Deck 10: Chronic Illness, Terminal Illness, and Death

Question 1

One other common psychological reaction to a test result confirming a chronic illness is anxiety.Anxiety interferes with healthy functioning by:

A)promoting depression
B)being a long-term reaction and increases as pain and disability increase
C)increasing the reports of symptoms and taking too much of the provider's time
D)causing the person to cope poorly and delay the recognition and reporting of symptoms

Answer 1

causing the person to cope poorly and delay the recognition and reporting of symptoms

Question 2

According to Brown et al.(2008),the importance of social factors such as the family and community structures increases:

A)when the person with the chronic illness is a child
B)when the person with the chronic illness is a young adult
C)when the person with a chronic illness is a woman
D)when the person with a chronic illness is an elder

Answer 2

when the person with the chronic illness is a child

Question 3

Life expectancy has changed considerably over the last 200 years.During the Roman Empire,the average life expectancy was around _____ years.

A)20-25
B)30-35
C)40-45
D)50-55

Answer 3

20-25

Question 4

Jim has Alzheimer's disease,an illness that becomes worse over time.This type of illness is best described as:

A)remitting
B)progressive
C)acute
D)a secondary illness

Question 5

In studies of women with breast cancer,it appears that women who coped better made comparisons to others less fortunate than themselves.This is known as:

A)compensatory thinking
B)denial
C)upward social comparison
D)downward social comparison

Question 6

The most common reaction to a chronic illness is:

A)denial
B)depression
C)anxiety
D)fear

Question 7

The most common reaction to a chronic illness tends to be depression.Unlike anxiety,depression tends to:

A)be more of a short-term reaction
B)decrease as pain and disability increases
C)be more of a long-term reaction
D)only biological in nature

Question 8

A chronic disease that often begins very early in life is:

A)cancer
B)asthma
C)arthritis
D)coronary heart disease

Question 9

The most commonly used measure of how someone is coping with a chronic illness is a measure of his or her quality of life (QOL).This measure is best made by the:

A)primary care physician
B)consulting physician
C)physical therapist
D)patient

Question 10

The most prevalent chronic disease is also the nation's primary cause of death.That illness is _____.

A)coronary heart disease
B)cancer
C)diabetes
D)pneumonia

Question 11

Adjustment to chronic illness has many different components.Which one of the following answers is not one of these components?

A)revising their lifestyles to fit the illness
B)having many different feelings including anxiety,depression and frustration
C)may not be able to perform common functions such as going to work or getting their own groceries
D)improved cognitive symptom management

Question 12

The increase in life expectancy is primarily due to:

A)improvements in medicine.
B)stronger genetic backgrounds of patients.
C)fewer pathogens.
D)improved family dynamics.

Question 13

In a demonstration of the power of personality traits,Carver et al.(1993)showed that women with breast cancer who were high in _____ used more active coping,faced the disease,and had less distress.

A)hardiness
B)resilience
C)optimism
D)extraversion

Question 14

One of the major causes of death today is:

A)lower respiratory disease
B)asthma
C)neurological disease
D)tuberculosis

Question 15

Current life expectancy estimates for women born in 2006 is:

A)65
B)72
C)81
D)91

Question 16

The term of a family that has a lot of arguing between family members is:

A)broken family
B)risky family
C)extended family
D)blended family

Question 17

Denial is one of the psychological reactions first felt the moment a person is informed that he or she has a chronic illness.Denial is beneficial for a very short period of time because it reduces:

A)depression
B)anxiety
C)unconscious attempts to be noncompliant with care
D)noncompliance with care

Question 18

The two biopsychosocial components of adjustment to a chronic illness are:

A)increasing exercise and focusing on a spiritual behavior such as prayer
B)eating nutritious foods and taking a break from social visits
C)changing health behaviors and using psychological strategies to cope with illness
D)keeping with life's routine so changes does not cause stress

Question 19

When Bill learns he has diabetes and considers it to be a challenge,this situation is a(n):

A)primary appraisal
B)secondary appraisal
C)example of denial
D)example of negotiating interpersonal adjustments.

Question 20

Not knowing the course of one's chronic illness or having enough information to cope is likely to increase _____ in a patient.

