Deck 14: Eating and Weight

Question 1

​The principal function of the stomach is to

A) ​begin the process of digestion.
B) ​pass digested food into the large intestine.
C) ​pass digested food into the blood stream.
D) ​mix food particles with gastric juices.

Answer 1

​mix food particles with gastric juices.

Question 2

​_________ NOT part of the digestive system.

A) ​The teeth are
B) ​The esophagus is
C) ​The stomach is
D) ​The bronchioles are

Answer 2

​The bronchioles are

Question 3

​Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the circular muscles that propel food through the digestive system is known as

A) ​the esophagus.
B) ​peristalsis.
C) ​voluntary digestion.
D) ​acidic flow.

Answer 3

​peristalsis.

Question 4

The hormone ___________ provides a short-term signal for eating, and ________ provides a long-term signal for regulating weight.​

A) ​insulin . . . CCK
B) ​leptin . . . insulin
C) ​serotonin . . . epinephrine
D) ​ghrelin . . . leptin

Question 5

When the participants in the study on experimental starvation were re-fed at the end of the starvation phase of the experiment, ​

A) ​many of them gained more weight than they had lost.
B) ​most of them were not able to regain lost weight.
C) ​they became more cheerful and optimistic than they had been prior to the starvation phase.
D) ​they no longer had much interest in food.

Question 6

​In Sims's studies on experimental overeating, some volunteers had trouble returning to their original weight after the experiment. This problem was associated with

A) ​family histories of obesity.
B) ​family histories of diabetes.
C) ​a permanent change in set-point brought about by the overeating.
D) ​a permanent change in blood glucose level.

Question 7

​Digestion of most types of nutrients occurs in the __________.

A) ​large intestine
B) ​stomach
C) ​small intestine
D) ​gall bladder

Question 8

​The goal of Keys's project, begun during World War II, was to study

A) ​the effects of hunger and food deprivation.
B) ​the rate of weight gain due to systematic overfeeding.
C) ​the effects of set-point readjustment with drugs.
D) ​the optimum ratio of fat to lean body tissue in volunteers.

Question 9

​__________ furnish(es) moisture that allows food to be tasted.

A) ​The esophagus
B) ​The tongue
C) ​Salivary glands
D) ​Teeth

Question 10

____________ is a hormone produced by the stomach. Its levels rise before and fall after meals, which may provide a short-term signal to eat. ​

A) ​Leptin
B) ​Ghrelin
C) ​Cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) ​Glucagon-like peptide 1

Question 11

​______ propels food through the digestive system, a largely involuntary process.

A) ​Peristalsis
B) ​Gastric juices
C) ​Salivary Glands
D) ​Parotids

Question 12

​Production of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin results in

A) ​feelings of satiation.
B) ​feelings of hunger.
C) ​a need to engage in physical activity.
D) ​depression, anxiety, and loss of energy.

Question 13

​____________ levels signal low fat stores, prompting individuals to eat.

A) ​Low leptin
B) ​High leptin
C) ​Low insulin
D) ​High insulin

Question 14

​Stable weight is maintained when

A) ​a person eats a high-protein diet.
B) ​calories expended equal calories eaten.
C) ​calories absorbed by the intestines are half the calories eaten.
D) ​activity is at a minimum and basal metabolism is at a maximum.

Question 15

Regarding eating and metabolism, research has shown that

A) overeating changes metabolism.
B) undereating changes metabolism.
C) both overeating and undereating can change metabolism.
D) metabolism is set by genetics and thus cannot be changed.

Question 16

​From the stomach, digested food passes into the

A) ​small intestine.
B) ​large intestine.
C) ​anus.
D) ​blood stream.

Question 17

​In the study of experimental starvation, what were the effects of semi-starvation on the behavior of the participants?

A) ​They showed high group morale and cooperation.
B) ​They exercised vigorously to distract themselves from feelings of hunger.
C) ​They became aggressive and lost interest in their normal activities.
D) ​They became overly attached to other group members.

Question 18

​The relationship between eating and weight maintenance is best described by which of the following statements?

A) ​Weight gain is proportional to overeating.
B) ​A person who eats more than 3,000 calories a day will gain weight.
C) ​Metabolic rate is a factor in weight maintenance.
D) ​Fat people eat fewer calories per day than do thin people.

Question 19

​____________ levels fall when fat stores fall, which may provide a long-term signal to eat more.

A) ​Leptin
B) ​Ghrelin
C) ​Cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) ​Agouti-related peptide

Question 20

Which system of the body is plagued with more diseases and disorders than any other system?

