Deck 31: Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration

Question 1

Blood in vertebrates constitutes

A)an organ.
B)an organ system.
C)a tissue.
D)a cell assemblage.
E)merely a fluid matrix.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The systemic circuit ultimately circulates blood from the

A)right ventricle to left atrium.
B)left ventricle to left atrium.
C)right ventricle to right atrium.
D)left ventricle to right atrium.
E)pulmonary artery to the lungs.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The blood vessel that provides oxygen to the heart tissue is the

A)pulmonary artery.
B)coronary artery.
C)left carotid artery.
D)renal artery.
E)left subclavian artery.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The heartbeat rate is controlled by the cardiac center located in the

A)cerebellum.
B)medulla.
C)cerebrum.
D)midbrain.
E)heart wall.

Question 5

Extracellular fluid is subdivided into

A)blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
B)blood plasma and lymph.
C)bloodstream and digestive fluids.
D)bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluids.
E)intracellular and extracellular.

Question 6

In some invertebrates,if we cut the nerves leading to the heart and the heart stops beating,the heart is considered

A)an open system.
B)myogenic.
C)neurogenic.
D)a deferred pacemaker.
E)asynchronous.

Question 7

The ____________ is involved with pumping blood to and from the lungs.

A)systemic circuit
B)internal respiration circuit
C)hepatic circuit
D)pulmonary circuit
E)renal circuit

Question 8

In the tetrapod heart,the pacemaker is the

A)atrioventricular bundle.
B)purkinje fibers.
C)vagus nerves.
D)cardiac control center.
E)Sinoatrial (SA)node.

Question 9

The long,insoluble threads of fibrin of a blood clot originated from

A)fibrinogen.
B)thrombin.
C)collagen.
D)prothrombin.
E)platelets.

Question 10

A blood clot is formed by a fibrin meshwork in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme

A)platelet factor.
B)prothrombin.
C)thrombin.
D)fibrinogen.
E)fibrinase.

Question 11

Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood initially into the

A)left atrium.
B)right atrium.
C)aorta.
D)pulmonary vein.
E)pulmonary artery.

Question 12

The pulmonary semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood into the

A)right atrium.
B)left atrium.
C)ventricles.
D)aortic arch.
E)pulmonary trunk.

Question 13

Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the

A)left atrium.
B)left ventricle.
C)right atrium.
D)right ventricle.
E)None of the choices is correct

Question 14

Interstitial fluid is constantly formed by

A)the lymphatic system producing it.
B)lightweight elements in the blood plasma filtered through capillary walls.
C)absorption across the gut lining.
D)absorption across the lung surface.
E)reabsorption in the kidney tubules.

Question 15

Which of the following is correct?

A)Blood plasma-fewer large protein molecules
B)Interstitial spaces-three times more water than bloodstream
C)Intracellular-sodium,chloride,and bicarbonate ions
D)Extracellular-potassium,magnesium,and phosphate ions
E)Blood plasma-half of the body's water

Question 16

Platelets

A)are specialized red blood cells.
B)carry the blood type protein.
C)initiate clotting by releasing thromboplastin.
D)transport carbon dioxide in the blood.
E)are responsible for the buildup of plaques on artery walls.

Question 17

In multicellular animals,body fluids are divided into two main phases,

A)blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
B)blood plasma and lymph.
C)bloodstream and digestive fluids.
D)bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluids.
E)intracellular and extracellular.

Question 18

Which of the following associations of blood components and functions is NOT correct?

A)Albumin-large protein that maintains osmotic balance
B)Serum-plasma minus the proteins involved in clotting
C)Fibrinogen-large protein for blood clotting
D)Erythrocytes-red blood cells
E)Globulins-carriers of simple sugars

Question 19

Which statement of red blood cell (RBC)structure or function is correct?

