Deck 11: Psychoneuroimmunology and Hiv

Question 1

One of the most influential psychosocial influences on the immune system is:

A)culture
B)temperament
C)genetics
D)stress

Answer 1

stress

Question 2

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)AIDS and HIV occur at the same time
B)A person can have AIDS without being HIV positive
C)A person who is HIV negative has developed AIDS
D)A person can be HIV positive without AIDS

Answer 2

A person can be HIV positive without AIDS

Question 3

Interventions such as _____ for children with asthma resulted in improvements in immune functioning (Nassau,Tien & Fritz,2008).

A)playing sports and taking walks
B)psychotherapy and exercise
C)eating well balanced meals
D)disclosure and hypnosis

Answer 3

disclosure and hypnosis

Question 4

The work of Sheldon Cohen and colleagues has provided strong evidence for the link between psychology and physiology.The key finding in his studies is that the volunteers injected with a cold virus:

A)are more likely to get sick if they are stressed
B)are less likely to get sick if they are stressed
C)are more likely to get stressed
D)are less likely to get stressed

Question 5

A clear example of the connection between the mind and body,especially between psychology and immune functioning,is that:

A)only real emotional experiences lead to immune changes
B)any emotional experience,even faked,leads to immune changes
C)only faked emotional experiences lead to immune changes
D)an individual with a stressed immune system can not change their immunity

Question 6

Currently,the average time between HIV infection and the appearance of the first signs of AIDS is:

A)5-10 months
B)1-2 years
C)3-5 years
D)8-11 years

Question 7

A woman with lupus was given a shot of a strong drug.At the same time,she was exposed to the scent of rose perfume and the taste of cod liver oil.After a few pairings of these three (drug,oil,scent)her body had a physiological response to the rose scent even without the full dose of the strong drug.This is an example of:

A)conditioned immunity
B)operant conditioning
C)psychoneuroimmunological reactivity
D)compensatory responding

Question 8

From 1982-1983,AIDS was considered to be a gay disease.In 1983,it was reported that:

A)children also had AIDS
B)transfusion recipients also had AIDS
C)AIDS could be passed on heterosexually from men to women
D)All of the above are true.

Question 9

In 2008,the CDC rolled out a new way to measure the incidence of HIV.The Serological Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion (STARHS)is different in that it:

A)determines which positive HIV tests represents new HIV infections
B)is a national a data survey that collects HIV diagnosis data
C)can determine when a person is actually infected
D)tests and matches serums that can be used specifically for the treatment of HIV

Question 10

As demonstrated in Schedlowski et al.(1993)parachuting study,and in contrast to most of what we know about the stress-immunity relationship,acute stress also:

A)depresses the immune system
B)activates the immune system
C)is not related to the immune system
D)turns off the immune system.

Question 11

The most common ways of passing HIV are by:

A)dirty toilet seats and direct blood contact
B)unprotected sexual contact and direct blood contact
C)kissing and direct blood contact
D)giving blood and receiving blood

Question 12

Some people newly infected with HIV report:

A)depression
B)hyperactivity
C)flu-like symptoms
D)cold-like symptoms

Question 13

What does the acronym AIDS stand for?

A)Active Immunity Defense Syndrome
B)Acquired Immunity Defense Syndrome
C)Autonomic Immune Defense System
D)Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Question 14

Two conditions that can stress the immune system include:

A)living in peace and harmony,and eating well balanced meals
B)living in high crime neighborhoods,and having an infection
C)going for a walk,taking a nap
D)riding a bike,and gardening

Question 15

Researchers that were able to first identify AIDS thought:

A)one virus caused AIDS
B)two viruses caused AIDS
C)AIDS was caused by Pneumocystis carinii
D)AIDS was caused by Kaposi sarcoma

Question 16

One of the best treatments available for HIV is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).One of the most commonly used components of HAART is:

A)ACT
B)AZT
C)CD4 cells
D)Aricept

Question 17

Why does chronic stress suppress the immune system?

