Deck 6: Models of Behavior Change

Question 1

The goal of Healthy People 2010 is to:

A)to guide national improvement effort to increase quality of life.
B)to eliminate health disparities.
C)to guide national improvement effort to increase quality of life and to eliminate health disparities.
D)to guide national improvement effort to increase quality of life,to eliminate health disparities,and to assist with reducing health care costs in the United States.

Answer 1

to guide national improvement effort to increase quality of life and to eliminate health disparities.

Question 2

In order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the causes of health behaviors,it is best to:

A)identify the genetic bases
B)understand a person's economic situation
C)use the biopsychosocial approach
D)design longitudinal studies

Answer 2

use the biopsychosocial approach

Question 3

_____ attempts to close the gap between what is known about optimal health practices and what is actually done.

A)interventions
B)Healthy People 2010
C)Health education
D)Intentions

Answer 3

Health education

Question 4

The Big 5 personality traits are good indicators of a person's likelihood to practice certain health behaviors.Girls who are higher in neuroticism,introversion,and disagreeableness:

A)follow medical advice more than girls who are extroverts.
B)perform more risky behaviors.
C)are more likely to be health focused and therefore healthier.
D)are more less likely to smoke than other personality types.

Question 5

A critical aspect of the Health Beliefs Model was added after its initial conceptualization.This new component captures a person's belief regarding his or her ability to successfully perform the behavior.It is know as:

A)self concept
B)self efficacy
C)self esteem
D)self fulfilling prophecy

Question 6

The most important health behaviors that have been identified to be changed according to the Healthy People 2010 Program are known as:

A)Leading Health Indicators
B)Critical Risk Factors
C)International Clinical Factors
D)Primary Health Objectives

Question 7

Personality plays a big role in health.For example,people high in the trait of _____ report more medical problems and more visit to the doctor.

A)conscientiousness
B)open to experience
C)extraversion
D)neuroticism

Question 8

The ultimate goal of health psychological interventions is to decrease the number of deaths due to preventable diseases,delay the time of death,and

A)decrease the cost of healthcare
B)teach business owners how to provide health care plans that are of a good quality
C)to increase the number of health care providers
D)improve the quality of life (especially for the elderly).

Question 9

The Health Belief Model explains health behavior by:

A)individuals will perform healthy behaviors in they believe they are susceptible to the health issue.
B)Individuals will perform healthy behaviors is they believe that their behavior will be beneficial in reducing the severity of the health issue.
C)individuals will perform healthy behaviors is the benefits outweigh its costs.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 10

One of the major social factors influencing adolescent smoking is the movies.What is one of the many techniques used by tobacco companies to encourage the public to smoke?

A)Free cartons of cigarettes given out at movie theaters for opening night of new films.
B)Free packs of cigarettes were given as door prizes at movie theaters.
C)Actors were sent cartons of cigarettes so they would smoke on the screen.
D)Cartons of cigarettes were given out with free movie passes in them to encourage people to smoke while watching movies.

Question 11

A major part of a person's belief in the effectiveness of changing a behavior is:

A)how rewarding the result is
B)how punishing the result is
C)the balance of rewards to punishment
D)the balance of barriers to costs

Question 12

The specific field that stresses the relevance of political,economic,and social factors in health is:

A)Health Psychology
B)Medical sociology
C)Epidemiology
D)Health education

Question 13

What three unhealthy behaviors account for 71% of 1 million preventable deaths per year?

A)not wearing seat belts,burning candles in the home,unhealthy diet
B)smoking,unhealthy diet,and lack of physical activity
C)climbing ladders to the top rung,smoking and unhealthy diet
D)driving vehicles too fast,unsafe use of firearms,unhealthy diet

Question 14

If you believe that you can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcome,you are demonstrating:

A)determination theory
B)self-efficacy
C)intention
D)effectiveness

Question 15

One of the most important priorities of the Healthy People 2010 Program is to:

A)decrease substance abuse
B)improve food safety
C)promote responsible sexual behavior
D)increase physical activity

Question 16

Healthy behaviors can be defined as behaviors that:

A)reduce the risk of heart disease
B)prevent illness
C)maintain and enhance health
D)increase physical and mental well-being

Question 17

Individuals will follow a positive health behavior if the behavior outweighs its "costs".The definition of "costs" for all participants is the following:

A)barriers to change
B)cost of health care
C)costs of money lost from not working
D)costs of purchasing health equipment

Question 18

Which of the following is not a major component of the Health Beliefs Model? Belief in:

A)susceptibility
B)consequences
C)effectiveness
D)social norms

Question 19

As a testament to the biological basis for some unhealthy behaviors,research has found evidence for a gene related to alcoholism.It is known as:

A)serotinergic T1
B)dopamine D2
C)leptin
D)Trisomony 21

Question 20

One of the personality traits most often associated with more healthy behaviors is:

A)conscientiousness
B)extraversion
C)neuroticism
D)open to experience

Question 21

If a researcher wants to utilize a health behavior change theory that posits that health behaviors must be understood in the context of reciprocal determinism,in that characteristics of a person,one's environment,and the behavior itself all interact to determine whether a behavior is formed,the researcher would use this theory:

A)Precaution Adoption Process Model
B)Social Cognitive Theory
C)Health Action Process Approach
D)Transtheoretical Model

Question 22

What a participant thinks others think about a health behavior is called:

A)plagiarism
B)second guessing
C)motivation to comply
D)normative beliefs.