A)In mammals and birds,RBCs continuously form from erythroblasts in the red bone marrow.
B)Mammal RBCs do not lose their nucleus when they mature.
C)Over 90% of the cell by weight is hemoglobin.
D)The completely flat shape of RBCs provides greater surface area for osmosis.
E)The average life of an RBC is several years after which its components are salvaged by the liver.

Question 20

____________ carry blood away from the heart.

A)Capillaries
B)Venules
C)Veins
D)Arteries
E)Lymph vessels

Question 21

The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles in the heart,and the ___________ valves prevent backflow from the pulmonary artery and the aorta.

Question 22

What would happen to the breathing rate of a mammal that is masked?

A)Its breathing rate would increase in response to more carbon dioxide.
B)Its breathing rate would increase in response to less oxygen in the blood.
C)Its breathing rate would slow down as it suffocated.
D)It is not possible to predict since breathing rate is controlled consciously in mammals.
E)None of the choices is correct

Question 23

A dung beetle journeys into a ball of dung to lay eggs.To avoid being poisoned by the noxious gases,it closes its

A)papulae.
B)branchial tufts.
C)book lungs.
D)bronchi.
E)spiracles.

Question 24

The major intracellular electrolytes are potassium,magnesium,and phosphate ions,while the chief extracellular electrolytes are sodium,chloride,and ________ _________.

Question 25

Specialized tubules in insects that make direct contact with the tissues to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide are called

A)dermal branchiae.
B)tracheae.
C)gills.
D)lungs.
E)branchial tufts.

Question 26

Opposing the blood hydrostatic pressure that forces water across capillaries is the

A)cellular hydrostatic pressure.
B)albumin concentration gradient.
C)colloid osmotic pressure.
D)lymphatic hydrostatic pressure.
E)law of coupled balanced flow.

Question 27

The exchange of nutrients,oxygen,and wastes (including carbon dioxide)takes place across the walls of the

A)lymph vessels.
B)arteries.
C)capillaries.
D)veins.
E)lymphatic vessels.

Question 28

The lymphatic system drains lymph back into the

A)large intestine.
B)heart.
C)vena cava.
D)veins of the liver.
E)veins of the lower neck.

Question 29

About two-thirds of waste carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs in higher animals by which method given below?

A)By red blood cells on the empty hemes
B)Dissolved in blood plasma as bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
C)Dissolved in lymph in lymph ducts
D)On myoglobins
E)None of the choices is correct

Question 30

In the efficient double circulation of birds and mammals,the blood goes through a systemic circuit and a completely separate _______________ circuit.

Question 31

The _____________ are minute,incomplete cells that release substances to initiate the process leading to blood coagulation.

Question 32

At sea level,air pressure is 760 mm of mercury (Hg).If we altered the oxygen content in a hospital room to 30% oxygen and 70% nitrogen,the partial pressure of oxygen would be

A)70% - 30% = 40%.
B)760 x 30% = 228 mm Hg.
C)760 x 40% = 304 mm Hg.
D)760 x 70% = 532 mm Hg.
E)There is not enough information to calculate it.

Question 33

Which blood vessels will have walls only one cell thick?

A)Capillaries
B)Venules
C)Veins
D)Arterioles
E)Arteries

Question 34

Extracellular fluid in animals with a closed circulatory system is subdivided into blood plasma and _________________ (intercellular)fluid.

Question 35

Which association is NOT correct?

A)Pleura-lung and chest epithelium
B)Trachea-windpipe
C)Alveoli-gas exchange
D)Esophagus-vocal cords
E)Nasal-inhalation

Question 36

Which of the following can NOT serve as a respiratory pigment?

A)Hemoglobin
B)Hemocyanin
C)Chlorocruorin
D)Hemerythrin
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 37

The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen is ___________________.

Question 38

If a person has a blood pressure of 110/60,the "110" refers to the

A)diastolic pressure.
B)systolic pressure.
C)pulse pressure.
D)capillary pressure.
E)venous pressure.