A)denial
B)depression
C)anxiety
D)optimism

Question 21

Patients with cancer or CHD often have an increase in pain,and medical practitioners prescribe:

A)high doses of morphine,which the delivery might be under the patient's own control
B)very little medication for fear that the patient will be suicidal
C)medications that are not habit forming so the patient does not have to deal with addiction to a pain medication
D)medication if it is allowed by the insurance company

Question 22

The leading cause of infant deaths in the United States is:

A)birth defects
B)SIDS
C)choking on objects
D)car accidents

Question 23

When a physician supplies a lethal drug but does not actually administer it,this is called:

A)withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment.
B)assisted suicide
C)euthanasia
D)mercy killing

Question 24

African Americans with chronic illness have:

A)the same outcomes as European Americans in the United States
B)poorer outcomes than European Americans in the United States
C)better outcomes than European Americans in the United States
D)better outcomes than any other ethnic group in the United States

Question 25

Different religions deal with death differently.Muslims,or followers of Islam,believe:

A)that last rights need to be performed on a dying person
B)a dying person must do penance
C)the body must not be washed at time of death
D)the seriously ill may not die at home

Question 26

Social support is good to help people cope,but Helgeson et al.(2000)warn that:

A)those who really do not need it benefit the most
B)support is only helpful if people believe it will help
C)getting support if you already have it can be harmful
D)not providing enough support can hurt more than providing none at all

Question 27

In many folk and traditional medical systems,a greater emphasis is also placed on _____,which can increase patient satisfaction and adherence to treatment.

A)prescribing medications and ointments
B)communication and explanation
C)communication with the patient only
D)using herbs

Question 28

Culver et al.(2004)tested for differences in coping responses in middle-class African Americans,Latinos,and European American women with early-stage breast cancer.They found only two differences in coping.Compared with European American women the other two groups used this type of coping more:

A)meditation
B)humor-based
C)mental imaging
D)religion-based

Question 29

Motivational interviewing is a directive,patient-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by:

A)dictating to patients on what they must do to get better
B)helping patients to understand their psyche
C)helping patients to explore and resolve ambivalence
D)helping patients to vent their frustrations with their chronic illness

Question 30

Predictors of adolescent mortality include:

A)age of the mother
B)a driver's license at the age of 16
C)substance abuse and risky sexual behaviors
D)if they were born premature

Question 31

Women coping with an illness who benefit the most from educational groups,and peer discussion groups are those who lack support from:

A)their children
B)their friends
C)partners or doctors
D)community

Question 32

The top three killers of adults are:

A)smoking,alcohol abuse and automobile accidents
B)strokes,alcohol and cancer
C)coronary heart disease,cancer and stroke
D)heart attacks,smoking and alcohol abuse

Question 33

As a culture,talking about death is commonly taboo among:

A)Buddhists
B)Roman Catholics
C)Native Americans
D)Latinos

Question 34

_____ is the termination of life by a lethal injection of a drug by a physician.

A)Euthanasia
B)Mercy killing
C)Self-suicide
D)Assisted suicide

Question 35

The Buddhist beliefs of death does NOT include:

A)as long as there is fear of death,life is not being lived to its fullest
B)drinking and dancing at the funeral in a celebration of the recently departed's life
C)pain is unavoidable,but attitudes and behavior influence suffering
D)contemplating death can free us from fear,change the way we live and our attitude towards life

Question 36

What ethnic group that tends to have a higher level of stress during pregnancy has the name for labor as "sorrow" and "pain"?

A)Hindi
B)Chinese
C)Mexican American
D)African American

Question 37

In a medical setting,informed consent procedures:

A)occur when the patients are informed of their conditions and treatments that are available
B)the family is informed of the patient's condition
C)the staff are informed of how to care for the patient
D)clergy are automatically informed that a patient is hospitalized

Question 38

According to Horwitz,et al.(1998),mothers with high levels of stress,who worked more than 15 hours a week outside of the home,and who had negative attitudes toward medical care providers,were:

A)more likely to have their child vaccinated
B)more likely to have children with serious injuries
C)more likely to have an infant die to SIDS
D)more likely to have a child with a chronic illness

Question 39

The first state to legalize euthanasia was:

A)Illinois
B)Oregon
C)California
D)New York

Question 40

Traditional Latinos tend to be very religious.Latinos that use passive coping tend to:

A)have great psychological well-being
B)have greater pain and worse adjustment
C)tend to use curanderismo and Western medicine
D)heal more quickly than those who used religious coping

Question 41

The burning of sage and other herbs is part of many religious ceremonies for this group of individuals,and it is also used to prepare the soul of the dying person for the afterlife.