A)conserves body resources so the immune system can not work as intended
B)serves as a warning
C)prevents the organism from being too active
D)prevents overactivation and consequently autoimmune disease

Question 18

HIV is a(n):

A)RNA virus that secretes an enzyme that injects its own RNA into DNA inside the cells that it infects
B)condition with low numbers of CD8 cells and higher than average numbers of CD4 cells
C)virus that has two stages
D)condition where the patient always experiences "flu-like" symptoms

Question 19

One of the major physiological symptoms of AIDS is:

A)T cell count of 200 or less
B)T cell count of 400-500
C)T cell count of 600-1000
D)T cell count over 1000

Question 20

Stress is accompanied by all of the following EXCEPT:

A)T cell suicide killing
B)suppressed immunity
C)redistribution of lymphocytes
D)increases in circulating lymphocytes

Question 21

A study published between 1985-2006 showed that African American women are:

A)less likely to have unprotected sex than other ethnic groups
B)are more likely to have unprotected sex than other ethnic groups
C)are no more likely to have unprotected sex than other ethnic groups
D)less likely to have risky sex partners

Question 22

Classification as HIV/symptomatic requires the presence of at least one of the following symptoms in the last 6 months:

A)diarrhea 1 to 6 times per week or more
B)chronic headache 1 to 4 times per week or more
C)stomach upset 5 to 6 times per week or more.
D)chronic fatigue

Question 23

Psychosocial resources that have been consistently associated with good psychological and physical outcomes for patients with HIV infection are:

A)community healthcare and food banks
B)optimism,social support and coping styles.
C)associating with family,and limiting visits from co-workers
D)being an extrovert and living near the medical system

Question 24

The most common ethnic group to be diagnosed with AIDS in American is:

A)Chinese American
B)African American
C)Native American
D)Mexican American

Question 25

The extent in which people engage in sexual activities with sexual partners from other sexual networks is known as _____ and is a central influence on AIDS transmission.

A)miscegenation
B)the contact hypothesis
C)sexual mixing
D)transgroup sexuality

Question 26

The peak age for heroin users in treatment has increased 10 years for African Americans while:

A)declining over 10 years for European Americans
B)increasing 20 years for European Americans
C)younger African Americans no longer use heroine
D)declining over 10 years by Mexican Americans

Question 27

Research tells us that specific personality characteristics significantly related to slower disease progression were:

A)low extroverts and low openness
B)lower achievement striving and disengaged personalities
C)assertiveness,positive emotions and extraversion
D)None of the above are true.

Question 28

Factors that influence the use of condoms,which reduce the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease,are:

A)concurrent alcohol or drug use
B)the price of the condoms
C)the amount of education the individuals have completed
D)socioeconomic status of people having sex

Question 29

This health behavior model has been designed specifically for HIV patients:

A)Health Belief Model
B)Theory of Planned Behavior
C)Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills
D)Transtheoretical model

Question 30

Women are more likely to practice safer sex in:

A)long-term relationships
B)casual sexual relationships
C)the Midwest
D)the Northeast

Question 31

Psychological factors can:

A)help a person cope with HIV infection and AIDS
B)shorten the time one lives with AIDS
C)AIDS patients often experience severe depression and poor quality of life
D)All of the above are true.

Question 32

Which cultural group is especially at risk and account for an increasing percentage of new cases of HIV infection (CDC,2008)?

A)European American gay males
B)women with higher SES
C)African American gay males
D)low-income women of color

Question 33

Schutte,Valerio and Carrilo (1996)examined the relationship between optimism and socioeconomic status (SES),between European and Mexican Americans and found:

A)significant correlations between optimism and SES for both groups
B)no correlations between optimism and SES for both groups
C)significant correlations between optimism and SES for Latinos but not for European Americans
D)significant correlations between optimism and SES for European Americans but not for Latinos

Question 34

When comparing all research concerning whether or not AIDS patients who deny the reality of being HIV positive experience a more rapid development of symptoms,we learn:

A)all these studies support that HIV positive men who denied their diagnosis actually survive longer than those who accept their fate
B)all of these studies support that HIV positive men who denied their diagnosis actually experience a more rapid development of symptoms
C)all of these studies agree that initially the men who denied their diagnosis had fewer symptoms,but they increased as they became more accepting of their diagnosis
D)all of these studies clearly demonstrate the need to better understand this topic as there is evidence that some men have an increase in symptoms,and others have a decrease in symptoms

Question 35

Most research on the prevalence of HIV and AIDS is conducted using:

A)African American men in the research
B)African American women in the research
C)European American men in the research
D)Latinas in the research

Question 36

Which of the following sexual intercourse behavior is more likely to infect someone with HIV?

A)female to female transmission
B)female to male transmission
C)male to female transmission
D)All of these are statistically equal in HIV transmission.