Question 23

Although there are a few studies that compare and contrast all the different models of health behavior change,one notable exception (Garcia & Mann)suggest that the best predictor of intentions to engage in health behaviors is the:

A)Health Beliefs Model
B)Theory of Planned Behavior
C)Precaution Adoption Process Model
D)Health Action Process Approach

Question 24

Jared is a fried fast food addict.He knows that behavior is not very healthy,but he does not intend to change.He is in the Transtheoretical model stage of:

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation
D)action

Question 25

Vernice's doctor has informed her that she is severely overweight,and that she should change her eating habits.Vernice fully intends to comply,and intends to start changing behaviors in the next month or so.According to the Transtheoretical Model,Vernice is in the"

A)precontemplation stage
B)contemplation stage
C)preparation stage
D)action stage

Question 26

It is not enough to just know a person's perceptions of what the social norms are to predict if they will change their health behavior.You must also assess their:

A)motivation to comply
B)self efficacy
C)age and sex
D)perception of vulnerability

Question 27

Champion et.al.(2000)had counselors speak to more than 300 low-income African American women.During this process they learned that many woman had concerns that became barriers of getting mammograms.Some of these concerns were:

A)cost of procedures.
B)distrust of providers.
C)fear of pain and radiation side effects.
D)too much time would have to be spent away from their families/work obligations.

Question 28

People in this stage of the Transtheoretical avoid reading,thinking or talking about their unhealthy behaviors:

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation
D)action

Question 29

Interventions should be appropriate for the risk group/risk factor.Some ideas to consider while considering the appropriateness of interventions for the group is:

A)what type of language/vocabulary does the intended audience use?
B)what type of images would your audience relate to when viewing the intervention?
C)if you are targeting a specific group based on their sexual orientation,ethnic group or their age,consider what appeals to that target group.
D)all of the above is correct

Question 30

The Transtherorectical Model (TTM)was developed to identify common themes across different intervention theories,and notes that:

A)we come to a rapid conclusion when presented with health care decisions.
B)we process through different stages as we think about,attempt to,and finally change any specific behavior.
C)there is one single task that has to be completed when we want to change health care behavior.
D)patients just do not like to change their behaviors.

Question 31

Schwarzer's (1992)Health Action Process Approach has been found to be applicable to:

A)assist older men with cardiovascular issues.
B)reduce pregnancies in teens.
C)help smokers in smoking cessation classes.
D)a wide variety of health behaviors including exercise,breast self-exams,seat belt use,dieting and dental flossing.

Question 32

Relapsing,or falling back into performing unhealthy behaviors,is the biggest problem in the Transtheoretical Model stage of:

A)termination
B)contemplation
C)action
D)maintenance

Question 33

The best stage to use an anti-smoking message intervention is the:

A)precontemplation stage
B)contemplation stage
C)preparation stage
D)action stage

Question 34

Sam is conducting a health behavior intervention with 7 year olds concerning the dangers of huffing.What must he do to ensure that his intervention is ethical?

A)Sam can exaggerate the dangers of huffing so he can install real concern in his participants.
B)Sam can provide a lot of support for the children even though Sam knows it will not be there once the intervention is finished.
C)Sam does not need to include control participants in intervention because they are not the point of the project.
D)Sam must consider what will happen after the intervention is completed,will the behaviors go back to how they were before?

Question 35

Interventions that were used on television and technology in the 1970's and 1980's focused on:

A)scare tactics only
B)informational appeals
C)scare tactics and informational appeals
D)anti-smoking campaigns

Question 36

When a health psychologist designs an intervention,she should keep in mind that:

A)a great intervention has little or no dropouts
B)if a participant does not attend all of the interventions,it will not hinder the assessment of the intervention
C)unhealthy behaviors can return once the intervention/treatment has stopped.
D)resources should not be devoted to preventing attrition even though it is expected to happen.

Question 37

In the 1950's,the most common advertisements to change behavior tried to:

A)encourage people to join support groups.
B)encourage people to read more about healthy behavior.
C)scare the viewer to change.
D)encourage people to go to their physician to learn how to change.

Question 38

What aspect of the Health Beliefs Model is particularly useful in explaining cultural differences in health behaviors?

A)perceived effectiveness
B)belief of susceptibility
C)belief of severity
D)perceived barriers

Question 39

The biggest benefit to using a theory to base an intervention on is:

A)the intervention will be respected by science.
B)people will pay more attention to it.
C)it will be easier to identify what worked if it succeeds.
D)it is easier to get funding to carry out the intervention.

Question 40

The theory of planned behavior focuses on a person's:

A)attitudes towards health
B)intentions to the behavior
C)beliefs about the behavior
D)plans to change behavior

Question 41

The health behavior change theory Schwarzer's (1992)Health Action Process Approach has two main phases: when a decision to act is made,and when the action is carried out.