A) Immune
B) Digestive
C) Cardiovascular
D) None of the above

Question 21

​The skinfold technique and bioelectrical impedance are ways to measure

A) ​the utilization of glucose by adipose tissue.
B) ​the percentage of body fat.
C) ​the metabolic activity of fat.
D) ​the ratio of height to body weight

Question 22

​Carl is five feet, ten inches tall, has a medium frame, and weighs 154 pounds. In other words, Carl is about in the middle of the ideal weight range according to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's desirable weight charts. This means that Carl

A) ​has a healthy waist-to-hip ratio.
B) ​needs to gain a few pounds.
C) ​should try to lose a few pounds.
D) ​none of these.

Question 23

​An analysis of the women who have won the Miss America contest since 1978 showed what percent of them in the underweight range?

A) ​25%
B) ​50%
C) ​75%
D) ​100%

Question 24

Which of these techniques represents a person's distribution of body fat?

A) Waist-to-hip ratio
B) Skinfold technique
C) Weight charts
D) Water immersion technique

Question 25

​During the past 20 years, Americans have reduced the percent of calories obtained from dietary fat, and

A) ​they have become thinner.
B) ​they have increased their sugar consumption.
C) ​they have decreased their fast food consumption.
D) ​their average weight has remained the same.

Question 26

​The results of the studies on experimental starvation and experimental overeating

A) ​indicate that eating is a learned behavior.
B) ​suggest that eating is always pleasurable.
C) ​are consistent with the concept of set-point.
D) ​find eating relatively unimportant in most people's lives.

Question 27

​Studies of adopted children and identical twins have found that

A) ​genetic factors are important in weight and fat distribution.
B) ​environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in determining weight.
C) ​genetic factors are more important for men, and environmental factors are more important for women in determining weight.
D) genetic factors are more important for women, and environmental factors are more important for men in determining weight.

Question 28

​Most people who see themselves as being overweight are

A) ​African American women.
B) ​not at risk for increased mortality.
C) ​greatly at risk for increased mortality.
D) ​both a and c are true.

Question 29

​How does set-point influence metabolism during a period of severe food restriction?

A) ​It increases metabolism.
B) ​It decreases metabolism.
C) ​It does not influence metabolism.
D) ​It increases metabolism initially but decreases it if the food restriction continues.

Question 30

​Obesity can result from

A) ​overeating.
B) ​slow metabolism.
C) ​too little physical activity.
D) ​any or all of these.

Question 31

​In the study of experimental starvation, the effects of starvation on participants were all of the following EXCEPT:

A) ​aggressive behavior.
B) ​losing interest in normal activities.
C) ​cooperation with others.
D) ​obsession with food.

Question 32

​Researchers have suggested several reasons that obesity has increased in the United States over the past two decades. One possibility is that people are

A) ​increasing their consumption of meals at home.
B) ​increasing their intake of fast foods and sodas.
C) ​increasing their percentages of dietary fat.
D) ​decreasing their consumption of sugar.

Question 33

From an anthropological perspective, what would be the advantage of a set-point for fat?​

A) ​Fat helped protect people during food shortages.
B) ​Fat enhanced physical attractiveness and reproduction.
C) ​Fat helped protect individuals from injuries.
D) ​Fat made individuals less attractive to predators

Question 34

​According to the positive incentive model of weight control,

A) ​people will have difficulty weighing much more or less than their biologically determined weight range.
B) ​people's motivations for eating include pleasure.
C) ​people get reinforcements for having fat children.
D) ​people get punishments for having fat children.

Question 35

​Christi is five feet four and has a body mass index of 17.5. Christi could most accurately be described as

A) ​extremely thin.
B) ​somewhat thin.
C) ​average in weight.
D) ​somewhat heavy.

Question 36

​After several weeks on a 500-calorie a day diet, Loraine is constantly hungry, tired, and not interested in much of anything. According to the set-point concept,

A) ​these are the effects of damage to her hypothalamus.
B) ​she is losing too much muscle tissue.
C) ​she has gone below her set-point.
D) ​she is still above her set-point.

Question 37

​Throughout most of history, being plump or fat

A) ​was a sign of laziness.
B) ​was a mark of prosperity.
C) ​was a signal of poor health.
D) ​characterized working-class people.

Question 38

The history of the human species has been marked mostly by shortages of food,

A) which would make a "thrifty" metabolism a survival advantage.
B) which lends support to the concept of the set-point.
C) which casts doubt on the positive incentive model.
D) which casts doubt on the role of hormones in weight regulation.

Question 39

​The body mass index (BMI)

A) ​is a measure of total weight.
B) ​considers both age and gender in calculating obesity.
C) ​is defined as a person's height (in meters) divided by body weight (in kilograms) squared.
D) ​is defined as body weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared.

Question 40

​The set-point concept assumes that

A) ​people have a kind of internal thermostat that regulates weight.
B) ​gaining weight is a significantly easier process than losing weight.
C) ​losing weight is a somewhat easier process than gaining weight.
D) ​a person's weight has no relationship to any hereditary component.

