pain at the level of the spinal cord.

A)neurochemical
B)interneuron
C)hormone
D)trigger gland

Question 37

This transcutenaeous electrical nerve stimulation has been found to produce relief for a variety of diverse pains:

A)efferent pathways
B)counterirritation
C)electrostimulation therapy
D)electro shock therapy

Question 38

Stimulation-produced analgesia is accomplished by:

A)taking pain medication
B)electrically stimulating the brain
C)specific exercise
D)laser surgery

Question 39

All of the following are theories of pain combining the psychological and physiological mechanisms EXCEPT:

A)pain-prone personality theory
B)cognitive-behavioral models
C)diathesis-stress model
D)gate control theory

Question 40

To get around language problems due to age of ethnic background,most hospitals also use _____ to accurately assess pain.

A)interpreters
B)the patient's family
C)sign language
D)pictorial measures

Question 41

There are some clear cultural differences in who is given opioids.This ethnic group is the least likely to receive an opioid for pain:

A)European American
B)African American
C)Asian American
D)Latin American

Question 42

If it takes a lot of stimulation for us to perceive that something is painful,we are said to have a high _____ level.

A)tolerance
B)threshold
C)sensory
D)habitation

Question 43

One of the unique aspects of self-management programs for dealing with chronic pain is the greater focus on:

A)the patient's role
B)medication
C)hypnosis
D)the health care system

Question 44

The McGill Pain Questionnaire is one of a number of validated pain questionnaires used in assessing pain.It consists of three main dimensions,- sensory,affective and evaluative,- with each tapping into different aspects of pain.

Question 45

*Chinese acupuncture can be used to treat pain,but it does not have the ability to allow an entire surgical procedure to be performed without the use of anesthetics.

Question 46

Stress-induced analgesia can be described by this example:

A)runner's high
B)stress fracture in foot from running
C)stress experienced by air traffic controllers
D)fibromyalgia

Question 47

In one large community sample study,Non-Latino African Americans and Latin Americans had a higher risk for severe pain compared with non-Latino European Americans (Reyes-Gibby et al.,2007).

Question 48

Activities such as prolonged physical activity and even meditation have been shown to release _____ into our system,which are accompanied by pain relief.

A)opiates
B)opioids
C)serotonin
D)cortisol

Question 49

Studies have indicated that acupuncture works because of:

A)the increase in serotonin
B)placebo effect and the production of endorphins
C)needles decreasing the stimulation of large nerve fibers
D)the decrease in endorphins in the brain

Question 50

Tanya has flipped her canoe and lost the large fish she just caught.She has cut her hand,but does not notice due to:

A)the possibility that her optimistic state influenced the transmission of pain
B)the fact she has not noticed the cut
C)she has not appraised her wound is severe
D)All of the above are true.

Question 51

Some pain that benefits from vibration and light massage include:

A)swollen,sprained ankles
B)burns
C)neck and back pains.
D)fractures

Question 52

*For internal pain,Berkley (1997)found that men report more multiple pain in more areas of their bodies than women do.

Question 53

Pain tends to decrease in frequency as we age.

Question 54

Cognitive biases can often amplify the experience of pain.Each of the following cognitive processes are related to more pain EXCEPT:

A)catastrophizing
B)learned helplessness
C)stable attributions
D)distraction

Question 55

Nociception is often accompanied by cognitive,behavioral and affective states.

Question 56

Physiological measures such as electroencephalography,electromyography (EMG)and skin conductance are often used to assess pain,and are found to be very helpful in measuring pain.

Question 57

If Sophie is able to bear the pain while her tooth is being drilled without the use of Novocain,she may have a high _____ of pain.

A)tolerance
B)experience
C)denial
D)threshold

Question 58

Beecher (1955)compared World War II soldiers' experiences of pain on the battlefield with the pain experienced by civilians.He found that for injuries of similar severity,approximately 80% of the civilians requested painkillers and only 33% of the soldiers requested pain killers.The stress of battle,and possibly the realization that their injuries meant the soldiers were returning home,seems to lessen the soldiers pain.

Question 59

One example of classical conditioned pain is Toby assuming he will have pain when he goes to the dentist,due to his previous experience of having his tooth drilled for a filling.

Question 60

Biopsychological theories of pain propose that some individuals may have physiological predispositions to pain that interact with psychological factors to cause pain.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the biopsychological theories of pain and the gate control theory of pain.

Question 62

Describe and discuss differences in pain between males and females.

Question 63

Beecher (1955)compared World War II soldiers' experiences of pain in the battlefield with the pain experienced by civilians.What were the results of this study?

Question 64

Hospitals have a variety of simple ways to assess pain that can be used across cultures.What are some basic pain measures used to assess pain?

Question 65

How do members of different ethnic groups give very different meanings to the experience of pain?