Question 39

Oxygen is carried in circulation primarily

A)as a dissolved gas in the plasma.
B)as carbonic acid.
C)bound to hemoglobin in the red blood cells.
D)by white blood cells.
E)None of the choices is correct

Question 40

______________ engulf spent erythrocytes.

Question 41

Compare and contrast the internal fluid components within a vertebrate organism.

Question 42

An alternative name for the mouth is the ________ _________.

Question 43

The blood vessel that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart is the ________ ________.

Question 44

In very small organisms,or those with a large surface area relative to mass,substantial exchange of respiratory gases can take place by ____________ directly between the organism and its environment.

Question 45

The mammalian lung is filled with millions of small air sacs called _______________.

Question 46

The name of the instrument that we use to measure blood pressure is the ______________.

Question 47

Compare the structure of a major vein with that of a major artery.Why are the two so different?

Question 48

The volume of blood forced from either ventricle each minute is known as _________ _________.

Question 49

What are the physiological roles of fibrinogen,fibrin,prothrombin,and thromboplastin? Where,why,and when are these compounds made?

Question 50

The external openings to the tracheal systems of arthropods are called ________________.

Question 51

The contraction of the heart is known as ____________,and the relaxation is diastole.

Question 52

Oxygen passes from the air sacs of the lungs into the blood capillaries by a process called __________________ along partial pressure gradients.

Question 53

Describe the components of vertebrate plasma and vertebrate "formed" elements.

Question 54

Why is the catalytic sequence leading to blood clotting so complex? Wouldn't it make evolutionary and metabolic sense to have a more immediate and much shorter biochemical sequence leading to blood clotting?

Question 55

Briefly discuss the functions of the many inorganic and organic substances in solution within body fluids.

Question 56

Outline the formation of red blood cells and white blood cells.Why have red blood cells (erythrocytes)lost the nucleus?

Question 57

The lower affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in the presence of increased carbon dioxide is called the _______ ________.

Question 58

The heartbeat originates in specialized muscle tissue called _______ _______ in the sinoatrial node.

Question 59

Trace a drop of blood from where it picks up oxygen in the lung to when it returns to the lung,naming the vessels and heart chambers and valves it passes in correct order.

Question 60

The rhythm and depth of breathing normally are controlled by the level of ________ _______ in the blood.

Question 61

You are a Genetic Counselor and need to meet with a couple that recently had a baby boy that has hemophilia.As part of the conversation you explain the basic genetics of the condition and provide advice concerning the likelihood of having additional children with the disease.Which statement below is most accurate?

A)Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that is inherited on the Y chromosome.Because males have one Y chromosome,should you choose to have subsequent children,males and females have an equal chance of being afflicted with hemophilia.
B)Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that is inherited on the Y chromosome.Because males have one Y chromosome,should you choose to have subsequent children,only males would be afflicted with hemophilia.
C)Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that is inherited on the X chromosome.Because females have two X chromosomes,should you choose to have subsequent children,females are more likely to be afflicted with hemophilia than males.
D)Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that is inherited on the X chromosome.Because males only have one X chromosome,should you choose to have subsequent children,male children are more likely to be afflicted with hemophilia.

Question 62

Outline the functions of the lymphatic system.

Question 63

Describe the differences between insect and vertebrate ventilation.Which one is more effective in terms of being able to function without oxygen debt?

Question 64

Why should arteries farther away from the heart possess more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers than arteries closer to the heart?

Question 65

Discuss the physiological mechanism by which the heartbeat is set (e.g. ,discuss the pacemaker cells,Purkinje fibers,and the cardiac control center in the brain).

Question 66

Explain the reason for the differences in blood pressure during systole and diastole.

Question 67

Discern between a myogenic and a neurogenic heart.What types of organisms possess each?

Question 68

Outline the structures and functions of the mammalian respiratory system.

Question 69

Is the completely separate double circulation of a mammal really superior to that of the incompletely separate circulation of amphibians? Explain your reasoning.

Question 70

What are the inherent problems involved in aquatic and aerial breathing?