Question 37

Opportunistic infections occur:

A)only in individuals with HIV
B)only in individuals with AIDS
C)when an immune system damage is more severe
D)in people with normal immune systems

Question 38

Between 1992 and 2004,the proportion of patients admitted to hospitals reporting using injections declined:

A)more among African Americans than European Americans
B)more among European Americans than African Americans
C)more among 20-year-olds than 50-year- olds
D)only among Asian Americans

Question 39

Regarding sexual mixing,these two groups report the heaviest mixing:

A)African American females,European American males
B)Latino males,and European American females
C)African American males,and European females
D)Latino males and females

Question 40

In general,patients with HIV infection who rely more on _____ and who seek support tend to have a higher quality of life and experience less negative affect.

A)avoidant coping
B)approach coping
C)emotional coping
D)openness coping

Question 41

Individuals who are not as informed about AIDS are:

A)gay men and lesbians
B)single,inner-city women and adolescents
C)elders
D)adults who are in their 30s and 40s

Question 42

Poor health behaviors can aggravate HIV by reducing immune functioning.

Question 43

When individuals are informed of a positive HIV test,there is typically a drop in immune functioning.This intervention is found to help lessen the drop in the immune functioning:

A)watching comedies on television
B)participating in church activities
C)pleasure reading
D)aerobic exercise training

Question 44

Two interventions that tend to help lessen the drop in immune functioning that normally accompanies being informed of a positive HIV test are:

A)aerobic exercise training,and cognitive behavioral stress management
B)psychoanalysis and cognitive retraining
C)biofeedback and imaging
D)routine medical visits and medication

Question 45

The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions defines someone as having AIDS if he or she meets one or both of these conditions: has had at least one of 21 AIDS-defining opportunistic infections; has had a CD4 cell count (T-cell count)of 200 cells or less.

Question 46

Traditional yoga has eight parts,which consist of four practices and four experiences that one should strive for.One of the practices involve:

A)downward dog
B)absolute devotion and meditation
C)attitude toward the world (abstinence,truthfulness,and chastity)
D)empathy and understanding towards others

Question 47

HIV Infection rates among African Americans are seven times as high as for European Americans,and almost three times as high for Latino Americans.

Question 48

Yoga has offered similar successes in the treatment of other chronic illnesses including:

A)significant improvement in measures of fatigue for patients with multiple sclerosis
B)decrease of pill rolling motion of individuals with Parkinson's disease
C)the reduction of swelling of joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
D)the decrease of pain for individuals with dental pain

Question 49

The most common type of yoga in the United States is called hatha yoga,which emphasizes:

A)purification and postures
B)relaxation
C)diet
D)All of the these are hatha yoga

Question 50

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease.There is growing evidence that there is improved communication between the central nervous system and the immune system that is the cause of this condition,that the overload of the communication causes stress on the neurons..

Question 51

O'Leary et al.(2008)found that self-efficacy for condom carrying was a critical factor for:

A)African American women
B)African American men
C)Latino men
D)Latinas

Question 52

The immune system is strongly influenced by the nervous system and correspondingly by our minds and thinking.

Question 53

The median time to receive an AIDS diagnosis among those infected with HIV is 7-10 years.

Question 54

Some yoga poses are thought to activate the hormonal system of the body.One gland that plays a role in the immune system,and is stimulated by yoga,is:

A)the adrenal gland
B)the pituitary gland
C)the thymus gland
D)renal gland

Question 55

One alternative medical treatment borrowed from a non-Western culture is increasing in popularity among AIDS patients and works on a biopsychosocial level.This is:

A)sweat lodges
B)acupressure
C)tai chi
D)yoga

Question 56

Being HIV positive does not signify the end of sexual activity.More than _____ of people infected with HIV continue to be sexually active.

A)25%
B)50%
C)70%
D)90%

Question 57

Being HIV positive does not signify the end of sexual activity.

Question 58

HIV is transmitted primarily through the exchange of bodily fluids.Semen and vaginal fluids have the highest concentration of the virus,followed by blood and then breast milk.

Question 59

In North America,European American gay males have the highest risk of contracting HIV than individuals in another cultural group.

Question 60

In a 5-year study of HIV-positive patients,Theorell et al.(1995)found that participants who had more emotional support and reported better social networks showed significantly lesser declines in their T-cell counts over the course of the study.

Question 61

An individual classified as HIV/symptomatic requires the presence of what symptoms?

Question 62

Given the fatal course of HIV infection,what psychological factors could explain why people would still continue to engage in unsafe sexual practices/drug use?

Question 63

What do studies about the variable of ethnicity and AIDS tell us?

Question 64

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

Question 65

How do psychological factors influence the progression of AIDS?