A)Hindi
B)Native Americans
C)Muslims
D)Hmong

Question 42

Leventhal,et al.(2008)wrote a recent review of the research on chronic illness management interventions.Regarding the state of the field,they found that current interventions are too costly and time consuming to be used in clinical and community settings.

Question 43

Important cultural differences exist in how:

A)the dead are treated
B)patients cope with death
C)caregivers cope with death
D)all of the above are true

Question 44

Regarding differences in women coping with early-stage breast cancer,venting related more strongly to elevated distress among non-Latinas more than among Latinas (Culver,et al.,2004).

Question 45

Many people with chronic illnesses report unexpectedly high quality of life.For example,many people with paraplegia report mood levels approaching those of healthy people (Dijkers,2005).

Question 46

Elders that fall have a drop in optimism,and recovery from falling can be enhanced by bolstering optimism.

Question 47

Personality that is high in positive affect lowers risk of all-cause mortality in people who have cardiovascular disease,but not for individuals who have diabetes.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT the custom of families who are Muslim and experiencing the death of a family member?

A)They need to turn the body to face Mecca after the person has died
B)They must have someone sitting close by to read the Koran to the person who is dying
C)They must close the body's mouth and eyes and cover the face after the individual has died
D)They must sing to the person as they are dying

Question 49

In a recent study of women with HIV,the Bova (2008)longitudinal study showed that a Positive Life Skills workshop,based on the cognitive appraisal model of stress and coping,was effective at increasing antiretroviral adherence,improving mental well-being,and reducing stress.

Question 50

One cultural significance regarding the use of hospice care,is that European Americans use hospice services at a lower rate than African Americans and Latinos.

Question 51

Which of the following is one reason why families provide the majority of care for individuals with chronic illnesses?

A)to save money
B)cultural expectations
C)lack of understanding of available services
D)families always provide the best care for a patient with a chronic illness

Question 52

A form of treatment aimed at alleviating symptoms without necessarily affecting the cause is:

A)euthanasia
B)palliative care
C)patient centered care
D)life support

Question 53

According to Depaola,et al.(2003),this ethnic group reports higher levels of death anxiety than European Americans.

A)Native Americans
B)Filipino Americans
C)African Americans
D)Puerto Ricans

Question 54

To make the end of life easier and prevent cases such as that of Florida woman Terry Schiavo,who was in a persistent vegetative state for 15 years,individuals are urged to:

A)seek legal counsel
B)create a living will
C)contact hospice care
D)arrange for palliative care

Question 55

Experiments comparing hospices to hospitals are hard to do and unethical.

Question 56

The Kubler-Ross stages of death has the one constant feature that most people will experience:

A)all 5 stages in order
B)least three of the five stages
C)acceptance
D)depression before death

Question 57

Stroebe,Stroebe and Schut (2001)reported that women express their emotions more than men during the grieving process,and:

A)they found evidence that working through grief helps them to recover faster
B)they found no evidence that working through grief helps them to recover faster
C)they found that men suffer less health consequences then women
D)they found that widows are more distressed and depressed than widowers

Question 58

Stanton,Collins and Sworowski (2001)identified two key multidimensional psychological aspects regarding adjustment to chronic illness.First,the individual has to go through a personal cognitive adjustment,then they must go through physical environmental changes to meet the needs of their chronic illness.

Question 59

Research shows that surrogate preferences can _____ the patient's treatment wishes (Haley,et al.,2002).

A)modify
B)implicitly follow
C)inaccurately reflect
D)blatantly disregard

Question 60

At the present,there is no clear evidence suggesting that gay or single parent families are unhealthy for children (Patterson,et al.,2002).

Question 61

Concerning psychological responses to chronic illness,compare and contrast how anxiety and depression add to the experience of adjusting to a chronic illness.

Question 62

How do cultural variations affect the process of death and dying?

Question 63

How does religion play a role in coping with chronic illnesses?

Question 64

What are some of the biological and psychological issues that occur for individuals who are learning to adjust to living with chronic illness?

Question 65

Social support is the sociocultural factor that has garnered the most research attention.How does social support influence adjustment to chronic illnesses?