Question 42

Prevention programs for eating disorders attempt to simultaneously prevent new occurrences,and encourage students who already have symptoms to seek early treatment.This type of intervention uses both primary and secondary prevention,and can be at risk of being incompatible goals.

Question 43

Some models of health behavior change are automatically culturally sensitive,but most theories are designed to apply to any cultural group.In order for an intervention to be culturally sensitive,one of the things psychologists should be close attention to is the symbols and language used in the intervention.

Question 44

The definition of motivation to comply is the amount of perceived control that you have over your health outcome.

Question 45

Researchers at the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh,Wisconsin,studied different psychological reasons for why people smoked.Students believed that many of their peers were smoking.The researchers used the Social Norm Approach to decrease the students smoking behavior.

Question 46

What factors can predict relapse?

A)the new behavior is not being maintained.
B)the person is demoralized from not being able to change,and the behavior can actually be worse then before the intervention.
C)participants do not have the cognitive and behavioral skills to maintain the behavior change.
D)All of the above.

Question 47

To change a behavior,the very first thing a person should do is spend a week or so using:

A)self-monitoring
B)operant conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)self-control

Question 48

Once health professionals design a smoking intervention that works on one campus:

A)the same intervention should work well on another campus in the same state
B)the same intervention should work well on the high school in the same town.
C)the intervention will work exactly the same way with another group of students from the same campus.
D)the intervention may not necessarily work in exactly the same way anywhere else.

Question 49

Social norming research has shown that college students often believe that those engaging in healthy behavior are:

A)the majority.
B)are going to change their behavior after they graduate from college.
C)in the minority when,in fact,they are not.
D)actually not being honest if they are engaging in healthy behavior or not.

Question 50

One successful strategy when setting up a health intervention,is to consider the size,or the duration intensity,of the intervention.

Question 51

Smoking a single cigarette after quitting is an example of a relapse.

Question 52

The main components/ideas for Precaution Adoption Process Model is:

A)person moves from being unaware of an issue to unengaged by the issue,to deciding not to act,to planning to act but not yet acting,to acting,to maintenance.
B)two main phases which includes: factors influencing intention to act.
C)intention to change; attitudes toward action; subjective norms regarding action; self-efficacy.
D)health behaviors must be understood in the context of reciprocal determinism.

Question 53

Kyle is working on maintaining a healthy weight set for him of 155 lbs.Since he is actively exercising and watching his eating habits,Kyle is in the maintenance stage of the Transtheoretical Model.

Question 54

To have a successful health intervention,it is not necessary to follow a specific theory,but the funding source is considered to be one important facet to consider as an intervention is developed.

Question 55

Fisher,et.al.(2007)reviewed culturally sensitive interventions aimed at narrowing racial disparities in health care.The conclusion of this research team is that:

A)interventions that explicitly use culturally sensitive interventions show tremendous promise in reducing health disparities.
B)more research needs to be completed to see if culturally sensitive interventions narrow racial disparities as the data is inconclusive.
C)culturally sensitive interventions actually increase racial disparity.
D)cultural specific interventions work for Latinos and African Americans,but not for other ethnic groups.

Question 56

Health care behaviors are determined by biological,social and psychological behaviors.

Question 57

What happens if an intervention takes a "shot gun" approach?

A)The health psychologists are forcing participants to finish the intervention process..
B)Large numbers of people are exposed to the intervention with the hope that those who need it are included in the exposed group.
C)It is wasting time and money.
D)Both b and c

Question 58

Although interventions are designed to change behavior and enhance health,sometimes this does not happen.In a classic example of this issue,Mann et al,1997 evaluated an eating disorder program and found that:

A)the students in the control group actually did better than those in the experimental group
B)friends of students in the study got worse
C)students in the experimental group got worse instead of better
D)roommates of students in the experimental group did worse than the experimental students

Question 59

Rotheram-Borus and colleagues (2003)designed a successful intervention call Street Smart for runaway children.Street Smart provided these children with access to health care and condoms and delivered a 10-session skill-focused prevention program based on social learning theory.This intervention had a better success rate when:

A)more sessions were conducted.
B)when older children were instructed on the used of condoms.
C)boys and girls were addressed in separate interventions.
D)the information provided to the children was exaggerated to ensure they would follow the instructions.

Question 60

The main components/ideas for the Health Belief Model is:

A)intention to change; attitudes toward action; subjective norms regarding action.
B)person moves from being unaware of issue,to unengaged by issue,to deciding not to act,to planning to act but not yet acting,to maintenance.
C)beliefs in threat and effectiveness o health change behaviors.
D)six stages that a person proceeds through.

Question 61

Regarding culture and the Health Belief Model,what are some specific beliefs held by cultural groups that can be seen as barriers in receiving health care?

Question 62

Define and discuss the Social Norms Approach as it relates to smoking and college students.

Question 63

What are some of the biological factors that determine health behaviors?

Question 64

Discuss health care changes that you have personally accomplished or would like to accomplish in the future,and explain the stages of progression toward this goal using the Transtheoretical Model.