Question 41

​Using body mass index (BMI), a BMI of ____ to _____ is defined as overweight.

A) ​30; 45
B) ​25; 29.9
C) ​17.9; 25
D) ​25; 30

Question 42

Research has found which of these weight-related factors to be MOST dangerous?

A) Distribution of weight around the waist and abdomen
B) Distribution of weight around the thighs and hips
C) Having a low body mass index
D) Being 10 pounds overweight

Question 43

Which of these people has the GREATEST danger of developing a health problem?

A) A woman who is 15 pounds overweight
B) A woman whose weight is 10% above the weight recommended by the weight charts
C) A man whose weight is a stable 12% above the weight recommended by the weight charts
D) A man who gains 20% above the ideal recommended weight

Question 44

​Research on sleep and weight has shown that __________ precedes weight gain.

A) ​short sleep duration
B) ​taking many naps
C) ​a long sleep cycle
D) ​both a and b

Question 45

In general, which of these people would have the GREATEST risk for health problems due to being overweight?

A) A 50-year-old man who is 20% over his ideal weight with most of the extra weight on his thighs and hips
B) A 50-year-old man who is 20% over his ideal weight with most extra weight around his abdomen
C) A 50-year-old woman who is 20% over her ideal weight
D) A 26-year-old woman who is 25% over her ideal weight

Question 46

​If using BMI to define obesity and overweight, then at least _____ of adults are overweight and obese in the US.

A) ​20%
B) ​34%
C) ​55%
D) ​70%

Question 47

​All of the following are methods to assess body fat EXCEPT:

A) ​imaging the body.
B) ​skin-fold technique.
C) ​body-mass index.
D) ​self-reports.

Question 48

The pattern of risk factors called the metabolic syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) excessive abdominal fat.
B) cardiovascular disease.
C) insulin resistance.
D) cholesterol problems.

Question 49

​Studies from the United States and Europe show that people begin to have a slightly higher risk for all-cause mortality after their body mass index reaches ____ or higher.

A) ​20
B) ​24
C) ​28
D) ​32

Question 50

​When humans or rats have a variety of tasty foods available,

A) ​humans increase their food intake, but rats do not.
B) ​rats increase their food intake, but humans do not.
C) ​both rats and humans increase their food intake.
D) ​food intake remains constant for both.

Question 51

​Although there is support for a _____ explanation of obesity, this does not fully explain why obesity rates have skyrocketed in the past two decades.

A) ​set-point
B) ​genetic
C) ​positive incentive
D) ​biological

Question 52

Eating foods high in ______ may increase appetite rather than lead to feelings of satiation.

A) calories
B) carbohydrates
C) fat and sugar
D) flavor

Question 53

In general, the relationship between weight and poor health is

A) S-shaped.
B) U-shaped.
C) direct-the heavier the person, the greater the risk for poor health.
D) inverse-the heavier the person, the lower the risk for poor health.

Question 54

​Bart is concerned because his 75-year-old grandfather has always been about 20 pounds overweight and refuses to diet. Bart should know that

A) ​losing weight after age 60 doubles the risk for cardiovascular disease.
B) ​overweight may protect his grandfather's mortality a bit at his age.
C) ​his grandfather should go on a diet whether he wants to do so or not.
D) ​both a and c are correct.

Question 55

​Extreme obesity in American adults ______ during the 1990s.

A) ​stayed the same
B) ​doubled
C) ​tripled
D) ​decreased

Question 56

​Self-reports indicate that overweight people ________ and objective measurements indicate that overweight people _______.

A) ​eat less; eat more
B) ​eat less; eat less
C) ​eat more; eat more
D) ​eat more; eat less

Question 57

​Nelson enjoys tasty food, and he will eat food he likes even when he isn't hungry. This eating pattern is most consistent with the _____ model.

A) ​positive incentive
B) ​psychodynamic
C) ​set-point
D) ​behavior modification

Question 58

​All of the following are explanations that researchers have suggested for why obesity has increased in the past two decades EXCEPT:

A) ​increased consumption of fast foods.
B) ​increased consumption of sweetened soda.
C) ​increased consumption of genetically modified foods.
D) ​decreased engagement in physical activity.

Question 59

Research has shown a positive relationship between obesity and

A) high blood pressure.
B) cardiovascular disease.
C) Type 2 diabetes.
D) all of these health risks.

Question 60

One possible explanation as to why individuals have differing set-points is

A) genetics.
B) past success or failure at diets.
C) ethnicity.
D) age.

Question 61

The safest and surest way to lose weight and be healthy is to

A) exercise.
B) eat healthily.
C) rely on diet pills.
D) both a and b, not C

Question 62

​Most people who lose weight

A) ​maintain weight loss.
B) ​lose it independently.
C) ​lose it by taking diet pills.
D) ​continue a downward spiral of weight loss.

Question 63

​Behavior modification programs for weight control usually

A) ​punish unhealthy eating habits.
B) ​punish weight gain.
C) ​reinforce healthy eating habits.
D) ​reinforce weight loss.

Question 64

​One recent study found that dieters who ________ lost twice as much weight as those on the same program that did not

A) ​attended therapy sessions
B) ​maintained a food diary
C) ​exercised twice a week
D) ​both a and c were found

Question 65

​In surveys (2013, 2004) of adults, ___ of women were trying to lose weight in 2012, and ___ were in 2002.

A) ​20%, 15%
B) ​38%, 23%
C) ​22%, 33%
D) ​76%, 67%

Question 66

​Both low-carbohydrate diets and low-fat diets share one drawback:

A) ​neither produces weight loss.
B) ​both are unhealthy.
C) ​modest long-term weight loss.
D) ​all of these are drawbacks.

Question 67

A review of commercial weight loss programs found that individuals are highly likely to ________ in 1-2 years.

A) regain 50% of lost weight
B) keep off their lost weight
C) regain 10% of lost weight
D) keep losing more weight
​

Question 68

Who is most likely to gain health benefits from dieting?

A) A person with a BMI of 26 who is able to lose weight but gains it back
B) A 55-year-old who has gained 15 pounds over the past 5 years
C) A person who was 25 pounds over ideal weight but has already lost 15 pounds
D) A person who is 40 pounds overweight and is able to lose 10% of body weight

Question 69

​People who __________ lose weight may experience health benefits; those who __________ lose weight are at increased risk for health problems.

A) ​unintentionally . . . intentionally
B) ​intentionally . . . unintentionally
C) ​rapidly . . . slowly
D) ​always . . . never

Question 70

​A single-food diet (for example, all the hard-boiled eggs you want)

A) ​will not produce weight loss unless the single food is low in calories.
B) ​is nutritionally more balanced than most liquid diets are.
C) ​may produce weight loss via boredom from no variety.
D) ​is usually a high fiber, low-carbohydrate diet.

Question 71

​What would you tell your female friend who is 15 pounds above her ideal weight and who has asked you for advice?

A) ​"Give up sweets for 6 weeks."
B) ​"You look great. Forget about losing weight."
C) ​"Forget about dieting; adopt a regular exercise program and stop overeating."
D) ​"Eat the same kinds of food you're eating now, but only about half as much."

Question 72

​Gastric bypass surgery

A) ​usually produces massive weight loss.
B) ​carries health risks from the surgical procedure.
C) ​has replaced liposuction as the most common surgical approach to weight control.
D) ​both a and B

Question 73

Diets that contain _______ are good choices to help weight loss.

A) many fruits and vegetables
B) many foods low in all fats
C) many foods low in carbohydrates
D) many or all foods in liquid forms

Question 74

​When overweight children attempt to lose weight,

A) ​they are typically less successful in their attempts than adults.
B) ​they succeed in behavioral programs involving family.
C) ​boys succeed in their attempts, but girls do not.
D) ​they tend to become diabetic after losing about 10% of their body weight.

Question 75

​Exercise

A) ​stimulates the appetite, which results in overeating and weight gain.
B) ​is more effective combined with calorie restriction for weight loss.
C) ​tends to increase the set-point, adjusting it upward.
D) ​is typically sufficient by itself to cause weight loss.

Question 76

Which weight loss program is likely to have the greatest problem with relapse?

A) A very low-calorie diet that produces quick weight loss
B) A program that adds posttreatment sessions
C) A behavior modification program
D) A program that includes social support and aerobic exercise

Question 77

Which of these is the most effective combination for substantial weight loss during dieting and maintaining weight loss after 1 year?

A) Getting liposuction with a liquid protein diet
B) Using prescription and nonprescription drugs
C) A low-calorie diet and more physical activity
D) A high-carbohydrate diet and psychoanalysis

Question 78

​Research suggests that

A) ​losing weight as rapidly as possible is the best strategy for dieting.
B) ​those who lost weight on their own more likely maintain the loss.
C) ​dieting speeds up the metabolic rate, thus facilitating weight loss.
D) ​people should not remain on the same diet for more than 6 weeks.

Question 79

​One simple technique to keep yourself on track after a weight loss program is to ___________.

A) ​weigh yourself daily
B) ​join a different weight loss program
C) ​exercise daily
D) ​never weigh yourself

Question 80

​A low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet

A) ​may initially produce weight loss.
B) ​is an attractive dieting choice for many people.
C) ​produces a lower dropout rate than some other programs.
D) ​may include any or all of these characteristics.